study material class xii geography (029) 2015-2016

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ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING GITB Press Campus Area Siddhartha Nagar post Raghavendra Nagar,

Mysore 570011 Phone No. 0821 2470345

Fax.0821 2478578 e-mail [email protected];[email protected]

www.zietmysore.org

STUDY MATERIAL

CLASS XII GEOGRAPHY (029) 2015-2016

ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING GITB Press Campus Area Siddhartha Nagar post Raghavendra Nagar ,

Mysore 570011

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

NEW DELHI

STUDY MATERIAL

CLASS XII GEOGRAPHY(029) 2015-2016

Prepared by

Mr. M.Reddenna PGT (Geo), Faculty, KVS ZIET Mysore

ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING GITB Press Campus

Siddhartha Nagar post Raghavendra Nagar,

Mysore 570011

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श्री संतोष कुमार मल्ऱ,आई ए एस

आयुक्त

Shri Santosh Kumar Mall, IAS Commissioner, KVS

श्री जी. के. श्रीवास्तव, आईएएस

अपर आयुक्त (प्रशासन) Shri G.K. Srivastava, IAS

Additional Commissioner (Administration)

श्रीय ूएनखवारे

अपर आयुक्त (शैक्षिक) Shri U. N. Khaware

Additional Commissioner (Academics)

डॉ. शचीकाांत

सांयुक्त आयुक्त (प्रशशिण) Dr. Shachi Kant

Joint Commissioner (Training)

श्री ए. अरूमगुम

सांयुक्त आयुक्त (ववत्त) Shri M .Arumugam

Joint Commissioner (Finance)

डा .वी. ववजयऱक्ष्मी संयुक्त आयुक्त (शिक्षा)

Dr. V. Vijayalakshmi Joint Commissioner (Academics)

डॉ. ई. प्रभाकर

सांयुक्त आयुक्त (काशमिक) Dr. E. Prabhakar

Joint Commissioner (Personnel)

श्री.एस.ववजयकुमार सांयकु्तआयकु्त(प्रशासन)

Shri S. Vijaya Kumar Joint Commissioner (Admn)

OUR PATRONSt

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FOREWORD

The seven PGTs working as members of faculty at KVS,ZIET Mysore - Mr. K

Arumugam (Physics) Mr. Kallu Sivalingam (Maths), Mr. M Reddenna (Geo.), Mr.

Murugan (History), Mr. Hari Shankar (Hindi) Mr. Joseph Paul (Econ.) and Mr. U.P

Binoy (English) prepared Study Materials for Class XII for the academic year 2015-

2016 in their respective subjects.

All these study materials prepared have focused on some select aspects namely;

Gist of lessons/chapter

Marking scheme (CBSE)

Important questions

Solved Question papers with value point.

Tips for scoring well in the Board Examination

The above mentioned seven members of faculty at ZIET Mysore have in put a lot

of efforts and prepared the materials in a period of two months. They deserve

commendation for their single-minded pursuit in bringing out these materials.

The teachers of these subjects namely English, Hindi, Mathematics , Physics,

Economics, History and Geography, may use the materials in the month of

January & February 2016 for Pre-Board Examination revision purpose. It is hoped

that the revision of these materials will help the student perform better in the

forthcoming Board Examinations.

The teachers are requested to go through the materials thoroughly, and feel free

to send their opinions and suggestions for the improvement of these materials to

[email protected].

Dr. E.T ARASU Deputy Commissioner & Director KVS, ZIET Mysore

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PREFACE

It is a matter of great pleasure that after receiving encouragement from our Deputy

commissioner DR. E.T Arasu I now present the thoroughly revised latest edition of

STUDY MATERIAL OF CLASS XII GEOGRAPHY based on the latest syllabus and revised

question paper pattern to be followed from 2015 onwards.

In this booklet according to the latest syllabus, part I Fundamentals of Human

Geography & Part II India : People and Economy have been included

THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THIS STUDY MATERIAL ARE AS FOLLOWS;

It covers the syllabus given by CBSE for the class XII Geography

Gist of each chapter

Maps prepared on the basis of map items given by CBSE ( 2015)

Marking scheme given by CBSE ( 2015)

Four sets of model question papers -to be answered

Three sets of solved question papers with value points

Tips for pre-examination and during examination

The material can be used for the purpose of revision

All the concepts of the subject have been included in the material

I am sure this material will serve the purpose of helping students perform better in the

Board Examination. However, suggestions and comments from the teachers and the

students for the improvement of this material will be highly appreciated.

Place: Mysore M. Reddenna

Date: 17/12/2015 Faculty ZIET Mysore

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INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE

I GIST OF THE LESSONS 1 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY NATURE AND SCOPE 7-9

2 THE WORLD POPULATION 10-11 3 MIGRATION 12-15

4 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 16-17

5 PRIMARY ACTIVITIES 17-21 6 SECONDARY ACTIVITIES 22-24

7 TERTIARY AND QUARTERNARY ACTIVITIES 25-27 8 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICAITON 28-34

9 INTERNATIONAL TRADE 35-37 10 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 37-40

11 INDIA-POPULATION 40-42

12 MIGRATION 43-44 13 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 44-46

14 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 46-48 15 LAND RESOURCE AND AGRICULTURE 49-54

16 WATER RESOURCES 55-57

17 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES 58-61 18 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 62-70

19 PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 70-72 20 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION 72-76

21 INTERNATIONAL TRADE 76-79 22 GEPGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES

AND PROBLEMS 79-83

23 MAP WORK 83-106

II CBSE MARKING SCHEME 102-113

III MODEL QUESTION PAPERS 114-124 IV MODEL PAPERS WITH VALUE POINTS 125-152

V HOW TO SCORE WELL IN EXAMINATIONS 153-165

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VOLUME-I

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER -1 1. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY NATURE AND SCOPE

GIST OF THE LESSON :

Geography is a field of study is integrative, empirical and practical

it studies each and every event on the earth over the space and time

human geography studies the relationship between man and nature

Geo. Can be studied through law making or descriptive

V. There are two approaches of geography

1.systematic approach

2. Regional approach

Vi physical and human phenomena are described in metaphors using symbols from the

human anatomy

Vii definition of human geography

Human Geography Defined

• “Human geography is the synthetic study of relationship between human societies and

earth‟s surface”. Ratzel

Synthesis has been emphasized in the above definition

.•“Human geography is the study of “the changing relationship between the un-resting

man and the unstable earth.”Ellen C. Semple

Dynamism in the relationship is the keyword in Semple‟s definition.

• “Conception resulting from a more synthetic knowledge of the physical laws governing

our earth and of the relations between the living beings which inhabit it”. Paul Vidal de

la Blache

NATURE OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

1. Human geography studies the inter relationship between the physical

environment and socio-cultural environment created by man.

2. Elements of physical are land, water, soil, climate , vegetation, fauna

3. Elements of cultural are transport and communication , settlements, crops

NATURALISATION OF HUMANS

a. Man interact with nature with the help of technology

b. It is not important that what he creates but with what tools he used to create

c. Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society

d. Understanding the nature helps to create technology

1. understanding of friction and heat helped to discover fire

2. understanding DNA helped to eradicate diseases

3. laws of thermodynamics helped to develop fast planes

4. knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology and

technology loosens the shackles of environment on human being .

5. the interaction between primitive society and nature is called

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM.

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HUMANISATION OF NATURE

1. With the development of technology people understood the nature well

2. They move from state of necessity to state of possibilities

3. Human activities created cultural landscape

4. so it is called as possibilism

NEODETERMINISM/ STOP AND GO DETERMINISM

1.Developed by Griffith Taylor

2.It is a middle path between environmental determinism and possibilism

3. the concept shows that neither is there a situation of absolute necessity nor

is there a condition of absolute freedom .

4. sustainable development is the main aim

5. the Neo determinism maintains balance between development and nature

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY THROUGH THE CORRIDORS OF TIME

Schools of human geography

WELFARE SCHOOL

Concerned with social well being of the people a. housing b. Health c. Education

RADICAL SCHOOL

Concerned with causes of poverty, deprivation and social Inequality

BEHAVIOURAL SCHOOL

Given importance to lived experience, perception of space by Social categories

STAGES THROUGH CORRIDORIES OF TIME

PERIOD APPROACHES BROAD FEATURES

colonial exploration & description Imperialism and trade lead to discover many

lands

colonial regional analysis Understanding of parts In totality would

lead to understand the whole

1930-

interwar

aerial differentiation Find the reasons for the uniqueness of a

region

1950-1960 spatial organization Apply technology to study geography

1970 emergence of humanistic,

radical and behavioral

school

Emergence of sociopolitical reality with the

help of schools

1990 post modernism Generalization and apply of universal laws

to understand geography

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FIELDS AND SUBFIELDS OF GEOGRAPHY

Fields of human

geo

Sub field Sister disciplines

Social geo --- Social science- sociology

Behavioral geo psychology

Geo of social well

being

Welfare economics

Geo of leisure sociology

Cultural geo anthropology

Gender geo Sociology , anthropology, women studies

Historical geo History

Medical geo Epidemiology

Urban geo -- Urban studies and planning

Political geo -- Political science

Electoral geo psephology

Military geo Military science

Pop. geo -- Demography

Settlement geo --- Urban and rural planning

Eco. geo --- economics

Geo. of resources Resource economics

Geo of Agriculture Agricultural science

Geo of industries Industrial economics

Geo of marketing Business studies, economics, commerce

Geo of tourism Tourism and travel management

Geo of international

trade

International trade

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CHAPTER-2 THE WORLD POPULATION

DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY AND GROWTH

GIST OF THE LESSON:

GENERAL, PATTERNS OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE

WORLD,DENSITY OF POPULATION,FACTORS INFLUENCING THE

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, POPULATION GROWTH, TRENDS IN

POPULATION GROWTH, DOUBLING TIME OF WORLD POPULATION

SPATIAL PATTERN OF POPULATION CHANGE, IMPACT OF POPULATION

CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, POPULATION CONTROL

MEASURES.

GENERAL:

people are real wealth of the country

Country is known by its people

Pop of the world is uneven

“ ASIA HAS MANY PEOPLE WHERE PEOPLE ARE FEW AND FEW

PLACES WHERE PEOPLE ARE VERY MANY”-GEORGE B. CRESSEY

PATTERNS OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Pop. Distribution refers to “ the way the people are spaced over the earth

surface”

90 % of people are living in 10% of its land

10 most populas countries (CHINA, INDIA, USA, INDONESIA, BRAZIL,

PAKISTAN

CIS BANGLADESH HAPAN & NIGERIA) contribute 60% of population.

DENSITYOF POPULATION

RATIO BETWEEN LAND AND PEOPLE,

Measured in persons per SQ. km Density = population

area

HIGH DENSITY AREAS: ( more than 200persons/sq km) NE USA, NW EUROPE, S,

SE,& E ASIA

LOW DENSITY AREAS ( less the 1 person / sq km) HOT AND COLD DESERTS,

LOW LATITUDE AREAS

MEDIUM DENSITY : (11-50 persons /sq.km)OTHER THAN ABOVE TWO AREAS

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

1. GEOGRPHICAL FACTORS

Availability of water,

land forms,

climate,

soils

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2. ECONOMIC FACTORS

Minerals,

urbanization,

industrialization

3. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS

Religious factors,

social and political unrest,

border terrorism,

govt. policies

POPULATION GROWTH

Change in number of persons of a place during a specific

Period of time”

It may be positive or negative

It may be represented in absolute numbers /percentage

Change in pop. Is an indicator of eco. Development

BASIC CONCEPTS ARE:

growth of population,

growth rate of population,

natural growth of population,

+ve growth of population

–ve growth of population.

COMPONENTS OF POP. CHANGE

Birth rate,

Death Rate ,

Growth Rate ,

Migration

CRUDE BIRTH RATE: number of live births in a year per thousand of women

CBR= Bi

PX 1000

CBR= CRUDE BIRTH RATE

Bi: live births P = mid year population

CDR=NUMBER OF DEATHS IN A PARTICULAR YEAR PER THOUSAND

POPULATION

CDR= D

P X 1000

CDR= CRUDE DEATH RATE

D= NO. OF DEATHS P= ESTIMATED MID YEAR POPULATION

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CHAPTER-3

MIGRATION Place of origin,

Place or destination,

it is the spontaneous effort to achieve a better balance between population and

resources

It may be permanent ,temporary, / seasonal, it may be rural-rural ,rural-urban,

urban-urban , urban – rural

Types, immigration, emigration

FACTORS RESPOSIBLE

PUSH FACTORS:

Unemployment,

Poor living ,

Political turmoil,

Unpleasant climate,

Natural disasters,

Epidemics, and

Socio- economics backwardness

PULL FACTORS:

More attractive jobs,

Good living conditions,

Peace,

Stability,

Security of life,

Pleasant climate

TRENDS IN POPULATION GROWTH: POP growth is due to

Agricultural development,

industrial revolution,

transportation,

sanitation and medical facilities,

biotechnology,

information and computers technological revolution.

Discovery of machines,

medicines

Pop. Increased 10 times during last 500 years,

4 times in 20th

century,

80 million people are added each year.

DOUBLING TIME OF WORLD POPULATION

1. More than one million to become one billion pop

2. It took 12 years to become from 5 billion to 6 billion

3. Developed countries take more time than developing countries

4. Liberia highest growth rate: 8.2% Latvia lowest gr : -1.5%

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Spatial pattern of population Change

when it is small change applied to large population it is large

GROWTH RATE DECLINES BUT POP STILL INCREASE

IMPACT OF POPULATION CHANGE

1. Depletion of resources

2. Spread of epidemics

3. Reduced life expectancy

4. Increase in social crime rate

5. Health problems

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

1. Predict the future pop. Of any area

2. Any region changes from high BR & DR to low BR& DR

3. progress from rural to urban

4. Illiterate to literate

5. These are collectively known as demographic cycle

STAGE-I ;

High fertility,

High mortality,

Low growth,

More epidemics,

Variable food supply ,

Agriculture is occupation,

Low life expectancy,

Illiteracy,

Low level of technology -

Rain forest tribes, Bangladesh

STAGE -II

Fertility remains high ,but decline with time,

Reduced mortality,

Improved sanitation,

Medical facilities

High growth rate

Ex. Peru, Sri Lanka, Kenya

STAGE -III:

Low birth rate and

Death rate

Slow GR .

Stable growth rate

URBANISED POP. HIGH TECHNOLOGY. SMALL FMALIES.

FLEXIBLE FAMILIES EX. CANADA JAPAN USA

POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES:

Limiting the population growth,

improving women‟s health,

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access to family planning services

Free availability of contraceptives,

tax disincentives for large families,

Government incentives for small families.

POPULATIONCOMPOSITION

PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT IN DIFFERENT WAYS

Age.

Sex.

Place of residence,

Occupation,

Education,

Life expectancy

SEX COMPOSITION

The ratio between number of men and women is called SEX RATIO

SEX RATIO= MALEPOP

FEMALEPOPX 1000

IN INDIA IT IS CALCULATED AS

SEX RATIO:FEMALEPOP

MALEPOPX 1000

It shows the status of women in the country

It is unfavorable to women

Lower socio economic status

due to female feticide, female infanticide, domestic violence against

women

Some times men might have migrated so women no. Is more

Natural advantages of women: they are more resilient, more resistant

power, more patience

Sex ratio of the world is: 990 females/ 1000 males

Latvia highest 1187 lowest is 468/1000males

It is favorable in 139 countries

Unfavorable in 72 countries

Asia has low sex ratio Europe has highest

Europe has better status of women

Male dominated out migration

AGE STRUCTURE

No. of people in different age groups.

It is an important indicator of pop. Composition

A large group of population is in age group of 15-59 years

Large group of pop. Is above 60 years is called aged population

More expenditure on medical facilities

High 5 of young pop. Shows high birth rate

AGE- SEX PYRAMID

Number of females and males in different age groups

Pop. Pyramid is used to show age sex structure

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Shape of pyramid shows the characteristics of population

Left side male and right side female

Types of age sex pyramid

I-EXPANDING POPULATION

1.triangular shape , 2. Less developed countries , 3.young pop. is more, 4.ex.

Bangladesh, Mexico, Nigeria

II-CONSTANT POPULATION

1. A bell shaped, 2. Birth and death rates are equal, 3. Ex Australia

III-DECLINING POPULATION

1.narrow base , 2. Low birth and death , 3. Shows developed countries , 4. Growth is

negative or zero ex. Japan

RURAL URBAN COMPOSITION

1. It is based on residence

2. They differ from each other

3. The criteria for rural and urban varies from country to country

4. Rural population engaged in primary activities where as urban other than

primary activities

5. Rural and urban composition of west European countries is different from

African countries

6. Sex ratio is also different in European countries than African countries

7. In west European countries males are more in rural areas and females are more in

urban areas

8. in Asian countries female is more in rural areas

9. In Asian countries female is less in urban areas due to shortage of housing, high

cost of living, paucity of jobs, lack of security in cities

LITERACY

Literacy indicated the socio economic development

Standard of living

Social status of women

Availability of facilities

Policies of government

In India literate means: pop above 7 years age who is able to read write

and have the ability to do arithmetic calculations with understanding.

OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

I. The working population take part in various occupations such as

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities.

II. each category refers to the level of economic development of the

country.

III. developed countries only show the job opportunities more in

secondary activities

IV. developing countries show more people under primary activity

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CHAPTER-4

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GROWTH:

it is the quantitative

and value neutral,

it may be positive, or negative,

ex. Density of population, total population

DEVELOPMENT:

qualitative change

always positive,

an addition to the present condition,

Ex. Per-capita income facilities

The concept of human development was introduced by DR. Mahbubul Haq :

development that enlarges people‟s choices and improves their lives.

People can live meaningful life. Life with some purpose, people must be

healthy, develop their talents,

The four pillars of human development

EQUITY: equal opportunities available to everybody.

Irrespective of gender, race, income ( in case of India women and low

caste people drop out the school is more)

SUSTAINABILITY: continuity in availability of resources, each

generation must have opportunities,

PRODUCTIVITY: productivity in terms of labor productivity, it

should be constantly enriched.

EMPOWERMENT: to have power to make decisions. Increasing

freedom and capability, good governance, and govt. policies.

APPROACHES TO HUMANDEVELOPMENT

A. INCOME APPROACH:

oldest method,

level of income leads to development

B. WELFARE APPROACH:

higher the expenditure on education, health, and other amenities by the

government.

C. BASIC NEEDS APPROACH: it was introduced by ILO -SIX BASIC

NEEDS

1. HEALTH

2. EDUCATION

3. FOOD

4.WATER SUPPLY

5. SANITATION

6. HOUSING to be given importance

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D. CAPABILITY APPROACH : associated with Prof. Amartya Sen. Access to

education and health facilities.

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISIONS

Size of the country and per-capita income are not directly related to

human development. Like SRILANKA AND TRINIDAD HAVE

HIGHER HDI THAN INDIA

THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS

HIGH -ABOVE 0.8 :57 COUNTRIES

MEDIUM – 0.5-0.799 :88 COUNTRIES

LOW - BELOW 0.5 :32 COUNTRIES

COUNTRIES WITH HIGH INDEX VALUE: NORWAY, ICELAND,

AUSTRALIA education and health care are priorities for the government.

COUNTRIES WITH MEDIUM INDEX: it consists of large group, emerged

after second world war, adopting people oriented policies.

COUNTRIES WITH LOW INDEX VALUE: large number of these countries

are very small . political turmoil, social instability, civil war, high incidence of

diseases.

CHAPTER-5 PRIMARY ACTIVITIES

HUNITING AND GATHERING

1. Depend on their immediate environment

2. Depend on animals they hunted and edible plants which they gathered

3.Primitive societies depend on hunting and gathering , fishing.

4. oldest occupation, practiced in harsh climatic conditions

5. depend on animals , for food , shelter, clothing

6. small capital, low level of technology,

7. practiced in High latitude areas such as Eurasia, Southern Chile. Low

latitude such as Amazon, Congo , S.E. Asian countries

8. in modern market some gathering is done such as leaves, bark nuts, fabric

rubber, balata, gums and resins.

PASTORALISM

NOMEDIC HERDING:

o herders depend on animals for food , transport, and shelter and clothing.

o Keep on moving from one place to another along with their animals .

o Each nomadic community occupies a well identified territory

o Variety of animals are kept indifferent regions

o Sahara& Asiatic deserts: sheep , goat,& camel

o Tibet: yak ,Andes: llamas , arctic region: Reindeer

REGIONS:

1 CORE REGIONS EXTENDING FROM ATLANTIC COAST OF N.AFRICA

THROUGH

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ARABIAN PENINSULA TO CENTRAL CHINA

2.SECOND REGION EXTENDS IN TUNDR REGION OF EURASIA

3. THIRD REGION IS FOUND IN S.W AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR

TRANSHUMANCE: SEASONAL MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE ALONG WITH THEIR

HERDS TO MOUNTAINS IN SUMMER AND TO PLAINS IN WINTER.

Ex. Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis& Bhotias in Himalayas

The number of pastoral nomads is decreasing due to

1. Imposition of political boundaries

2. New settlement plans by different countries

COMMERCIAL LIVE STOCK REARING

1.It is more organized

2. Capital intensive

3.practised in permanent ranches

4.larger areas and divided in to parcels

5Animals are moved from one parcel to another

6.Number of animals are kept based on capacity of the pasture

7.Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and products are meat, wool, hides and

skin

8.Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina Uruguay and USA

AGRICULTURE TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE a. primitive subsistence agriculture

b. intensive subsistence agriculture

primitive subsistence agriculture:

1. Also called shifting cultivation/ slash and burn agriculture

2.practicved by tribes in topics

3. land holdings are small

4.do not use fertilizers

5. Change the land frequently

6.after 5 yeas they come back again.

7. It is called JHUMING in N.E. INDIA , MILPA in South America, LADANG

in Malaysia

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE:

1. Found in density populated areas

2.there are two types

A.INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE DOMINATED BY WET

PADDY CULTIVATION

a. dominated by rice crop,

b. land holdings are very small

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c. family labor is used

d. less use of machine

e. manual labor is used

f. Farm yard manure is used

g. Yield per unit is high but per labor is low

B.INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE DOMINATED BY OTHER

CROPS.

a. depend on climate , soil, relief other crops are cultivated.

b. mainly practiced in SE ASIA.

C. wheat, barley, soya bean, sorghum are cultivated

d. in India wheat is grown in western parts of Ganga plain

e. millets are grown in western parts of south India

f. irrigation is used

g. Europeans introduced Plantation agriculture

PLANTATION AGRICULTURE

1. Introduced by Europeans

2. Found in tropics

3. Important crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane

,banana, &pine apples

4. Large estates, capital, managerial, technical support

5. Scientific methods of cultivation

6. Single crop specialization,

7. Cheap labour

8. Good system of transport

9. Export oriented

10. (a)The French established cocoa and coffee in west Africa

(b)The British setup tea gardens In India and Sri Lanka

Rubber plantation in Malaysia, sugarcane and banana In

west indies

(C) Spanish and Americans introduced coconut and sugar cane in Philippines

(d) Dutch started sugarcane in Indonesia

(e) coffee Fazandas are managed by British in Brazil

EXTENSIVE COMMERCIAL GRAIN CULTIVATION

1. Practiced in semiarid land of mid latitudes

2. Whet is the main crop

3. Corn, barley oats and rye are grown

4. Large land holdings

5. Machines are used

6. Low yield per acre but high yield per person

7. Practiced in prairies, pampas, veldts, down, Canterbury plains.

DAIRY FARMING

1. Most advanced and efficient type of animal rearing

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2. Highly capital intensive

3. Animal shed, storage facilities, mulching machines are used

4. Special emphasis is laid on breeding health care

5. Highly labour intensive

6. No off season

7. Practiced nearby urban areas and industries

8. Development of transportation, refrigeration pasteurization have

increased the marketing

MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE

1. Highly specialized commercial agriculture

2. Practiced in the countries around Mediterranean sea also

central Chile, SW Africa ,SW Australia& California

3. It is an important supplier of citrus fruits

4. VITICULTURE is specialized in this region

5. Best quality wine is produced from grapes

6. Low quality grapes are used for raisins, and currants

7. Olives and figs are also grown

8. Fruits and vegetable are grown in winter which are great

demand in Europe

MARKET GARDENING AND HORTICULTURE

1. Vegetable, fruits and flowers are grown

2. Small farms, located nearby urban areas

3. Good transportation is required

4. Labor and capital intensive

5. Use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilizers & pesticides are used

6. Green houses and artificial heating is used in cold regions

7. Practiced in NW Europe , NE USA & Mediterranean regions

8. Netherlands is famous in growing tulips flower

9. The regions where vegetable are grown is called TRUCK

FARMING

FACTORY FARMING

1.Factory farming is also practiced in NW Europe

2.It consists of poultry farming livestock rearing

3.They are fed on factory feedstuff and carefully

supervised against diseases

4.Heavy capital investments

5.Veterinary services, heating and lightning is

provided

6. Breed selection and scientific breeding is important feature

COPERATIVE FARMING

1. A group of farmers form a society

2. Pool their resources to get more profit

3. Individual farms remain intact

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4. Farming is a matter of cooperative initiative

5. Societies help farmers in getting agriculture inputs

6. Sell the products at the most favorable terms

7. Help in processing products at cheaper rates

8. Practiced in Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden & Italy

COLLECTIVE FARMING

1. Social owner ship for means of production and labour

2. It is also called as KOLKHOZ

3. It was introduced in erstwhile USSR

4. Farmers pool their resources like land livestock labour

5. A small land is allowed to retain of their own to grow their own crops

6. Yearly targets are fixed by the government

7. Government fixes the product rates

8. Excess produce is distributed among the farmers

9. The farmers are to pay taxes for their own land

10. Members are paid according to their nature of the work

11. Exceptional work is rewarded by the government

MINING

1. There are stages of minerals copper age, bronze age, iron age

2. Actual development is started with the industrialization

FACTORS AFFECTION MINING ACTIVITY

1. Physical factors such as size, grade, and mode of occurrence of mineral

2. Economic factors such as demand for mineral, technology available, capital ,

labor, and transportation

METHODS OF MINING

1. Depend on mode of occurrence of mineral there are two types of mining

A. SURFACE /OPENCAST MINING

1. Easiest , and cheapest mining

2. Occur close to the surface

3. Low safety precautions

4. Large and quick output

B. UNDERGROUND/SHAFT MINING

1. Vertical shafts to be sunk

2. Minerals are extracted and sent to surface

3. It requires specialized drills , lifts, haulage vehicles ,ventilation

systems

4. This method is risky poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving leads

to accidents

5. It requires large investment

6. Developed countries are showing less interest but developing

countries are more interest due to large labor availability

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CHAPTER-6 SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

GIST :

MANUFACATURING, CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN LARGE SCALE

MANUFACTURING, CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

GENERAL:

1. secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into

valuable products

2.Manufacturing:

a. Involves a full array of production from handicrafts to molding iron and steel and

stamping out plastic toys to assembling delicate computer components or space

vehicles

b. Application of power

c. mass production

d. identical products

e. specialized labour f. standardized commodities

CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN LARGE SCALE MANUFACTURING

1. Specialization of skills/ methods of production

2. Mechanization

3. Technical innovation

4. Organizational structure and stratification

5. Uneven geographic distribution

6. Access to market

7. Access to raw material

8. Access to labour supply

9. Access to sources of energy

10. Access to transportation& communication skills

11. Government policy

12. Link to industries CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

A. BASED ON SIZE

1. COTTATGE / HOUSE HOLD

2. SMALL SCALE

3. LARGE SCALE

B. BASED ON INPUT/RAW MATERIAL

1. AGROBASED 2. MINERAL BASED 3.CHEMICAL BASED 4. FOREST BASED

5ANIMAL BASED

C. BASED ON OUTPUT/PRODUCT

1. BASIC INDUSTRIE 2. CONSUMER INDUSTRIES

D. BASED ON OWNERSHIP

1. PUBSIC SECTOR

2. PRIVATE SECTOR

3. JOINT SECTOR

TRADITIONAL LAREGE SCALE INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

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1. HIGH PROPORTIONOF EMPLOYMENT

2. HIGH DENSITY OF HOUSING

3. POOR SERVICES INFERIOR QUALITY

4. POLLUTION , WASTE HEAPS

5. UNEMPLOYMENT, EMIGRATION DERELICT LAND AREAS

RUHR COAL FIELD –GERMANY

1. One of the major industrial area

2. Coal, iron, steel are bases for the economy

3. Demand for coal declined so industry shrinking

4. Ruhr region is producing 80% of steel production

5. Problems of industrial waste and pollution

6. New industries emerged in the place of old industries such as car assembly new

chemical industry, universities.

CONCEPT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY

1. Latest generation manufacturing unit

2. Application of R&D unit

3. Professional workers(white collar) share large group

4. Highly skilled specialists (blue collar) also working

5. Robotics are used in assembly line

6. Computer Aided Design is used

7. Electronic controls

8. Neatly spaced, low modern dispersed office plant and lab buildings

9. Planned business parks for high-tech industries

10. Regionally concentrated, self sustained highly specialized techno-poles

11. Silicon valley in San Francisco and silicon forest near Seattle are techno poles

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIE

1. Base for other industries so it is called basic industry

2. Provide raw material to other industries

3. Also called heavy industry

4. Use bulky material

5. Produce heavy material

RAW MATERIALS

A. COAL B.LIME STONE C COKE D.IRONORE E. MANGANESE

FEATURES

1. Located nearby raw material or Near the ports

2. Mini steel industries are located near by markets

3. Located nearby integrated steel plants for scrap

DISTRIBUTION

1. Most complex and capital intensive industry

a. North America: USA –

North Appalachian region: PITTISBURG,

Great lake region: CHICOGO, GARRY, ERIE, CLEVELAND LORAIN

BUFALLO , DULUTH

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Atlantic region SPARRPWS POINT AND MORRISVILLE

b. Europe UK - Birmingham, &Sheffield

Germany: Duisburg, Dortmund Dusseldorf Essen

France: Le Creosote St.Ettienne

Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg. Lipetsk Tula

Asia: Nagasaki, Tokyo Yokoma of Japan

Shanghai, Tangshan and Wuhan in China

Jamshedpur, Kulti Burnpur Durgapur Roukela Bhilai Bokaro Salem Vizak of

India

COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

THREE SUB SECTORS

1. handloom

provide more labour employment, semi skilled workers, small capital, spinning

weaving and finishing of fabrics are important functions

2. 2. Power loom

Machines are used, less labour intensive, volume of production increases

3. 3. Mill sector: highly capital intensive produces cloth in bulk

Distribution: INDIA CHINA USA PAKISTAN UZBEKISTAN EGYPT

Egypt produces half of the world cotton

UK NW EUROPE JAPAN produce textiles by importing raw material from

other countries

Industry facing stiff competition with synthetic fiber

Now it is declining trend due to technology

It is shifted to less developed countries

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CHAPTER-7

TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES GENERAL FEATURES

1.large number work in tertiary sector and medium number work in secondary sector

2. they include both production and exchange

3. production includes provision of service

4.output is indirectly measured in terms of wages and salaries

5. exchange involves trade transport and communication

6. provide commercial output service

7. specialized skills are involved

TYPES OF TERTIARY ACTIVITIES

SERVICE SECTOR

SERVICE SECTOR

TERTIARY QUATERNARY QUINARY

TRADE &

COMMERCE

TRANSPORT COMMUNICATION SERVICES

WHOLE SALE RETAIL ROAD RAIL WATER AIR

URBAN

SUPPLY

HOUSE

S

RURAL

MANDIS

URBAN RURAL

PERIODIC

MARKETS

CHAIN

STORES

MAIL

ORDER

CONVENIENT

SHOPPING

PDS

TELEPHONE INTERNET

INLAND OCEANIC

PASSENGER CARGO

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COMMUNICATION

MEANS OF

TRANSPORT

TELE-

COMMUNIC

ATION

AUDIOVISUAL

TELEPHONE

LANDLINE MOBILE

FILMS RADIO TV PRINT

NEWS MAGAZINE

SERVICES

BANKING INSURANCE REAL ESTATE PERRSONAL

PRIVATE GOVT. NGO

QUATERNARY

INFORMATION BASED R&D BASED

QUINARY

SPECIALIST DECISION MAKERS CONSULTANT

S

POLICY FORMULATORS

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SOME SELECTED EXAMPLES

Tourism : tourist regions, factors affecting tourism: demand , transport

TOURIST ATTRACTIONS: climate, landscape history and art, culture and economy

Empowered workers,

QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES‟

1. Collection production and dissemination of information ,.

2.Production of information,

3.Research and development,

4.specialized knowledge,

5.technical skills,

6.administrative competence.

QUINARY ACTIVITIES

The highest level of decision makers, policy makers,

Outsourcing

Large no. of call centers in India and China opened

Advantages

Cheap,

availability of skilled persons,

English language communication skills,

out migrating countries.

It includes

1. Knowledge processing outsourcing

2. Home shoring

3. Business process outsourcing 3. Availability of high skilled workers ex. E-

learning, business research intellectual property legal profession and banking

sector

MEDICAL SERVICES FOR OVERSEAS PATIENTS I INDIA

1. India is leading country in medical tourism

2. World class hospitals are located in India

3. Abundant benefits for the developing countries

4. It is cheap for developed countries

5. Advantages for patients

6. Developed transport in India

DIGITAL DIVIDE

1. Availability of information and communication technology

2. It is uneven in the world

3. It depends on the government policy

4. Developed countries provide but developing countries still to provide the

ICT to their people

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CHAPTER-8 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

GIST

GENERAL: transport is a service for the carriage of persons and goods

from one place to the other using humans animals and different kind of

vehicles,

Movement may be on the land , water, in the air.

MODES OF TRANSPORT

LAND , WATER &AIR

LAND TRANSPORT: most of the transport is done over the land such

as man, animals, vehicles , pipelines

It is changed due to invention of steam engine, coal, petroleum .

revolution in transport system

ROAD

1. Most economical

2. Suitable for short distances

3. Suitable for rural areas and hilly areas

4. Cheapest means of transport

5. Supplementary to the other means of transport

6. Door to door service

7. Easy to construct and maintain

8. There are metalled and un-metalled roads

9. Not suitable during rainy season

10. Quality of roads depends on country

11. Developed countries have good roads

12. The total motorable road length is 15 million km 33% N. America

13. Highest road density is found in West Europe

14. Traffic flows; increased in recent years.

Problems of road ways

1. Lack of road side amenities

2. Congestion in cities

HIGH WAYS

Connect distant places. 80meters wide separate traffic lanes

bridges, flyovers and dual carriageways help for traffic

flow

Every city and port is connected with highways

NORTH AMERICA: road density is 0.65 km per sq km

Every place is within 20km from highway,

cities located in the pacific ocean are well connected,

trans Canadian highway links Vancouver in British

Columbia to St. John city in the east.

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Pan American highway connects south America with north

America

Trans -continental Stuart highway connects Darwin with

Alice springs

Europe has highest no. of vehicles

In Russia dense highway network is developed in the

industrial region

In china cities are connected with highways

In India there are many highways connecting cities

Border roads connect the countries and integrate the people

RAILWAYS

Suitable for bulky goods, longer distances, high speed , cheap, it varies from

country to country

Types of gauges

Broad gauge: 1.5 meters Standard gauge: 1.44m meter gauge : 1: 00 meter

smaller gauges

Commuter railways are very popular in In UK , USA Japan and India

There are 13 lakh km of railways in the world

Europe has densest network in the world

They are double and multi tracked Belgium has highest density 1km/ 6.5 sq.km

industrial regions have highest density of railways

Underground railways are important between Paris and London ex. Channel

tunnel operated by Euro tunnel group

Most of the railways are found in Urals in Russia

40% of rail network is found in North America

In Canada railways are in public sector

Australia has 40000 km of railways 25% is found in new south Wales

In South America Rail network is found in Coffee Fazendas and pampas

There is only one continental rail between Valparaiso and Buenos Aires

Asia has highest density of rail network

Africa has 40000 km of rail net work south Africa has alone 18000 km or rail

net work

The important routes are

1. Benguela railway through Angola to Katanga Zambia copper belt

2. Tanzania Railway from the Zambian copper belt to Dar-Es Salam on the coast

3. The railway through Botswana and Zimbabwe linking the landlocked states to the

Republic of South Africa

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILWAYS

Run across the continent

Link two ends of the continent

Constructed for economic and political reasons

TRANS SIBERIAN RAIWAY

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1. CONNECT St. Petersburg on the west Vladivostok in the east

2. pass through Moscow, Ufa Novosibirsk Irkutsk

3. longest with the length of 9332 km

4. double tracked and electrified

5. helped in connecting west markets to Asian region in the east

TRANS CANADIAN RAILWAY

1. 7050 KM long connect Halifax in the east, with Vancouver on the west coast

2. Connect Montreal, Ottawa Winnipeg Calgary

3. Constructed in 1886

4. Connect Quebec industrial region with wheat belt of prairie region

5. It also connects Winnipeg to thunder water way

6. This is Canada‟s important train route

7. Wheat and meat are important exports

THE UNION PACIFIC RAILWAY

1. Connect New York on the pacific coast with San Francisco on the west

coast

2. Pass through Cleveland, Chicago, Omaha , Evans Ogden Sacramento

3. Important exports are ores, grain paper, chemicals and machinery

THE AUSTRALIAN TRANS CONTINENTAL RAILWAY

1. Run east west across southern part of Australia

2. Connect Sydney on the east to Perth on the west coast

3. Connect Kalgoorli, Broken Hill Port Augusta

4. Another major line connects from Adelaide and Alice Springs also joins

with this line

THE ORIENT EXPRESS

1. Runs from Paris to Istanbul

2. Pass through Strasbourg , Munich, Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade

3. The travel time from London to Istanbul reduced to 96 hours against

10 days

4. The exports are cheese, bacon, oats, wine, fruits, and machinery

5. There is a proposal to connect Istanbul with Bangkok through Iran,

Pakistan, India , Bangladesh and Myanmar

WATER TRANSPORT

ADVANTAGES

1. Cheapest

2. Suitable for heavy and bulky goods

3. No friction

4. Lest consumption of fuel

5.no route construction

6. Various types of ships can travel

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7.port facilities to be provided

OCEAN ROUTES

1. Connect continents

2. Connect longer distances

3. Cheapest and smooth travel

4. No maintenance cost

5. Modern liners equipped with radar, wireless and other navigation aids,

6. development of refrigerated chambers for perishable goods

7. containers used to transport goods easily

IMPORTANT OCEAN ROUTES

I .THE NORTH NORTHERN ATLANTIC SEA ROUTE

1. connect NE USA WITH West Europe

2. connect two industrially developed countries

3. highest trade is taking place on this route

4. ¼ th trade takes place through this route

5. This is called Big Trunk route

6. Connect with old world with new world

II. THE MEDITERRANEAN INDIAN OCEAN ROUTE

1. Connect West Europe with north Africa, south Africa, and Australia

2. Before Suez canal this was an important sea route

3. The distance was 6400 longer than Suez canal between Liverpool to

Colombo

4. The important exports are gold, diamond, copper, tin groundnut , oil

palm coffee and fruits

III THE CAPE OF GOODHOPE SEA ROUTE

1. Connect west European with west African countries

2. Less traffic because of less developed countries

IV NORTH PACIFIC SEA ROUTE

1. Connect west coast of North America with Asia

2. Connect Vancouver with Yokohama

V THE SOUTH PACIFIC SEA ROUTE

1. Connect with North America with West Europe

2. Also connect with Australia and New Zealand

3. Connect scattered islands of pacific Ocean

4. The distance is 12000 km between Panama and Sydney

COASTAL SHIPPING

1. It is convenient for the countries with long coast line

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2. Ex. USA Chin India

3. It can reduce the congestion on land routes

SUEZ CANAL

1. CONSTRUCTED IN 1869 between Port said and port Suez

2. Connect Mediterranean and Red Sea

3. The distance reduced 6400 km between Liverpool and Colombo

4. The length is 160 km 11 to 15 meters depth

5. 100 ships can travel each day

6. Time taken is 12 hours

7. Toll is heavy some time it is better to go by cape route

8. A railway line follow along this canal

9. A navigable fresh canal also follows from Nile

THE PANAMA CANAL

1. Connects pacific coast with Atlantic coast

2. The length is 72 km

3. It has SIX lock systems

4. It is 26 meters above sea level

5. It reduces distance between New York and San Francisco about 13000km

6. The economic importance is less then Suez canal

INLAND WATER WAYS

1. Rivers, canals, lakes are the means of inland waterways

2. Boats and steamers are used

3. Development depends on a. navigability b. water flow

c. transport technology

4. rivers are only means in the dense jungles

5.heavy cargo can be transported through canals

6. the problems are

a. completion with other means of ways

b. diversion of water to the fields

c. poor maintenance

7. Domestic and international trade can be done through rivers

8. By dredging, stabilizing river banks and building dams and barrages they are

made navigable

THE RHINE WATERWAYS

1. Flow through Germany and Netherlands

2. It is navigable up to 700 km form Rotterdam to Basel

3. It flows through rich coalfield and industrial region

4. It is heavily used inland water way in the world

5. Connects with industrial areas of Switzerland with Netherlands

THE DANUBE WATERWAY

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1. Serves Eastern Europe

2. It raises in the Black forest flows many countries

3. The chief exports are wheat, maize timber , and machinery

VOLGA WATERWAY

1. Most important water way in Russia

2. Provides navigable way up to 12000 km

3. Drains into Caspian sea

4. Volga Moscow canal connect with this canal

5. Volga don canal with Black sea

THE GREAT LAKES ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY

1. Lake superior , Huron Erie and Ontario are connected by SOO canal and Welland

canal

2. Estuary of St. Lawrence river form a inland water way

3. DULUTH and Buffalo are equipped with all facilities

4. The goods are transshipped to small vessels because of rapids

5. Canal is 3.5 meters deep

AIR TRANSPORT

Advantages

1. Fastest means of transport

2. Suitable for longer distances

3. Suitable for rugged terrain

4. Connect with distant places

5. Most comfortable

6. Suitable for snow and forest areas

7. Suitable in disaster areas

It requires

Capital intensive, maintenance , infrastructure like hangars, landing fuelling

facilities

Mostly found in developed countries

No place in the world is more than 35 hours distance

Distance is measured in hours and minutes

There are more than 250 commercial airline are working in the world

INTERCONTINANTAL AIR LINES

1. There is dense network of air route in the northern hemisphere

2. Densest one connects USA and West Europe

3. USA alone accounts for 60% of air traffic

4. There is limited air services between 10-35 degrees latitudes due to sparse

population , limited landmass and economic development

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PIPE LINES

ADVANTAGES

1. Used to transport liquid and gases and also solids by converting into slurry

2. Un interrupted flow

3. Least consumption of fuel

4. Suitable in the high mountains and sea bottom

5. Water, gas, milk also supplied through pipelines

6. USA has dense network of pipe lines

7. Big Inch is one of the important pipeline connecting Gulf of Mexico with NE

USA

8. In other countries it is used to transport oil from oil field to oil refineries

9. Iran –India pipeline will be longest in the world

COMMUNICATION

1. Telegraph and telephone are important means of communication

2. During mid twentieth century AT&T was the monopoly company in the

world

3. Optical Fiber cable is the breakthrough in the communication

4. THE OFC has following advantages 1.100% error free 2. Large quantity of

data can be transferred 3. Security 4.rapid

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

The revolution has come with the invention of Satellite and

connection with computers

It is called INTERNET

It was started in 1970 after in USA

It is cheapest among the communication system,

In India it is started in 1979 with Bhaskar –I Rohini -1980 APPLE

1981, after INSAT series

CYBER SPACE

Computer space , it is encompassed with WWW , it is electronic

digital world connecting computers through network

The majority of users are in USA UK Germany, Japan China India.

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CHAPTER-9 INTERNATIONAL TRADE

TWO LEVELS

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL

The initial trade was barter system in which goods are exchanged

Before currency there were flint stones, obsidian, cowries shells tigers paw,

whales teeth dogs teeth skins furs cattle rice pepper corns salt small tools

copper silver and gold.

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1. Trade was restricted to small distance due to theft

2. People used to satisfy their immediate facilities

3. Only rich people used to bring jewellary and other ornaments

4. The silk route is an example connecting with china and Rome

5. Wool silk precious stones; were trade

6. After Rome disintegration it was not given importance

7. The slave trade was started with the colonization

8. After industrial revolution raw material and finished products are given

importance

9. During world wars many countries imposed taxes

10. After the world war GATT was formed

WHY DOES INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXIST

1. Specialization in production 2. Division of labor 3. Comparative

advantage 4. Complementarily and transferability of goods, services

5. Mutual benefit 6.foreign policy 7.developed transport and

communication

BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1. DIFFERENCE IN NATIONAL RESOURCES

A. Geological structure

B. Mineral resources

C. Climate

2. Population factors

a. Cultural factors

b. Size of population

3. Stage of economic development

4. Extent of foreign investment

5. Transport

IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF INTRNATIONAL TRADE

1. Volume of trade

2. Composition of trade

3. Direction of trade

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4. Balance of trade

TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1. Bilateral trade

2. Multilateral trade

CASE FOR FREE TRADE

DUMPED GOODS

WTO

GATT WAS FORMED IN1948

The GATT was transformed in to WTO on 1.1.1995

It maintains the global rules between the nations

It resolves the disputes between the nations related to trade

It covers trade services, telecommunication and banking, intellectual

rights

It gives importance to rich nations

It is not favour to poor nations

REGIONAL TRADE BLOCS

ASEAN, CIS,EU,LAIA,NAFTA, OPEC, SAFTA

CONCERNS RELATED TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1. Regional specialization

2. Higher level of production

3. Better standard of living

4. World wide availability of goods and services

5. Equalization of prices and wages

6. Diffusion of knowledge and culture

7. Leads to dependence

8. Uneven level of development

9. Exploitation

10. Commercial revelry leads to wars

11. Affect life

12. Production and use of resource raised

13. Depletion of resources

14. More pollution

GATE WAYS OF INTRNATIONAL TRADE

PORTS

1. Provide facilities to cargo and passenger

2. Provide docking, loading unloading, storage facilities for cargo

3. Maintain navigable channels

4. Arrange tugs and barges, provide labor managerial services

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5. The quantity of cargo handled by the port is an indicator of level of

development of its hinter land

TYPES OF PORT

BASED ONCARGO HANDLED

1. Industrial ports 2. Commercial ports 3. Comprehensive

BASED ON LOCATION

1. Inland ports 2.outports

BASED ON SPECIALISED FUNCTION

1. Oil ports 2. Ports of call 3. Packet station 4.Entre pot ports 5. Naval ports

CHAPTER-10

HUMAN SETELEMENTS Classification of settlements

Rural settlements Urban settlements

Patterns of settlements

1. Compact or nucleated settlements

2. Dispersed settlements

RURAL SETTLEMENTS

FACTORS INFLUENCING RURAL SETTLEMENSTS

1. Water supply 2. Land 3. Upland, 4. Building material 5. Defense

PLANNED SETTLEMENTS

1. Constructed by government

2. Provide shelter, water and drainage facilities

3. Provide infrastructure facilities

4. Ex .villagisation in Ethiopia ,Rajasthan canal in India

RURAL SETTELEMENT PATTERN

I. BASED ON SETTING

1. Plain village, 2.plateau villages 3. Coastal villages 4.

Forest villages 5. Desert villages

II. BASED ON FUNCTION

1. Farming, 2 fisherman villages,3.lumber jack villages

4.pastoral villages

III BASED ON SHAPE

1. LINEAR 2 RECTANGULAR 3 CIRCULAR 4.STAR SHAPED,5 T-SHAPED

6.DOUBLE VILLAGE 7. CROSS SHAPED VILLAGE

PROBLEMS OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS

1. Lack of infrastructure

2. Supply of water

3.road facility

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4. Waterborne diseases

5.drough and flood

6.absence of toilet and garbage disposal

7: lack of ventilation

8. Lack of health facilities and education

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

The first city reached one million was London by 1810

By 1982 there were 175 countries reached one million population

48 % of population lives in Urban settlements

CLASSIFICTION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

POPULATION SIZE

Criteria for urban centers in various countries

1500 in Columbia

2000 in Argentina &Portugal

2500 in USA and Thailand

5000 in India

30,000 in Japan

Density is more than 400 persons /sq km

More than 75% of people work in other than primary occupation

250 persons /sq km in Sweden and Denmark Finland

300 in Iceland 1000 in Canada and Venezuela

ADMINISTRATION

Municipality, cantonment board, notified area council in India is considered as

urban center

Latin America all administrative centers are urban centers

LOCATION

1. Military center,

2. Seaport

3. Strategic towns,

4.mining towns,

5. Tourist towns

6. Recreational town,

7. Educational towns

8.industrial towns

9.administrative town

10 commercial towns

CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS ON THE BASIS OF FORMS

1. Linear,

2. Square,

3 square

4. Crescent

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5. Planned cities

Ex. ADDIS ABABA( THE NEW FLOWER) CANBERRA

BASED ON SIZE

TOWN: enlarged villages manufacturing, retail, wholesale,

professional services

CITY: it is a leading town, greater number of functions,

transport terminals, major financial institutions, regional

administrative offices

CONURBATION: coined by PATRICK GEDDES in 1915 .

merging number of towns / cities ex. London, Manchester,

Chicago ,Tokyo

MEGOLOPOLIS

USED PY Jean Guttmann : super metropolitan region it is a union of

conurbations ex Boston to Washington

Million city: London is the first town to reach one million in 1800

followed by Paris in 1850, new York 1860, 1950 there were 80 cities

438 in 2005

DISTRIBUTIONOF MEGACITIES

Pop. More than 10 million , New York is the first to attain this status

in 1950 with pop 12.5 million

There are 25 megacities at present.

PROBLEMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS IN DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES

1. Unsustainable concentration of population

2. Congested housing and streets

3. Lack of drinking water

4. Lack of electricity, sewage disposal health and education facilities

5. Lack of transport facilities

6. Health and education facilities

7. Water and air pollution

PROBLEMS OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

I .ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

1. Decreasing employment

2. Pool of semiskilled labour

3. Saturated employment opportunities

II SOCIO CULTURAL PROBLEMS

1. Lack of health and educational facilities, 2.Transport facilities 3.Unbalanced sex ratio,4.Social

ills,5.Insufficient financial Resources,6.Lack of basic needs

III ENVORONMENTAL PROBLEMS

1.Lack of urban waste disposal,2.Lack of potable water,3.Improper sewerage facilities

4.Create heat islands, 5 Air pollution, water pollution, Noise pollution

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VOLUME -2

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY

CHAPTER-1

POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY,GROWTH AND COMPOSITION

Distribution of population

1. Population is distributed unevenly

2. UP has the highest population followed by MS BIHAR,WB , AP

3. MS, UP,BI,WB, AP TN MP RAJ KK GUJ account for 76% of population

4. Arunachal Pradesh 0.11% Uttaranchal 0.83%

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

1. PHYSICAL FACTORS: climate, water, terrain, transport ,

2. SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS: Settled Agriculture. Agri. develop. pattern of

human settlements, dev. Of transport, industries, urbanization

3. HISTORICAL FACTORS: development of cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata,

Chennai by British

DENSITY OF POPULATION

Number of persons per unit area

The density of population (2001) is 313/ sq km.

Lowest in Arunachal Pradesh: 13/ per sq km NCT : 9340

WB; 903 BIHAR : 880

Himalayan states and North East have low density where as Ganga plain has

highest density and other states have moderate population

Physiological density= totalpopulation

netcultivatedarea

Agricultural density= totalagri culturalpopulation

netcultivatedarea

GROWTH OF POPULATION

Change in the number of people living in a particular area between two points of time.

It is expressed in %

Two components : 1. Natural 2. Induced natural growth is analyzed by crude birth

rate and crude death rate

Induced growth is calculated with the immigration –outmigration

The annual growth is 2.4% . in36 years its population will be doubled

STAGES OF POPULATION GROWTH

Stage I: 1901 -1921 stagnant growth, slow growth rate, BR & DR were high, poor

medical facilities, low literacy rate, inefficient distribution of food and basic facilities

STAGE II 1921-51: steady growth, improvement in health and sanitation low mortality

rate. better transport facilities, high birth rate and decline death rate. The influence of

world war and Economic depression influenced

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STAGE III: 1951-81 : Population explosion , rapid fall in mortality rate, high fertility

rate, introduction of five year plans, improvement of living condition, increased

migration,

STAGE IV 1981 onwards: growth rate declined , crude birth rate declined due to

increase marriage age, improved quality of life& education.

REGIONAL VRIATION IN POPULATION GROWTH

It is less than 20% in southern states. It is high in north west central and northeastern

states. The adolescents % is 22% male 53% female 47%

Features of adolescents population: high potential, quite vulnerable

CHALLENGES FACED BY ADOLESENCE

1. Lower age at marriage 2. Illiteracy 3. Female illiteracy 4.school dropouts 5.low

intake of nutrients 6.high rate of maternal mortality of adolescent mothers,

1. High rate of HIV AIDS 8. Physical and mental disability

9.drug abuse alcoholism 10 juvenile delinquency 11. Crime

Steps taken by the government to channelize the adults

1. National youth policy

2. Encourage the youth for constructive development of the

society

3. Improve patriotism and responsible citizens

4. Youth empowerment

5. Giving importance for youth health, sports and recreation

6. Innovation in the field of science

POPULATION COMPOSITION 1.AGE AND SEX, 2 PLACE OF RESIDENCE 3.ETHNIC CHARACTERISTICS 4.

TRIBES 5. LANGUAGE 6.RELEGION 7.MARITAL STATUS 8.LITERACY 9.

EDUCATION 10 OCCUPATION

RURAL URBAN COMPOSITION

1. 72% lives in villages

2. India has 638588 villages according to 2001 census

3. The state of Bihar and Sikkim have very high % of rural population

4. Goa and Maharashtra have low rural population

5. UT s have low rural population except DDNH

The size of villages varies from

6. In the ne India Rajasthan it is less than 200 persons

7. it is more than 17thousand persons in Kerala

Urban population

It is equal to 27.8% it is quite low

8. It is increased due to economic development, improvement in health, hygienic

conditions

9. It is high in the peripheral areas of metropolitan cities

LINGUISTIC COMPOSITION

1. According to Grierson there are 179 languages 544 dialects, there are about

22 scheduled languages

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2. Hindi speakers are 40.42% the smallest language is Kashmiri 0.01%

LANGUGE FAMILIES

1. Austric (1.38% ) –Monkhemar – Meghalaya Nicobar, WB,BI,OR,AS,MP

,MS

2. Dravidian (20%) TN, KK, KER, AP, MP, BI, OR,

3. Sino Tibetan(0.85%) J&K HP SK,ARP AS, NAG, MAN,MZ ,TRI ,MEG

4. Indo-European-outside India, J&K PUN HP, UP RAJ HAR ,OR, WB AS

GUJ MS GOA

RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION

Hindus are distributed all states except indo Pak border, J&K ne states

Muslims are concentrated in j7k WB, KER,UP DELHI LAK,

Christian pop is concentrated in western coast NE states

Sikhs are concentrated in NW India

Jains Buddhists are concentrated in RAJ,MS, KK

Tribes are located in ne India

Hindus -80.5% muslims-13.55 Christians – 2.3% Sikhs 1.9% buddhists-

0.95 jains-0.45 others-0.6%

Composition of working population

Main worker; work more than 183 days

Marginal worker : less than 183 days

39% worker 61% non workers

Large % of dependent population. Large number is unemployed

25% working population in goa,53% in Mizoram

Occupational categories

1. Cultivators 2. Agricultural laborers

3.house hold industrial workers

4. other workers

SPATIAL VARIATION OF WORKING PARTICIPATION

1.HP and Nagaland have high proportion of cultivators

2. AP, CHHTIS,ORI,JHAR,WB high proportion of Ag. Workers

3.in urban centers high proportion of services

4. Non availability of land and presence of industries encourage workers

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CHAPTER-2

MIGRATION GIST: 1. It was noted in first census 1881

2. Based on place of birth

3. In 1961 two components introduced a. place of birth b. duration

4. In 1971 place of last residence and duration in the place of enumeration is

added in1981

5. Place of birth: if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration

–life time migrant

6. Place of resident: if the place of last residence is different from the place of

enumeration-known by last residence

STREAMS OF MIGRATION

1. Rural to urban, 2 rural to rural 3.urban to rural 4.urban to urban

2. During 2001 315 million migrants- based on last residence

3. 98 million changed their place of residence in the last ten years

4. the stream was dominated by female migrants

5. Female predominate the streams of short distance rural to rural migration

6. Male domination in rural to urban

7. 96% migrated from neighboring countries to India

SPATIAL VARIATION

1.migrants from UP BIHAR came to MS, DELHI, GUJ, HAR

2.MS stands first in immigration

3. Greater Mumbai received highest no. of migrants

CAUSED OF MIGRATION

1.PUSH FACTORS 2. PULL FACTORS

PUSH FACTORS; Migrate from rural to urban due to poverty, high pop.

pressure on land , lack of basic facilities, flood , drought, cyclonic storms,

earthquake, wars local conflicts

PULL FACTORS: better opportunities, presence of regular work, higher wages,

higher education, health facilities, source of entertainment

Marriage migration is only 2% in the country

CONSEUENCES OF MIGRATION

1. Uneven distribution of population over the space

2. Benefit both the places of migration

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES

1. Major benefit is remittance sent by migrants

2. It is one of the source of foreign exchange

3. In 2002 it was 11 billion dollars

4. PU, KER,T.N RECEIVE SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT

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5. Remittance used for food, repayment of debts, treatment, marriage, child

education, agricultural inputs, construction of house.

6. People migrate form UP ORI MP to PUN,HAR is high %

DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES

1. Redistribution of population

2. Pop. Increases in cities

3. Age and skill pop. Migrate from rural to cities

4. Imbalance in age sex composition

SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES

1. Migrants act as agents of social change

2. New technology, family planning, girl‟s education are diffused

3. Intermixing of different cultures

4. It is positive change for national integrity but leads to unanimity

5. It creates social vacuum and sense of dejection

6. People may fall in antisocial activities

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

1. Pressure on existing facilities

2. Formation of slums shanty colonies

3. Over exploitation natural resources leads to pollution

4. Depletion of ground water

5. Sewage disposal became major problem

OTHERS

1. Change in women status

2. Male selective migration in rural areas

3. Women migration leads to autonomy but causes vulnerability

to problems

4. Loss of skilled persons in rural areas

CHAPTER-3

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

“ Human development is a process of enlarging the range of peoples choices, increasing

their opportunities for education health care income and empowerment and covering the

full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic social and

political freedom”

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT : „progressive democratization and increasing

empowerment of people are seen as the minimum conditions for human development‟

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

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1. India ranked 127 among 172 countries

2. HDI value is 0.602

3. Fall in medium group among the nations

4. Low score is due to

HISTORICAL FACTORS

Colonization, imperialism, neo imperialism,

SOCIO CULTURAL FACTORS

Human rights violation, social discrimination, crimes, terrorism, war

POLITICL FACTORS

Nature of state , form of government, level of empowerment,

IDICATORS OF ECONOMIC ATTAINMENTS

1. Access to all resources by all the people

2. GDP( RS.3200 THOUSAND crore) , per capita income(Rs 20,8130 are the

units to measure HDI

3. Prevalence of poverty , deprivation, malnutrition various types of prejudices

4. Large scale regional disparities

5. MS,PUN,HAR GUJ , DEL, have high per capita income

6. Low per capita income is found in UP BI ORI MP AS J&K

INDICATORS OF HEALTHY LIFE

1. Long life without ailment is called longevity

2. Availability of pre, post health care facilities decrease the death rate

3. Old age health care, adequate nutrition and safety of individual are

important measures for health

4. Death rate decreased from 25.1 / 1000 to 8.1 /1000

5. IMR decreased from 148 to 70

6. Life expectancy increased from 37.1 years to 65.3 years

7. Decreased birth rate from 40.8 to 26.1

8. Decline in sex ratio in rural areas is alarming

INDICATORS OF SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT

1. Access to knowledge about society and environment

2. Literacy rate is the indicator of social development

3. Literacy rate increased to65.4%

4. Literacy rate is Higher than the national average in many states

5. Kerala has highest and Bihar has lowest literacy

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN INDIA

1. Kerala with 0.638 placed on the top

2. Orissa with 0.404 placed at the bottom

3. Due to highest sex ratio and literacy Kerala place on the top

4. Due low sex ratio, per-capita income, and low literacy Orissa kept

at the bottom

REASONS FOR LOW HDI

1. LOW LITERACY RATE

2. LOW ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

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3. REGIONAL DISPARTITIES OF BRITISH CONTINUED

POPULATION ENVIORNMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Social inequalities, discriminations deprivations

displacement of people, abuse human rights cause low HDI

2. Methods to increase the HDI

3. Sustainable development

4. Got. Expenditure on public health and education

5. Increase social and political freedom

CHAPTER-4

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

General : cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live

They vary in size from hamlet to metropolitan cities, they may be small and large

closed or spaced, they may practice primary / secondary/ tertiary activities

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS

RURAL URBAN

1. Primary occupation other than primary

2. Provide raw material process the raw material

3. Produce food provide services

4. Low income high income

5. Low density high density

6. Spaced clustered

TYPES OF RURAL SETELEMENT

CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS;

1. Compact and closely built houses

2. Living area is different form surrounding farms

3. Recognizable pattern

4. Different shapes such as geometric rectangular, radial, linear,

5. Some times defense may cause shape of the settlement

6. Availability of water also decides the shape

SEMI-CLUSTERD SETTLEMENTS

1. Formed due to result from tendency of clustered in restricted area of

dispersed settlement

2. Segregation of large settlement may also cause

3. Some may be forced to live separately from the main village

4. Dominance group live in the center of the village

5. People of lower strata live in out skirt of the village

6. Most common in GUJ. RAJ

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HAMLETED SETTLEMENTS

1. Physically separated and located in different place having common name

2. They are locally called panna, para palli,nagla ,dhani

3. They are motivated by social and ethnic factors

4. Found mostly in middle and lower ganga valley

DISPERSED STTLEMENTS

1. They are isolated huts are hamlets

2. Located on hills or agricultural lands

3. It is due to nature of terrain, and land resource , water

4. Found in Meg, Uttaranchal, HP, Ker.

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

1. Compact and large in size

2. Non Agriculture, eco, admin activities

3. Exchange of goods and services

4. Directly linked with rural settlements

EVOLUTION OF CITIES

Ancient towns:

1.developed as religious and cultural towns.

2.over 2000 years old

3. Patna, Varanasi, Madurai, are examples

Medieval towns:

1. They are the headquarters of kingdoms

2. There are more than 100 towns

3. They are fort towns developed over ruined forts

4. DELHI.HYD, JAIPUR, LUCKNOW ,AGRA &NAGPUR

MODERN TOWNS

1. They are developed by British and other Europeans

2. Generally located on the coast

3. They were forts constructed by Europeans

4. Ex. SURAT,DD,GOA, PONDY, MUMBAI. MADRAS,

CALCUTTA

ADMINISTRATIVE HQ

CHANDIGARH, BBSR, GANDHINAGAR, DISPUR planned cities developed after

independence.

URBANISATION IN INDIA

1. % of urbanization in India is 28%

2. Urbanization developed 11 fold during 20th

century

3. It is due to development of planned cities

CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS OPN THE BASIS OF POPULATION SIZE

CLASS I >100000 POPULATION

CLASS II 50,000- 99,999

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CLASS III 20,000- 49,999

CLASS IV 10,000-19,999

CLASS V 5000-9,999

CLASS VI < 5000

1-5 MILLION IS CALLED METROPOLITAN CITY

5 million mega cities

urban agglomeration:

1. Town and its adjoining urban outgrowths

2.two or more towns with or without their outgrowth

3.the city and one or more adjoining towns

Ex . Out growth: railway colony, university , port area, military

cantonment

According to 2001 census there were 423 first class towns and

35 metro cities in India six of them are mega cities grater Mumbai

is the largest city in India

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS

1.Administrative towns: All capitals of states with national capital

2.Industrial towns: Mumbai. Salem, Coimbatore Modinagar, Jamshedpur

3. transport towns: kandla cochin, vizak

4.commercial towns: Satna Kolkata

5.mining towns: Digboi, Ranigunj, Jharia

6.Garrison cantonment towns: Ambala, Mhow. Jalandhar

7. educational towns: Pilani, Aligarh, Varanasi

8.relegious cultural towns: Amritsar, Varanasi, Tirupati

9.Toutist towns: Shimla, Mussori, Nainital

NAMES OF METRO CITIES 35

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CHAPTER-5

LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTUE LAND USE CATEGORIES

1. Forests

2. Land put to non agricultural use

3. Barren and waste land

4. Area under permanent pastures

5. Area under miscellaneous tree crops

6. Culturalble waste land

7. Current fallow land

8. Fallow other than current fallow

9. NET SOWN AREA

LANDUSE CHANGES IN INDIA

THREE TYPES OF CHANGES

I. Size of economy: grow over time , change in income level, marginal

lands will become useful

II. Composition of the economy: the secondary and tertiary grew much

faster than primary sector. Land from Ag. Use to non Ag use such as built

up area

III. The contribution of agricultural activities reduces over time

The share of Ag. Is declined. No. of people fed by Agri. is increasing

INCREASE INTHREE CATEGORIES

1. FOREST. 2. AREA UNDER NONAGRICULTURAL USE 3.

CURRENT FALLOW LAND

2. FOUR AREAS DECLINED

1. Barren and waste land

2. Cultivable wasteland

3. Area under pastures& tree crops

4. Net sown area

COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES

1. PRIVATE 2 .COMMONPROPERTY

I. THE CPTS ARE USED BY COMMON PURPOSE /

SOCIETY OWNED BY STATE

II. PROVIDE FODDER FOR LIVE STOCK FUEL FOR THE

HOUSE HOLDS

III. PRODUCE MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS SUCH AS

FRUITS, NUTS, FIBRE, MEDICINAL PLANTS

IV EVERY MEMBER HAS RIGHT TO ACCESS

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AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN INDIA

1. Contribution of land in agricultural use is more important

2. Lack of access to land leads to poverty

3. Productivity depends on quality of land

4. Land ownership has social value in rural areas

TOTAL CULTIVABLE LAND IS = NETWOWN AREA+FALLOW

LAND+

ULTURABLE WASTE LAND

1.since there is no extra land available only the high yielding

varieties can increase the productivity

2.number of times the land can be increased by providing Irrigation

Crop intensity can be raised

CROPPING SEASONS

SEASON PERIOD CROPS

KHARIF JUNE-SEP RICE, COTTON MILLETS GROUND

NUT

RABI OCT-NOV WHEAT GRAM,RICE MAIZE

MILLETS

ZAID APRIL-

JUNE

VEG. FRUITS

TYPES OF FARMING

BASED ON MOISTURE FOR THE CROPS

IRRIGATED FARMING

1.it is protective/ productive of crops,

2.due to moisture deficiency irrigation is essential

3. Supplementary to the rainfall

4.to increase cultivable area

5.to achieve high productivity

RAIN FED FARMING

1. Divided in to two types a. Dry land farming b wet land farming

2. Dry land farming located in the area of less than75 cm rain fall

3. drought resistant crops are grown

4. Millets, maize fodder crops

5. practice rainwater harvesting

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WETLAND FARMING

1. Found in areas of high rainfall zones

2. Water intensive crops such as rice, sugarcane, jute are grown

CROPPING PATTERN

FOOD GRAINS

CEREALS:

RICE

grown on sea level to 2000 mts altitude,

3000 varieties are grown

grown in three seasons AUS AMAN BORO in west Bengal / Kharif . Rabi

season .

22% of rice production in India.

second after china.

¼ area is under rice cultivation.

WB, PUN UP rice is grown

WHEAT:

second most important crop,

12% of production is from India,

generally in winter it is grown.

Grown in North and central India,

irrigation is essential .

rain fed crop in Himalayan region.

14% is under wheat cultivation.

UP, PUN, HAR, RAJ. Are leading producers

JOWAR:

16.5 % cropped area is under this crop,

Main food crop in semiarid areas,

Maharashtra alone produces ½ of the production,

Others are KK, MP AP

BAJRA:

HOT AND DRY CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ARE NEEDED.

Grown in drought resistant crop,

it is cultivated alone or mixed crop,

5.2% of total cropped area.

Leading producers are MS, GUJ RAJ, HAR

MAIZE :

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Grown any type of land.

It is food and fodder crop,

3.6% total cropped area,

it is grown all over India,

the leading producers are MP, AP. KK, RAJ, YIELD IS HIGH IN SOUTHERN

STATE

PULSES,:

rich source of protein,

increase natural fertility.

Used in crop rotation,

India is leading producer of pulses.

concentrated in dry lands,

11% of total cropped area. GRAM, TUR ARE MAJOR CROPS.

GRAM :

cultivated in subtropical area,

rain fed crop,

2.8% of total cropped area,

leading producers are MP, UP, MS, AP, RAJ

TUR(ARHAR)

Second important pulse crop,

it is also called red gram or pigeon pea,

rain fed crop,

2% of total cropped area,

leading producers are MS. UP, KK GUJ

OIL SEEDS : GROUND NUT :

17% of total production of the world is in India

,rain fed,

grown in Kharif season,

3.6% of total cropped area,

leading producers are GUJ, TN, AP, KKA MS

RAPE SEED, MISTARD:

consists of rai sarson toria taramira ,

they are subtropical crops,

grown in Rabi season,

frost sensitive,

irrigated crop,

2/3 under irrigation,

2.5 % of cropped area is under this crop.

2.6 Leading producers are RAJ, UP, HAR, WB ,MP

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FIBRE CROPS;

COTTON:

grown in Kharif season,

semi arid region,

short staple and long staple are grown,

black soil is suitable,

India ranks 4th

in the world.

After China USA and Pakistan.

% of world production.

4.7% total cropped area. Leading producers are PUN, HAR, RAJ, GUJ MS. AP

KK

JUTE:

used for packing material,

cash crop,

India produces 3/5 of the world production.

0.5 % total cropped area is under this crop,

leading states are: WB, BI,AS

OTHERSSUGAR CANE:

tropical crop,

cultivated in sub-humid regions,

irrigated crop,

India is the second largest producer,

23% of world‟s production come from India.

of cropped area is under this crop.

The leading producers are UP, MS, KK,TN, AP

TEA :

Plantation crop,

tea leaf has high content of caffeine and tannin.

Grown in hilly areas,

heavy rainfall is needed,

started in1840 in Assam by British.

Grown Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Niligiris, Western Ghats,

28% of world production comes from India.

India rank 3rd

after Sri Lanka & China.

53.2% total cropped area is under this crop.

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Leading producers are WB & TN

COFFEE;

three varieties ARABICA, ROBUSTA, LIBERICA,

4.3% of world production comes from India.

Sixth after BRAZIL, VIETNAM, COLOMBIA,INDONESIA, MEXICO.

Leading producers are KK, TN, KER

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

1. 53% of population depends on agriculture

2. 57% land is meant for cultivation

3. 0.31% of hectares per capita

STRATEGY OF EVELOPMENT

Govt. of India took steps to increase the production

i. Switching over from cash crops to food grains

ii. Increase crop intensity

iii. Increasing cultivated area

iv. Improvement of irrigation

v. Intensive agricultural district programme and intensive agricultural area

programme were launched

vi. Use of HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides,

vii. Use of package technology

viii. Introduction of GREEN REVOLUTION

ix. Large agriculture inputs

GROWTH OF AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Production and yield increased (wheat, rice, oil seeds, sugarcane, tea

pulses , cattle, milk, ground nut)

2. Expansion of irrigated area

3. Use of HYV seeds

4. Use of modern agricultural technology

5. Increased consumption of chemical fertilizers

PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

1. Uneven and unreliable rainfall

2. Low productivity

3. Poverty of the farmers

4. Lack of land reforms

5. Fragmentation of land holdings

6. Lack of commercialization

7. Vast under employment

8. Degradation of cultivable land

9. Illiteracy of the farmers

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CHAPTER-6

WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA

1. India accounts 2.45% of world surface area

2. 4% of world water resource

3. 16% of population

4. Total water available from precipitations 4000 cubic km.

5. Surface water and replenish able water is 1869 cubic km

6. 60% only useful is about 1122 cu.km

SURFACE WATER RESOURFCES

1.there are four major sources of surface water

2. River, lake, ponds, tanks

3.10,360 rivers are present with more than 1.6 km length each

4. Mean annual rainfall is about 1869 cubic km

5. 60% only usable it is equal to 1122cubic.km

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

1. Four major sources of surface water

2. River, lakes, ponds, tanks

3. There are 10,360 river with the length of more 1.6 km

4. There is about 1869 cu, km of water is available

5. Only 690 cu ,km usable

GROUND WATER RESOURCES

1. Total replenishable ground water is 432 cu.km

2. 46% available from Ganga and Brahmaputra river basins

3. Level of utilization of ground water is high in NW and south India

4. Low in CHH, OR, KERALA

5. moderate in GUJ ,UP ,BI ,TRIPURA, MS

Water utilization

Surface water

1. Agriculture= 89% domestic=9% industrial 2%

GROUND WATER RESOURCES

Agriculture=92% industrial= 5 domestic=3%

DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION

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1. Uneven distribution of rainfall

2. Seasonal rain fall

3. High temperature causes more evaporation

4. To grow water intensive crops

5. To increase production

6. To crops in dry season

7. To introduce green revolution

DETERIORATION OF WATER QUALITY

1. Per-capita availability of water is dwindling day by day

2. Increasing population

3. Increase the standard of living

4. Ground water pollution

5. Urban waste and industrial waste is left in to the rivers

6. Cultural activities produce more wastage in to the rivers

7. Ganga and Yamuna are most polluted rivers in India

WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

1. Adopt laws and acts to conserve water

2. Use water saving methods and technology

3. prevent water pollution

4. Watershed development

5. Rainwater harvesting

6. Water recycling and reuse

Prevention of water pollution

1. The central pollution control board along with state pollution control

boards should monitor the pollution

2. Frequent supervision is essential

3. The other rivers such as Sabarmati, Gomati, Kai, Addayar, Vaigai , also

to monitor for pollution

4. Monitoring the industries located along the river banks

RECYCLE AND REUSE OF WATER

1. Low quality of water can be used for industries

2. Water from domestic centers to be used for garden

3. Water used for cleaning vehicles also used for gardening

WATER SHED MANAGEMENT

1. Efficient management of surface and ground water and

conservation is called water shed development.

2. Prevention of runoff, storage and recharge of groundwater

through percolation tanks, recharge sells.

3. Bring balance between natural availability and utility

4. It depends on community participation

5. HARYALI is the water shed development started by Central

Govt.

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6. NERU-MEERU by AP govt. ARVARY PANI SANSAD by

Government of Rajasthan.

7. Construction of check dams, plantation ,

8. Making compulsory to the public to make rainwater harvesting

before constructing building done in TN

RAINWATER HARVESTING

1 It is the method of capturing and storing rainwater, for various

uses.

2. Refilled the ground water wells

3. It improves water quality

4. Reduces the water pollution

5. Dilution of salts takes place in the water

6. Rainwater harvesting is practiced in different areas by different tribes

7. Harvesting through service wells ,recharge wells kund or tanka

8. It increases ground water level

NATIONAL WATER POLICY

1. Multipurpose projects should include drinking water

2. Provide drinking water to all animals and man is first priority

3. Regulation of exploitation of ground water

4. Both ground and surface water quality should be regularly

5. Increase the efficacy use of water

6. Awareness of importance of water to be imparted to the common people

7. Conservation of water to be realized by the all people

CASE STUDY RALEGAN SIDDHI \

1. It is an example for watershed development

2. A retired army personnel realized the importance of water shed and

convinced the public

3. Voluntary participation took place and developed the water shed

4. The status of village is changed

5. Dependency started declining

6. Tarun mandal was formed to control pollution

7. Controlled grazing started

8. Dry crops were started growing

9. Community leaders took the control of the village

10. People developed each other

11. It is the model village in India

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CHAPTER-7 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES A mineral Is a natural substance of organic /inorganic origin with definite

chemical and physical properties.

TYPES OF MINERALS

METALLIC MINERALS

A. FERROUS: IRON MANGANESE

B. NON FERROUS; COPPER BAUXITE

NONMETALLIC MINERAL

A. FUEL MINERAL: COAL, PETROLEUM,

B. OTHER NON METALLIC: LIME STONE

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE EXPLORATION OF MINERALS

1. Geological survey of India

2. Oil and natural gas commission

3. Mineral exploration corporation ltd

4. National mineral development corporation

5. Indian bureau of mines

6. Bharat gold mines

7. Hindustan copper ltd

8. National aluminum ltd

9. Dept. Of mining and geology

DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS

1. Metallic minerals occur in peninsular region

2. Coal reserves are found in valleys of Mahanadi, Godavari, Sone, Damodar

3. Petroleum occur in sedimentary deposits of Assam And Gujarat

4. New reserves are discovered in Krishna Godavari Cauvery basins

5. Most of the minerals occur in east of line linking Mangalore an Kanpur

6. There are located in three broad belts

NORTH EASTERN PLATEAU REGION

1.cover WB,ORI ,CHH

2. Minerals are iron coal manganese, bauxite, mica

SOUTH WESTERN PLATEAU REGION

1. Covers KK ,GOA, KER &TN

2. Minerals are ferrous metals, lime stone, bauxite iron ore, manganese

coal deposits monazite in KERALA iron ore in GOA

NORTH WESTERN REGION

1. Covers RAJ, GUJ

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2. minerals are copper zinc, sandstone granite marble, gypsum fullers

earth dolomite and lime stone. Petroleum in GUJ.

Himalayan belt

minerals are copper lead, zinc, cobalt tungsten

FERROUS MINERALS: IRONMANGANESE, CHROMITE

1.iron ore : largest iron ore in Asia, Haematite And Magnetite are the two types of iron

ores, it has great demand in the international market

2. The total reserve is about 20 bi. Tones

955 is located in ORI JHAR, CHH KA, AP TN

Orissa : Sundergarh , Mayurbhanj Jhar mining centers; Gurumahishani, Sulaipet

Badampahar Kiruburu Bonai

Jharkhand; Noamundi And Gua Located Inwest And East Singhbhum

Chh; Durg Danteware Bailadila Dalli Rajhara

Kk: Sundur, Hospet, Bababudn hills, Tumkur Chitradurg

Ms. Chandrapur, Bhandara Ratnagiri

Ap: Kurnool , Karinagar Cudapah Anantapur

MANGANESE

Used in steel making,Orissa is the leading producer, Bonai, Kendujhar, Suddergarh,.

Gangpur, Koraput Kalahandi Bolangir are important producers

KAR: Darwar, Bellary Belgaum N.Canara Chikmagalur

MS: NAGPUR, BAHANDARA RATNAGIRI

NON FERROUS MINERALS

BAUXITE

It is the ore of aluminum

Aluminum is used to make construction, aircraft, utensils , electrical items

ORISSA: KALAHINDI, SAMPALPUR are leading producers

Lohardhaga In Jharkhand,

Kolaba Thane Ratnagiri of MS

Bhavnagar, Jamnagar of Guj.

COPPER

USED INELECTRICAL INDUSTRY

Distribution: Singhbhum in Jharkhand, Balaghat of MP, Jhunjhunu Alwar of raj.

Minor producers are Hassan of Karnataka, Agnigundale of AP

NON METALLIC MINERALS

MICA: used in electical industry and furnace

found in Hazaribagh of Bihar Nellore of ap. Jaipur Bhilwara of RAJ

ENERGY RESOURCES

COAL, PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS,NUCLEAR MINERALS

COAL: there are three types of coal

1. Anthracite: found in Himalayan region

2. Bituminus : located in Gondwana field DVC, Godavari Valley Sone Valley

Jharia, Raniganj, Mahanadi Valley Chanda Wardha Valley

3. Nyvely lignites: found in TN

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4. Tertiary coal is found in Assam. ARP, MEG. NAG. J&K

PETROLEUM

Used to make energy resource, petrochemical industries fertilizer ,

synthetic rubber, wax lubricants, soap cosmetics

It is also called as liquid gold

It is found in Digboi , Naharkatia Moran In Assam, Ankaleshwar , Kalol

Mehasena Nawagam In Gujarat. Mumbai High

Krishna Godavari Basin

Oil refineries

There are two types of oil refineries (i) field based (ii) market based

There are 18 oil refineries

NATURAL GAS

Found in guj, raj, tri. Krishna Godavari And Cauvery Basin

Nuclear energy resources

Uranium and thorium re important minerals

Uranium is found in Dharwad rocks

Found in Singhbhum in Bihar,Udipur Alwar, Jhunujhun of Raj. Durg of

Chh .Bhandara of Ms

Monazite sands of Kerala

Atomic energy commission was established in 1948

Nuclear power stations

Tarapur of MS, Rawatbhata of RAJ, Kalpakkam of TN, Narora of UP

Kaiga of KK Kakarapara of GUJ

Non-conventional resources

ADVANTAGES OF NON CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

1. No pollution

2. Abundant

3. Cheapest

4. easy to tap

5. Eternal

SOLAR ENERGY

ADVANTAGES

1. Abundant

2. huge potential used for two purposes

3. photovoltaic‟s, solar thermal technology

4. Cist competitive,

5. environmental friendly

6. Easy to construct

7. 7% more efficient than coal

8. 10% more efficient than coal

9. More applications heater, crop dryers cooker

10. western part has more potential

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WIND ENERGY

1. Pollution free

2. inexhaustible

3. simple machinery

4. Wind rotate turbines to produce electricity

5. Permanent wind systems are used to rotate turbines

6. India planned to establish 250 wind driven turbines with 45 mw

potential

7. there are 12 suitable locations

8. India is able to produce 3000 mw , it can produce 50000 mw

9. Lamba and Kutch in GUJ are suitable places

TIDAL WAVE ENERGY

Energy produced with the help of tides and waves of sea

west coast is more suitable

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

1. Hot water is used to rotate turbines

2. Ground water is heated and gushed out and can be used for

generating electricity

3. Hot springs and geysers are used to generate electricity

BIO ENERGY

1.energy generated from agricultural , animal waste, urban waste,

it can be converted in to electrical energy

3.develop rural areas

4. Clean the environment

5. Cheap and easily available in rural areas

CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

1. Use non conventional resources

2. Recycling of metals

3. Reuse of energy resources

4. Use alternative resources

5. Use scrap metals

6. Export of strategic mineral to be reduced

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CHAPTER-8

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

A. ON THE BASIS OF SIZE, CAPITAL LABOUR FORCE

1. Large, 2. Medium 3.small 4. Cottage

B. ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP

1. Public 2. private 3. Joint 4.coperative

C. ON THE BASIS OF PRODUCT

1. Basic 2. Capital 3. Intermediate 4. Consumer industries

D. ON THE BASIS OF RAW MATERIALS

1. Agro based 2. Forest 3. Mineral 4. Industrially processed

E. NATURE OF PRODUCT

1. Metallurgical 2. Mechanical 3. Chemical 4. Textile 5. Food processing 6.

7.electricity generation 8. Electronics 9. Communication

LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES

LOCATIONAL FACTORS

1. Raw materials

2. Power

3. Transport

4. Labour

5. Historical factors

6. Industrial policy

MAJOR INDUSTRIES

IRON STEEL INDUSTRIES

RAW MATERIALS: iron ore, coking coal lime stone ,dolomite ,manganese, fire clay

TYPES OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES

1. Integrated steel plants

2. Mini steel plants

3. Rolling mills

4. Ancillary industries

INTEGRATED STEEL PLANTS

TISCO

250km from Kolkata

Water – Subarnarekha Kharki rivers

Naomundi and Badampahar- iron ore

Coal – Joda mines from Orissa

Coking coal – Jharia

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IISCO

Three factories at Hirapur ,Kulti, and Burnpur

Coal- Ranigunj, Jharia Ramgarh

Ironore- Sighbhum

Water_ Barkar

Transport Kolkata Asansol railway line

VISL

Also called Mysore Iron and steel co.ltd

Iron ore- Kemangundi

Lime stone manganese- local

Charcoal used from the forest/ hydal power from jog falls

Water –Bhadravati

Produces specialsed steels

ROUKELA

Collaboration with Germany

Located near by raw materials

Coal-Jharia iron ore- Sundargarh

Power- Hirakud water –Koel

BHILAI

Russian collaboration

Iron ore – Dalli Rajhara

Coal- Korna

Water-Tandula Dam

Power –Korba

Port – Vizak

DURGAPUR

Collaboration with UK

Coal –Raniganj

Iron –Naomundi

Power-DVC

BOKARO

Russian collaboration

Iron ore –Roukela

Water& power –DVC

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THE COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

1. One of the traditional industries in India

2. India is famous for muslin, calicos chintz

ADVANTAGES AVAILABLE FOR COTTONTEXTILE INDUSTRIES

1. Cotton cloth is most comfortable in tropical climate

2. Large area under cotton cultivation

3. Availability of abundant skilled labour

ADVANTAGES OF COTTON TEXTILES INMUMBAI

1. Close to cotton growing areas

2. Mumbai port facility

3. Provide capital for industries

4. Availability of cheap labour

5. Machines can be imported

SECTORS OF COTTON TEXTILES

Organized sector

Integrated textiles

Decentralized sectors

It includes power looms and handlooms

Organized sector production declined from 81% to 6%

decentralized sector produces 59% power looms and 19% hand looms

COTTON IS NOT WEIGHT LOOSING MATERIAL

INFLUENCING FACTORS ARE

1. Power 2. Labour 3. Capital 4.market

AT PRESET INDUSTRIES ARE LOCATED AT THE MARKET

SWADESI MOVEMET BROUGHT A MAJOR IMPETUS TO THE INDUSTRY

BOYCOTTING BRITISH GOOD AFTER 1921

1. With the development of railway a cotton mills developed

2. In south India they are established in Coimbatore, Madurai Bangalore

3. In central India Nagpur, Indore Sholapur Vadodara

4. Cotton mills at Kanpur based on local investment

5. Cotton mills at Kolkata due to port facilities

6. Development of hydel power also help to industry

7. Lower labour costs helps to locate mills at Ujjain Bharuch Coimbatore

Tirunelveli away from cotton producing areas

OTHR FACTORS ARE

O Market , cheap labour, availability of power

O Major centers Ahmedabad Bhiwandi, Solapur, Kolhapur Nagpur Indore

Ujjain

O They are located near by raw material leading producing states ms.guj, tn

O Tn has largest no of mills produce yarn rather than cloth

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O Coimbatore has emerged as important center in south in KK mills are

located near cotton producing areas. Davanger, Hubli, Bellary Mysore,

Bangalore,

O AP :Hyd, Sec, Warngal Guntur

O UP. Kanpur is th largest , Modinagar Hathras, Saharanpur Agra,

Lucknow

O WB; Hugli Howrah SeramPur Kolkata

O Cotton production increased five times from 1950 to 2000

ROBLEMS OF COTTON MILLS

1. Competition from synthetic fiber

2. High cost of production

3. Erratic power supply

4. Frequent strikes, lockouts

5. Climatic changes decrease production

SUGR INDUSTRY

1. Most important industry

2.india is the largest producer of sugarcane

3.8% of sugar production in India

4. Khandasari, jaggary also produced in India

5.provide 4 lakh persons employment

6.it is a seasonal industry

7.at present there are 506 mills with the production of 17699 lakh tones

LOCATION OF SUGAR INDUSTRY

1. It is a weight loosing industry crop

2. The ratio is 9-12 %

3. Sucrose content decrease soon after harvesting

4. Should be harvested before 24 hours

5. Ms is the leading producer

6. 1/3 of production comes from ms

7. There are 119 mills in the state

8. They extend from Manmad to Kolhapur

9. There are 87 mills in cooperative section

Up is the second largest producer of cotton textiles

There are two belts

1. Ganga-Yamuna Doab

2. Tarai region

Other states are TN, KK, AP

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

In 1960 demand for organic chemicals increased

Petroleum reining industry expanded

Items derived from petroleum are raw materials for other industries

They are called petro chemical industries

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SUBGROUPS OF PETROCHEMICALS

1.POLYMERS 2.SYNTHETIC FIBRE 3. ELASTOMERS 4. SURFACTANT

INTERMEDIATE

Mumbai is hub of petro chemical industry

Cracker units are located at

Auriya Jamnagar, Gandhi Nagar, Hajira Nagothane Ratnagiri Haldia Vizak

Organizations working under petrochemicals

INDIAN PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION LIMITED

1. It is public sector

2. Produce polymers , chemicals fiber, fiber intermediates

PETROFILS COOERATIVE LIMITED

1.it is the joint venture of govt. And weavers cooperative society

2.produces polyesters nylon chips

Located at Vadodara Naldhari in Gujarat

CENTRL INSTITUTE OF PLASTIC ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Provide training for engineers

Polymers are made from ethylene & propylene

Polymers are used in plastic industry

Plastic is converted into sheets power resin and pellets and then used in plastic

industry

ADVANTAGES:

1. Strength

2 flexible

2. Water and chemical resistance

3. Low price

NATIONAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES LIMITED

Established in private sector in 1961

First naphtha based chemical industry at Mumbai

Center of plastic materials Mumbai, Mettur, Pimpri Rishra

They are mostly small scale sector

Uses recycled plastics

Uses of plastic

1. TO MAKE FABRICS

USES

1. Strength 2. Durability 3. Wash ability 4. Resistant to water 5.

Shrinking 6. Easy to maintain

Centers of nylon and polyester: Kota, Pimpri , Mumbai,

Modinagar, Pune

Acrylic staple fiber manufactured at Kota Vadodara

The main problem of plastic is it is non biodegradable

KOWLEDGE BASED INDUSTRY

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1. Brought revolution in the industry

2. Brought new economic and social environment

3. Out sourcing is an example

4. Fastest growing industry

5. Software export is expanding every day

6. It surpassed other industries

7. It accounts 2% of GDP

8. Produce quality products

9. MNCs are producing software production

LPG

1. IT IS NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY

OBJECITVES

1.to build on the gains already made

2. Correct the distortions

3.maintain sustained growth

4. Gainful employment

5. Attain international competitiveness

MEASURES ININTIATED

1. Abolishing industrial licensing

2. Free entry of foreign technology

3. Foreign investment policy

4. Access t capital market

5. Open trade

6. Abolition of phased manufacturing

7. Liberalized industrial location programme

DIMENSIONS OF NEW INDUSTIRAL POLICY

1. Industrial licensing has been cancelled expect 1. Security 2. Strategic.

3.environmental concerns

2. Public sectors reduced from17to 3

3. Atomic energy & railways kept under government

4. Govt. offered share holdings to financial institutions, public workers

5. No private permission is required to invest in de-licensing sector

6. FDI is the supplement of domestic investment

7. FDI provide technological innovation

8. Access to global managerial skills optimum use of nature man resources

9. Liberalized t o attract MNS and private sector

10. mining and communications high way construction thrown to private

11. Globalization means integrating national economy with world economy

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12. Goods , services capital labour resources can move freely from one

nation to another

STEPS

1. Opening of economy to FDI by providing facilities to foreign

companies to invest in different fields of economic activity

2. Removing restrictions an obstacles to the entry o multinational

company in India

3. Allowing Indian companies to collaborative other countries

4. Carry out massive import

5. Opting exchange rate adjustments to export

PROBLEMS IN NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY

1. Major share went to core industries

2. Infract rue was untouched

3. Gap between developed and developing increased

4. major share went to developed states

5. 23%ms 17% guj7% AP 6% TN&UP 8%

N.E states only 1%

INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

1.number of industrial units

2. Number of industrial workers

3. Quantity of power used

4.output

5.value added by manufacturing

MUMBAI PUNE REGION

1. Extended from Mumbai to Sholapur

2. Connect Kolaba Ahmednagar, Satara Sangle Jalgaon

FAVOURABLE FACTORS

1. Cotton hinterland

2. Moist climate

3. Opening of Suez canal

4. Mumbai port facility

5. Hydel power from western Ghats

6. Opening of Mumbai high

7. Nuclear power plant at Tarapur

8. Industries:

Engineering goods, oil refineries, petrochemicals, leather goods, synthetic,

plastic, drugs, fertilizers

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HUGLI INDUTRIAL REGION

ADVANTAGES

1.extend from Bansberia to Birlanagar

2. Opening of Hugli port

3.well connected with railways

4. Development of tea plantation, jute cultivation

5.presence of coal fields, iron mines DVC

6. Cheap labour from up &Bihar

7. industries: jute , paper, textiles, electrical, fertilizers Hindustan motors, diesel

locomotives at Chttaranjan . Oil refinery at Haldia

BANGALORE –CHENNAI REGION

1. Extend from Bangalore to Madurai

2. Power from Pykara Hydel power

3. Industries: cotton textile, eng. goods, HAL , HMT, at Bangalore , rubber

industry, petroleum oil refinery at Mumbai

GUJARAT INDUSTRIAL REGION

1. Extend from Ahmedabad to Surat

2. Large cotton growing area

3. Nearness to market

4. Oil fields at Ankaleswar Vadodar Jamnagar

5. Kandla port facility

6. Koyali oil refinery

7. Kakrapara nuclear plant

CHOTANAGAPUR INDUSTRIAL REGION

1. Extend from Jharkhand To Orissa

2. Heavy metallurgical industries

3. Coal at DVC

4. Iron ore, limestone coal fields

5. Steel plants at Jamshed Pur , Burnpur Kulti Durgapur ,Bokaro ,Rourkela

6. Hydel. Thermal power from DVC

7. Labor from Bihar, Bengal

8. Industries: engineering, machine tools, fertilizers, cement paper locomotives

9. Places are Ranchi, Dhanbad, Sindri, Hazaribagh Jamshedpur

VIZAK GUNTUR INDUSTRIAL REGION

1 extend from Vizak To Kurnool

3. Port facility from Vizak, Machilipatnam

4. Dev. Agriculture, hinterland mineral

5. Godavari coal fields, shipbuilding at Vizak. Petroleum oil refinery . Lead zinc

steel industry at Vizak

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GURGAON-DELHI MEERUT REGION

1.fast growth ,

2. Away from minerals

3.light industries

4. Electrical, woolen textiles, hosiery goods, sugar mills, cycle agriculture implements

Software, glass leather goods

KOLLAM –THIRUVANANTHA PURAM

1. Extend from Trivandrum to Alappuzha

2. Plantation agriculture,

3. Hydel power

4. No minerals

5. Ag. Product processing

6. Cotton textiles, sugar , rubber, match box glass fish based industries food

processing

7. Oil refinery at cochin

CHAPTER-9

PALNNING AND SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA PLANNING IS THE PROCESS OF THINKING FORMULATION OF A

SCHEME OF PROGRAMME AND IMPLEMNTAATION OF A SET OF

ACTIONS TO ACHIEVE SOME GOAL

THERE ARE TWO APPROACHES

1. Sectorial planning

2. Regional planning

3. INDIA STARTED FIVE YEAR PLANS AND ANNUAL PLANS

TARGET AREA PLANNING

1. THIS PLAN TAKE CARE OF ECONOMICALLY BACK WARD AREAS,

BASED ON RESORUCES

2. GOVT. INTRODUCED THE FOLLOWING PROGRAMMES UNDER

TARGET AREA PLANNING

1. COMMAND AREA DEV. PROGRAMMD

2. DROUGHT PRONE AREA DEV. PRO

3. DESERT.DEV. PRO.

4. HILL AREA DEV. PRO

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5. THE SMALL FARMERS DEV. AGENCY

6. MARGINAL FARMERS DEV. AGENCY

HILL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

1. Started during 5th

plan

2. covered 15 district of UTTAN,. WB & TN

3. National committee on the development of backward area in 1981 recommended

this programme

4. Selected the area above 600 mts.

5. Covered tribal regions

6. Objectives are: horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry, poultry forestry small

scale and village industries

DROUGHT PRONE AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

1. Started during 4th

plan

2. Objectives: employment, creating productive assets, starting labor intensive

works, irrigation projects, land development. Programme. Afforestation,

grassland dev. Electricity ,road, market, credit facility.

3. Integrated water shed dev. Pro

4. restoration of ecological balance between water, soil, plants and animals

5. Covered 67 districts

CASE STUDY TRIBAL DEV.PRO

1. Bhaurmur Tribal region located in chambray district. of HP

2. Inhabited by Gaddi tribes

3. They practice transhumance

4. Total area is 1818 sq.km 1500 to 3700 mts altitude

5. Ravi and its tributaries drain this region

6. There are 4 physiographic regions1. Holi 2. Khani 3. Kugti 4. Tundah

7. Harsh climate, low resource base, fragile environment

8. 20/sq km density

9. Most economically backward

10. Socio economic deprivation

11. Objectives: transport and communication Agriculture. Allied activities. Socio

eco. Services, education, health, potable water, electricity

12. EFFECTS OF ITDP

1. In crease literacy rate ,2. Sex ratio , 3.female literacy 4.reduce gender

inequality 5.shipt to cash crops

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT THAT NEEDS OF PRESENT WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE

AVILITY OF FUTUTE GENERATIONS T OKMEET THEIR OWN NEEDS. IT

TAKE CARE OF ECONOGICAL, SOCIAL ECONOMIC, ASPECTS OF PRESENT

AND PLEADS FOR CONSERVATION OF RESORUCE FOR FUTURE

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CASE STUDY

INDIRAGANDHI CANAL COMMAND AREA – RAJASTHAN CANAL

1. , one of the largest canal system in India

2. Started in 1948 launched on 31/3/1958

3. started from Harike barrage in Punjab run parallel to the Pakistan border

4. The total length is 9060 km 19.63 lakh hectare irrigation 70% flow 30% lift

system

5. Started in two stages

6. cover Ganganagar, Hanuman Garh, Bikanir, Jaisalme, Barmer, Jodhpur,

Nagaur, Churu Districts

7. Left side lift system and right side flow system

8. Stage one -1960 and stage ii 1980

9. Objectives achieved : irrigation, pasture development, afforestation reduce wind

erosion, reduce siltation. Development of per-capita income , increase in food

production, increase cultivated area, change in cropping system

10. problems: siltation, water logging

11. STEPS TAKE TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS

1. Strict implementation of water management policy

2. Protective irrigation

3. Extensive irrigation of crops and pasturelands

4. No water intensive crops

5. lining of water courses

6. Leveling of wara bandhi

7. Reclamation of water logging areas

8. Afforestation, shelterbelts,

9. adequate financial support

CHAPTER-10

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

LAND

1. ROAD 2. RAILWAY 3. PIPE LINES

WATER

1. INLAND 2. OCEANIC

AIR

1. DOMESTIC 2. INTERNATIONAL

LAND TRANSPORT

ROAD TRANSPORT

1. Total road length is 33.1 lakh km

2. 80% passengers, and 70% of freight are carried by roads

3. Shai road connect Indus valley to Sone valley

4. It is renamed as grad trunk road

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5. At present it connects Amritsar, Kolkata( nh1 nh2)

CLASSIFAICATION OF RAODS

I NATIONAL HIGH WAYS

1. Constructed and maintained by central govt.

2. Meant for interstate transport

3. Movement of defense men and material

4. Connect state capitals

5. Total length is 65769 km

6. Accounts 2% of road length

7. Carry 40% of traffic

8. Golden quadrilateral

5846 km , 4/6/lane. High density traffic, connect metro cities, time distance and

cost distance decreased n-s corridor connect Srinagar to Kanya kumari (4076

km)

east west corridor connect Porbandar to Silchar ( 3640)

STATE HIGH WAYS

1. Constructed and maintained by state CPWD

2. Connect state capitals with Dist. Hqs.

3. account for 4% of road length

DISTRICT ROADS

1. Connect Dist,. Hq with other towns

2. account for 14% of road length

RURAL ROADS

1. Connect rural areas

2. accounts 80% of road length

3. Regional variation in road density

4. Influenced by terrain and climate

OTHER ROADS

BORDER ROADS AND INTERNATIONAL HIGHWAYS

1. Bro was started in 1960

2. help to develop economy

3. strengthen the defense

4. improvement of strategic points

5. it is a premier multifaceted ted construction agency

6. Highest road way connects Manali –Leh with4270 mts. altitude

7. Maintain harmonious relation with neighboring countries

HIGHEST ROAD DENSITY IS 387.24 /100SQ.KM INKERALA

LOWEST ROAD DENSITY IS 10.48 /100 SQ KM IN J&K

I T IS HIGH IN NORTHERN PLAINS AND LOW IN MOUNTAIN

AREAS

FACTORS INCLUENCIN ROAD WAYS

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1. Terrain 2. Climate, 3. Economic development. 4. Industries 5. Cities and towns

RAILWAYS

1. The first railway line started in 1853 between Bombay and thane

2. It is the largest govt. Sector with the length of 63221 km

3. IT IS DIVIDED INTO 16 ZONES

1. NORTHERN – NEW DELHI 2. NORTH EASTERN – GORKPUR 3.

NE FRONTIER –MALIGOAN 4. N.WESTERN- JAIPUR, 5.

N.CENTRAL- ALLAHABAD 6.WESTERN CHURHC GATE

MUKBAI 7. W. CENTRAL – JABAL PUR 8. CENTRAL CST

MUMBAI 9. E.CENTRAL –HAJIPUR 10. EASTERN-KOL 11.

S.WESTERN –HUBLI 12. S.CENTRAL- SECEUDERABAD 13. SE

CENTRAL-BILASPUR 14. SEASTERN-KOLKOTA 15.SOUTHERN-

CHENNAI 16. EAST COAST- BBSR

2. HIGHEST COAL IS CARRIED BY RAILWAYS

3. RAILWAY GAUGES : broad gauge :1.676 mts. 46807 km 74.145

meter gauge: 1.ooo mts. 13290 km 21.02%

narrow gauge

0.672mts & 0.610 mts. 4.94% 3124 km

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RAILWAYS

1. Conversion of meter and narrow gauges in to broad gauge

2. Stem engines are replaced by diesel and electrical engines

3. Introduction of metro railways

4. Use of CNG

5. Introduction of internet

6. Computer reservation

7. container services

WATER TRANSPORT

ADVANTAGES

1. Cheapest means of transport

2. Least consumption of energy

3. Suitable for heavy bulky goods

4. No friction

5. Eco friendly

6. There are two types

Inland water ways

1. Cheapest mode of transport

2. Competition from road ways and railways

3. Water diversion from the rivers cause less navigable

4. Total 14500 km of navigable water

5. Account 1% of transport

6. It consists of rivers, canals , backwaters creeks

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7. 3700 km of navigable rivers are available

8. 2000 km actually used

9. Canals are controlled by inland water way authority

10. There are three inland waterways in India

1.nw.1 Allahabad to Haldia – 1620 km most important waterway , up to

Patna mechanized boats and up to Hardwar manual boats

It is divided in to three segments 1. Haldia to Farakka 560 km 2. Farakka to

Patna 460 km 3. Patna to Allahabad 600 km

2.NW-2 Sadiya to Dubri 891 km steamers can travel up to Dibrugarh

3. NW -3 Kottapuram to Kollam 205 km it includes 168 km west coast canal

and Udyogamandal canal

Back waters of Kerala also important waterways

OCEAN ROUTES

India has coastline about 7517 km there are 12 major ports and 185 minor

ports

95 % of India foreign trade and 70 % of value is trade takes place through

sea ways

AIR TRNSPORT

ADVANTAGES

1. Fastest means of transport

2. Connect remote areas

3. no need to maintain routs and construct

4. Suitable for emergency times

5. All continents are connected by air ways

6. Suitable for difficult terrain

7. Reduce travel time

8. Maintained by airport authority

9. It maintains 126 minor airports 11 international air ports and 86 domestic

airports

10. 29 civil defense enclaves in defense service also maintained by the

authority

There are three divisions

1. Air India: provide international air services

2. Connects all continents

3. Delhi and Mumbai air ports accounts for 52% of air service

Indian airlines connect Indian subcontinent

I t is the part of air India

Pawan Hans helicopter services

serves in north eastern states

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PIPELINES

ADVANTAGES

1. Most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over long

distance

2. least consumption of energy

3. Suitable for mountain areas and sea bottom

4. Asia‟s cross country pipe line is constructed between Naharkatia oil field and

Barauni oil refinery with the length of 1157 km, it was extended up to Kanpur in

1966

5. Other pipe lines Are Ankaleswar to Koyali , Mumbai High To Koyali Hazira

Vijaipur Jagdishpur

6. Salaiya to Mathura – 1256 km

7. Numaligarh to Siliguri 660km

COMMUNICATION

It is divided into personal- mobile mass radio, tv

Personal communication has become most important at present

User can contact with the customer directly

Fastest means of communication

Communication revolution came into world through internet

Mass communication consists of radio, tv and satellite communication

Satellite communication is the recent development most useful at the time of

emergency. When all other communications are failed it is the only

communication which can be used.

CHAPTER-11

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

CHANGES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

1 there is a change in volume that is increased but the value of import is more

than export

2. increase in trade deficit

3. it is due to rise of petroleum price

CHANGES IN COMPOSITION

1. The share of agriculture and allied products has declined

2. the share of petroleum has increased

3. The share of ore-minerals and manufactured goods have largely

remained constant

4. Increasing in India‟s refining capacity also responsible for importing

petroleum

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5. Declining in traditional goods is due to tough international competition

6. there is a great decline in coffee, spices, pulses, tea

7. Increase in Floriculture products, marine products, sugar and fresh fruits

8. Manufacturing alone accounted for 75.96%

9. Engineering goods have show growth in export

10. China and east Asian countries are our competitors

11. gems and jewellery contributed a large share in foreign trade

CHANGING PATTERN OF INDIA‟S IMPORT

1.earlier our import was food grains, capital goods, machinery

2.after 1970 import of food grains discontinued

3.fertilizers and petroleum took major part

4. Machine, edible oil and chemicals also present

5.capital goods has steadily increasing

6. Food products reduced

7. Pearls and precious stones gold and silver take major part

DIRECTION OF TRADE

EXPORT: 47.41%= ASIA AND OCEANIA

23.80% WEST EUROPE

20.42% AMEIRCA

IMPORT 35.40% ASIA OCEANIA

22.60% WEST EUROPE

8.36% AMERICA

THE USA IS THE LARGEST TRADING PARTNER OF INDIA

INDIA‟S EXPORT IS UK, BELGIUM, GERMANY, JAPAN,

SWITZERLAND HONGKONG THE UAE, CHINA SINGPORE.

SEA PORTS ARE CALLED INTERNATIONAL GATE WAYS OF

INTRNATIONAL TRADE

1. India is covered by three side with water

2. Longest coast line (7516,5 km)

3. water is the cheapest transport

4. West coast has more sea ports than east coast

5. Most of the international trade takes place through sea routes

6. Major ports are controlled by central govt. Minor ports are under

different state governments

7. There are 12 major and 185 minor ports

8. Most of the ports are equipped with modern facilities

INDIAN SEA PORTS

1. KANDLA: located at gulf of Kutch,

Developed to decrease pressure on Mumbai port,

Special facilities are available for petroleum

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The offshore Vadinar is developed to reduce pressure on this port

2. MUMBAI: natural harbor, biggest port, suitable to import goods

from middle east countries, 20km long and 10 km width country‟s

largest oil terminal

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT:

Located at Nhava Seva,

Largest after completion,

Developed to decrease burden on Mumbai port

MARMAGOA PORT:

Located at the estuary of Zuari river

Natural harbor

Iron ore is exported to Japan

Konkan railway brought large hinter land

NEW MANGALORE PORT

Located in Karnataka coast

Specialized to expert of iron ore

Also exports fertilizers , tea , wood pulp yarn

KOCHIN

Located at the Vembanad kayal

Queen of Arabian sea

Natural harbor

Close to Suez canal

KOLKATA

Located on the Hugli river bank

Located 128 km away from sea coast

Developed by British

Paradip and Haldia decreased the pressure

Silt accumulation is the problem

Large hinter land

Extend port facilities to other countries

HALDIA PORT

Located 105 down stream of Hugli

Developed to burden on Kolkata

Handles iron ore , cargo fertilizers, jute products

PARADIP PORT

Located on Mahanadi delta

100 km from Cuttack

Deepest harbor

Handle large vessels

Developed to iron ore

VISHAKAPATNAMPORT

Land locked harbor

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Connected to the sea through channel

An outer harbor is developed to help this port

It handles iron ore, petroleum cargo

CHENNAI

Oldest port developed by British

Artificial harbor

Not suitable for large ships

ENNORE

Newly developed port in Tamil Nadu

Located 25 km north of Chennai

Developed to decrease burden on Chennai port

TUTICORIN PORT

Newly developed port in Chennai

It handles variety of cargo: coal, salt, edible oils, petroleum & food grains

Developed to decrease pressure on Chennai port

AIR PORTS

1. Fastest

2. Connect remote areas

3. Suitable for long distance

4. Help at the time of disasters

5. 12 INTRNATIONAL AND 112 DOMESTIC PORTS

AHMEDABAD, AMRITSAR, BANGLORE, CHENNAI, DELHI, GOA,

GUWATI, HYDERABAD, KOCHCHI, KOLKATA, MUMBAI,

TRIVENDRUM

CHAPTER-12

GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED

ISSUES AND PROBLEMS POLLUTION

It is the unwanted matter and energy in the environment which harms to the man

Types of pollution:

1. Air pollution 2. Water pollution 3.land pollution 4.noise pollution

POLLUTION CAUSES POLLUTENTS EFFECTS SOLUTION

AIR

POLLUTION

Combustion of

coal diesel,

industrial

processes solid

waste disposal

sewage disposal

Oxides of

sulphur,

nitrogen, carbon

monoxide,

ammonia, lead,

aldehydes

asbestos

&beryllium

Causes various

diseases,

respiratory ,

nervous and

circulatory

systems

cause smog in

cities, acid rain,

Plantation, use of

filters in industries,

use of non-

conventional energy

resources

use of public transport

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in return cause

damage to the

buildings

WATER

POLLUTION

Sewage disposal,

urban runoff,

toxic effluents ,

runoff from Ag.

lands

Odor, suspended

solids, ammonia,

urea, chloride,

grease,

insecticide,

heavy metals

Water borne

diseases diarrhea,

intestinal worms,

hepatitis, ¼

diseases are

caused by water

pollution

Controlled use of

fertilizers, pesticides,

treat the waste before

release to the streams

from industries

LAND

POLLUTION

Improper human

activities

disposal of

untreated waste

Human and

animal excreta ,

virus and

bacteria garbage,

vectors therein,

radio active

subsistence

Exhaustion of

land

land pollution ,

heavy metals are

transferred to the

Ag. Products

Cause water

pollution

Educate the farmers

about the importance

of land utility and

consequences of

pollution

NOISE

POLLUTION

Air crafts,

automobiles

trains, industrial

processing

advertising

High level of

noise

cause neural and

heart disease

Locate industries away

from living areas

SOURCES OF POLLUTION IN THE GANGA AND YAMUNA

RIVERS

RIVER &STATE POLLUTED

STRECHES

NATURE OF

POLLUTION

POLLUTENTS

GANNGA- UP,

BI, WB

1. Down stream

of Kanpur

2. Down stream

of Varanasi

3. Farrakka

barrage

Industries in

Kanpur

Domestic and urban

waste

Carcasses of man

Kanpur, Allahabad,

Varanasi, Patna ,

Kolkata

YAMUNA –

DELHI,UP

1. Delhi to

confluence

with Chambal

2. Mathura and

Agra

Diverse of water to

HR,UP

Ag. Runoff,

industrial waste

Urban waste from

Delhi

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CASE STUDY- DHARVI THE ASIA‟S LARGEST SLUM

FEATURES

There is only one road about 90 feet

Narrow streets, one toilet for every 1440 people

Two/three stored buildings with rusty iron gates

Single room for 12 people

Tree less sunlight uncollected garbage

Stagnant pools, fowl water,

Zari work ,pottery, wood carving , scheduled caste people

Poor Muslims, treatment of hides and tanning

URBAN WASTE DISPOSAL

Overcrowding , congestion, inadequate facilities, poor sanitary conditions, significant

quantity of solid waste Pieces of metals, polythene bags , broken glass ware plastic

containers ashes garbage and CDs make solid waste

SOURCES OF URBAN WASTE

1. House hold establishments : thrown in public lands, private contractors sites

2. Industrial establishments : thrown in low lying public grounds

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE

1. Health hazard due to obnoxious smell, flies and rodents

2. Disease like typhoid, diphtheria diarrhea malaria cholera

3. they are spitted through rain water

4. industrial waste dumping in the rivers cause water pollution ex. Ganga ,

Yamuna

CASE STUDY- DAURALA

1. Meerut based NGO developed a model for ecological restoration

2. The ground water was contaminated with industrial waste

3. Ngo collected the data about the health conditions of the locality

STEPS TAKEN

1.overhaead tank capacity was increased

2.ponds were cleaned

3.silt was removed

4. Rain water harvesting structures were made

5.1000 trees have been planted

RURAL –URBAN MIGRATION

REASONS

1. Demand for labour in urban areas

2. Low job opportunities in rural areas

3. Un development of rural areas

4. People migrate to bigger cities

PROBLEMS OF SLUM AREAS

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1. Least choice

2. Dilapidated houses

3. Poor hygienic conditions

4. poor ventilation

5. Lack of drinking water, light , toilet facilities

6. over crowded , narrow streets, low paid workers

7. Prone to diseases, alcoholism, vandalism ,apathy, social exclusion

LAND DEGRADATION

CAUSES

5. Pressure on agriculture 2. Increase in population density 3. Faulty methods of

agriculture 4. Excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides 5.Indiscriminate cutting of

trees, 6. Heavy rains , 7. Floods

CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE LAND BY NRSA USING REMOTE SENSING

TECHNIQUES

1. CAUSED BYNATURAL AGENTS

Gullies, ravenous land, deserted , coastal sands, barren rocky areas, steep sloping

land, glacial areas

2. CAUSED BY NATURAL ASWELL AS HUMAN FACTORS

Waterlogged and marshy areas, land affected by salinity and alkalinity , land

with or without scrub

3. CAUSED BY HUMAN ACTIONS

Degraded shifting cultivated areas, degraded land under plantation crops,

degraded forests, degraded pastures, mining and industrial waste lands

CASE STUDY- ECOLOGICAL BALANCE

REASONS

1. Westernmost climatic zone in MP.

2. One of the five backward districts of the country

3. High concentration of Bhills

4. suffer from poverty

5. Most degraded land

OBJECTIVES

1. Start watershed development programme

2. Link of water , land, vegetation

3. Natural resource management

4. Increase common property resources

5. Each family should plant one tree at least

6. Planted fodder grass

7. Social fencing

8. Stop open grazing land

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9. Stopping the common property resources by govt.

CLASSIFICATION OF WASTELAND BY PROCESS

1. Barren and uncultivated wasteland 2.18%

2. Natural degraded common waste land 2.4%

3. Natural man made common waste land 7.51%

4. Man made degraded common waste land 5.88%

5. Total degraded land 15.8%

MAP WORK

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POPULATION DENSITY

LOWEST AND HIGHEST GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION

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INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

TRANS CONTINENTAL RAILWAYS

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INLAND WATER WAYS

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INLAND WATERWAYS

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MEGA CITIES OF THE WORLD

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METRO POLITAN CITIES

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LEADING STATES PRODUCING DIFFERENT CROPS

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MINERALS- IRON ORE-MANGANESE

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RLY ZONES AND THEIR HQS

„

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SEAPORTS

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CBSE MARKING SCHEME

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MODEL QUESTIONS

MODEL QUESTIONS

GEOGRAPHY (THEORY) Time allowed : 3 hours ] [ Maximum Marks : 70 General Instructions : (i) There are 22 general questions. (ii) Question numbers 1-7 are very short-answer questions carrying 1 mark each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 40 words. (iii) Question numbers 8-13 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 80-100 words. (iv) Question numbers 14-20 are long-answer questions carrying 5 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 150 words. (v) Question numbers 21-22 are related to identification or locating and labelling of geographical features on maps, carrying 5 marks each. (vi) Outline maps of the World and India provided to you must be attached within your answer-book. (vii) Use of templates or stencils for drawing outline maps is allowed. (viii) All questions are compulsory. 1. Why is tourism called the world‟s single largest tertiary activity ? 1 2. Name the terminal stations of National Waterway No. 1 of India. ½ + ½ = 1 3 Why was „Open Sky Policy‟ introduced by the government of India ? 1 4. Why has food gathering little chance of becoming important at the global level ? 1 5 Why did most of the Indian ancient towns develop as religious and cultural centres ? 1 6. What is the meaning of „transport‟ ? 1 7 1/2+ 1/2= 1 7.Mention any two major sources of air pollution in India.

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8. Modern manufacturing needs technological innovations. What values can accelerate technological innovations ? Explain. 3 9.Why has the WTO been criticized and opposed by some countries ? Explain any three

reasons. 3 1 = 3 10 How does technology play an important role in interaction with nature ? Explain with

examples. 3 1 = 3 11 How has noise pollution become a serious problem in recent years in India ? Explain 3 . 12. Why have a large number of medium and small towns developed all over the country after independence ? Explain 3 . 13 What is a port ? Mention any four types of ports on the basis of their specialized functions.1 + 2 = 3 14 Describe the changing nature of the international trade of India. 5 15 What is development ? Explain the four pillars of human development. 1 + 4 = 5

16 Explain any five major problems of Indian agriculture. 5 1 = 5 17 How are „pull factors‟ responsible for migration of people from one place to

another in India ? Explain with examples 5 1 = 5 . 18. Explain any five major problems of urban settlements in the developing countries of

the world. 5 1 = 5 19.Why is dairy farming known as the most advanced and efficient type of

farming in the world ? Explain any five reasons. 5 1 = 5 20.How have geographical and economic factors contributed to the

development of „Hugli Industrial Region‟ ? Explain with examples. 5X1 = 5

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21 In the given political outline map of the WORLD, five features A, B, C, D and E are marked. Identify these features with the help of the information given below and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :5X1=5 A. The country having the highest population growth rate. B. The area of commercial livestock rearing. C. The terminal station of trans-continental railway. D. Mega City E. Sea Port 22 On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols : (i) The State having the lowest percentage of population below the poverty line. (ii) The State leading in tea production. (iii) The software technology park in Punjab. (iv) An oil-refinery in Karnataka. (v) The metropolitan city of Rajasthan.

GEOGRAPHY (Theory) Time allowed : 3 hours ] [ Maximum Marks : 70 General Instructions : (i) There are 22 general questions. (ii) Question numbers 1-7 are very short-answer questions carrying 1 mark each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 40 words. (iii) Question numbers 8-13 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 80-100 words. (iv) Question numbers 14-20 are long- answer questions carrying 5 marks each. Answer

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to each of these questions should not exceed 150 words. (v) Question numbers 21-22 are related to identification or locating and labelling of geographical features on maps, carrying 5 marks each. (vi) Outline maps of the World and India provided to you must be attached within your answer-book. (vii) Use of templates or stencils for drawing outline maps is allowed. (viii) All questions are compulsory. 1. Mention any two major sources of air pollution in India 1/2+ ½ = 1 2. Name the headquarter of Eastern and South-Eastern Indian Railway zones 1 . 3. Why is tourism called the world‟s single largest tertiary activity ?1 4 Why were the earliest human beings dependent on their immediate environment for their sustenance ? 1 5. Why was „Open Sky Policy‟ introduced by the government of India ? 1 6. Why did most of the Indian ancient towns develop as religious and cultural centres ?1 7 What is the meaning of „transport‟ ? 1 8Why have a large number of medium and small towns developed all over the country after independence ? Explain3 . 9 Why is road transport more economical and convenient mode of transportation for short distances in comparison to railways across the world ? Explain. 3 10. How does physical environment affect human lives ? Explain with suitable

examples. 3 1 = 3 11 How are human activities mainly responsible for water pollution in India ? Explain

with examples 3 1 = 3 . 12. What is a port ? Mention any four types of ports on the basis of their specialized Functions 1 + 2 = 3 .

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13. Modern manufacturing needs technological innovations. What values can accelerate technological innovations ? Explain 3 . 14 Describe the changing pattern of the composition of India‟s import with suitable

examples 5 1 = 5 . 15. “The criteria for differentiating rural and urban population varies from country to

country.” Support the statement with suitable examples 5 1 = 5 . 16. Why is dairy farming known as the most advanced and efficient type of

farming in the world ? Explain any five reasons 5 1 = 5 . 17 How have geographical and economic factors contributed to the

development of „Hugli Industrial Region‟ ? Explain with examples. 5 1 = 5 18. How are „pull factors‟ responsible for migration of people from one place to

another in India ? Explain with examples 5 1 = 5 .

19. Explain any five major problems of Indian agriculture 5 1 = 5 . 20. Explain any five major problems of urban settlements in the developing

countries of the world. 5 1 = 5 21. In the given political outline map of the WORLD, five features A, B, C, D and E are marked. Identify these features with the help of the information given below and write

their correct names on the lines drawn near them : 5 1 = 5 A. The country having the highest population growth rate. B. The area of commercial livestock rearing. C. The terminal station of trans-continental railway. D. Mega City E. Sea Port 22. On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols : (i) The State having the lowest percentage of population below the poverty line. (ii) The State leading in tea production. (iii) The software technology park in Punjab. (iv) An oil-refinery in Karnataka.

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(v) The metropolitan city of Rajasthan.

GEOGRAPHY (Theory) Time allowed : 3 hours ] [ Maximum Marks : 70 General Instructions : (i) There are 22 general questions. (ii) Question numbers 1-7 are very short-answer questions carrying 1 mark each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 40 words. (iii) Question numbers 8-13 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 80-100 words. (iv) Question numbers 14-20 are long-answer questions carrying 5 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 150 words. (v) Question numbers 21-22 are related to identification or locating and labelling of geographical features on maps, carrying 5 marks each. (vi) Outline maps of the World and India provided to you must be attached within your answer-book. (vii) Use of templates or stencils for drawing outline maps is allowed. (viii) All questions are compulsory.

1. What is the meaning of „transport‟ ? 1

2. Write the names of terminal stations of the East-West Corridor of India. 1/2+1/2 = 1

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.

3. Mention any two major sources of air pollution in India ½ + ½ = 1 . 4. Why are the hill slopes used for tea plantations ? 1 5. Why is tourism called the world‟s single largest tertiary activity ? 1 6. Why was „Open Sky Policy‟ introduced by the government of India ? 1 7. Why did most of the Indian ancient towns develop as religious and cultural centres ?

1 8.What is a port ? Mention any four types of ports on the basis of their specialized functions. 1 + 2 = 3 9. How are the high living standards and quality of life dependent on efficient transportation, communications and trade ? Explain.3 10. How do humans influence the physical environment ? Explain with suitable examples 3 . 11. Why there is a great need to check land degradation in India ? Explain 3 . 12 Modern manufacturing needs technological innovations. What values can accelerate technological innovations ? Explain 3 . 13 Why have a large number of medium and small towns developed all over the country after independence ? Explain3 . 14 Describe the changing pattern of the composition of India‟s exports with suitable

examples . 5 1 = 5 . 15. “Many Places where people are few and a few places where people are very

many in the world.” Support the statement with suitable examples 5 1 = 5 . 16 Explain any five major problems of urban settlements in the developing

countries of the world 5 1 = 5 . 17. Why is dairy farming known as the most advanced and efficient type of

farming in the world ? Explain any five reasons. 5 1 = 5

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18. How have geographical and economic factors contributed to the

development of „Hugli Industrial Region‟ ? Explain with examples. 5 1 = 5 19. How are „pull factors‟ responsible for migration of people from one place to another in India ? Explain with examples 5X1 = 5 .

20. Explain any five major problems of Indian agriculture 5X1 = 5 . 21 In the given political outline map of the WORLD, five features A, B, C, D and E are marked. Identify these features with the help of the information given below and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :5X1=5 A. The country having the highest population growth rate. B. The area of commercial livestock rearing. C. The terminal station of trans-continental railway. D. Mega City E. Sea Port 22. On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols : (i) The State having the lowest percentage of population below the poverty line. (ii) The State leading in tea production. (iii) The software technology park in Punjab. (iv) An oil-refinery in Karnataka. (v) The metropolitan city of Rajasthan.

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GEOGRAPHY (Theory) Time allowed : 3 hours ] [ Maximum Marks : 70 General Instructions : (i) There are 22 general questions. (ii) Question No. 1 – 7 are very short-answer questions carrying 1 mark each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 40 words. (iii) Question No. 8 – 13 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 80-100 words. (iv) Question No. 14 – 20 are long-answer questions carrying 5 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 150 words. (v) Question No. 21 – 22 are related to identification or locating and labelling of geographical features on given maps, carrying 5 marks each. (vi) Outline maps of the World and India provided to you must be attached within your answer-book. (vii) Use of templates or stencils for drawing outline maps is allowed. (viii) All questions are compulsory. 1.Write the names of terminal stations of Trans-Canadian Railways. ½ + ½ = 1

2.Why is there a regional variation in the density of rural roads in India ? 1

3 Why has the quality of water decreased considerably in India ? Give one reason. 1 4. What is dryland farming ? 1 5. Define the term „Metropolitan City‟ 1 . 6Name the terminal stations of „North-South Corridor‟ of India½ + ½ = 1 . 7 Why is about 32 per cent of the available surface water can be utilized in India ? 1 8. Write any three features each of rural and urban settlements of India. 1½ + 1½ = 3 9. Why are the harbours and ports called the chief gateways of international trade in the world ? Explain. 3

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10. Suggest any three measures to control water pollution in India 3 1 = 3 11. How does the „Suez Canal‟ serve as a gateway of commerce for both the

eastern and western worlds ? Explain with suitable examples. 3 1 = 3 12. “There is an urgent need to conserve our mineral resources.” Explain the values

needed to achieve this goal. 3 1 = 3 13 “Nature provides opportunities and humans make use of these and slowly nature gets humanized and starts bearing imprints of human endeavour”.

Analyse the statement with examples.3 1 = 3 14 How has the „New Industrial Policy‟ been able to maintain a sustainable growth in productivity and gainful employment ? Explain 5 . 15. How is the high technology industry latest generation in manufacturing activities ? Explain with examples. 5 × 1 = 5 16. Explain any five factors responsible for the spatial variations in the levels of Human Development among the major states of India. 5 X1 = 5 17. How did the Europeans introduce important plantation crops in the colonies situated in different parts of the tropics ? Explain. 5X1=5 18. “Transportation plays a very important role in linking the various parts of India and

brings unity in diversity.” Support the statement with examples. 5X1 = 5 19. What is the meaning of density of population ? Describe the four geographical factors that influence the distribution of population in the world. 1 + 4 = 5 20. How are rural settlements facing different types of problems in the developing

countries ? Explain any five major problems. 5 1 = 5 21. In the given political outline map of the world, five features A, B, C, D and E are marked. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on its lines drawn near them :5X1=5 (A) The country having the lowest population growth rate.

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(B) The area of nomadic herding. (C) The terminal station of trans-continental railway (D) Mega City (E) Sea Port 22 On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols :5X1=5 (i) The state having the highest percentage of population below the poverty line. (ii) The software technology park in Uttarakhand. (iii) The State leading in coffee production. (iv) An oil refinery in Bihar. (v) The largest metropolitan city of India (2001)

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SOLVED QUESTION PAPERS WITH VALUE POINTS

GEOGRAPHY (Theory) Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 70 General Instructions : (i) There are 22 general questions. (ii) Questions No. 1 – 7 are very short-answer questions carrying 1 mark each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 40 words. (iii) Questions No. 8 – 13 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 80 – 100 words. (iv) Questions No. 14 – 20 are long-answer questions carrying 5 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 150 words. (v) Questions No. 21 – 22 are related to identification or locating and labelling of geographical features on maps, carrying 5 marks each. (vi) Outline maps of the World and India provided to you must be attached within your answer-book. (vii) Use of templates or stencils for drawing outline maps is allowed. (viii) All questions are compulsory. 1 What is the meaning of „ageing population‟ ? 1 2 Name any two regions where gathering is practiced in the world1/2+1/2=1 . 3. What are highways in the world context ? 1 1 4. Mention any two characteristics of urban settlements as per the census of India 2001.1/2+1/2=1 5 Explain the prime motive force in the development of Modinagar as a town.1 6. How can the satellite images be used ? 1 7. How does urban population grow ?1 8. „„The imprints of human activities are created everywhere.‟‟ Justify this statement by giving any three examples. 3X1=3 9 Explain a „„Healthy City‟‟ in the light of suggestions made by World Health Organisation. 3 10.Explain the evolution of towns in India by giving examples. 31=3

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11. Which are the three cropping seasons in India ? Explain one characteristic of each. 31=3 12. „„The concept of development cannot be restricted to the economic sphere alone.‟‟ What values can convert this concept of development into sustainable development ? Explain. 3 13 Explain any five factors that influence the distribution of population in the world. 5X1=5 15 What is tourism ? Explain any four tourist attractions in the world with examples. 1+4=5 16 Explain the digital divide with special reference to India.5 17 Name the shipping canal that connects Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. Describe its any four features. 1+4=5 18„„An important aspect of population growth in India is the growth of its adolescents.‟‟ Support this statement with suitable arguments. 5X1=5 19. Explain any five common problems of Indian agriculture. 5X1=5 20. Distinguish between ports and harbours. Why are sea ports known as gateways of international trade ? Explain. 2+3=5 21. In the given political outline map (on page 9) of the World, five features have been shown by A, B, C, D and E. Identify these features with the help of the information given below and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :5X1=5 A. An industrial region B. A terminal station of railway C. A major airport D. A major sea port E. A mega city 22. On the given political outline map (on page 11) of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols :5X1=5 (i) The state having the highest density of population (2001) (ii) The leading groundnut producer state (iii) An oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh (iv) A software technology park in Rajasthan (v) A major coal mine in Tamil Nadu

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MAP FOR Q.NO21

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ANSER KEY

Q.NO VALUE POINTS/ EXPECTED ANSWER DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

1 Population ageing is the process by which the share of the older population becomes proportionally larger. Any other relevant point. T.B.-1 Page - 19

1

2 Northern Canada, Northern Eurasia, Southern Chile, Amazon basin, Tropical Africa, Northern fringe Australia, interior parts of South-East Asia. Any other relevant point. T.B.-1 Page - 32

½+½=1

3 Metalled roads connecting distant places are called highways in the world context which are constructed in a manner for unobstructed vehicular movement. Any other relevant point. T.B.-1 Page - 67

1

4 (i) All places which have municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee and minimum population of 5000 persons. (ii) 75 percent male workers engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. Any other relevant point. T.B.-1 Page - 92

½+½=1

5 Industries are the prime motive force in the development of Modinagar. Any other relevant point. T.B.-2 Page - 37

1

6 Satellite images can be used for the weather forecast, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas etc. Any other relevant point. T.B.-2 Page – 123

1

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7 7 Three ways. (i) Natural increase. (ii) Migration of population from rural to urban and urban to urban areas. (iii) Reclassification of urban areas. Any other relevant point. (Any one point) T.B.-2 Page - 140

1

8 8 Example of human imprints are:- (i) Health resorts on highlands, (ii) Fields, orchards and pastures in plains and rolling hills. (iii) Ports on the coasts. Any other relevant example. (Any three points to be explained). T.B.-1 Page - 3

3×1=3

9 9 According to WHO a healthy city must have (i) A clean & safe environment. (ii) Meets the „Basic Needs‟ of „All‟ its inhabitants. (iii) Involves the community in local government. (iv) Provides easily accessible „Health‟ service. Any other relevant point. (Explain any three points) T.B.-1 Page – 100

3×1=3

10 10 (i) Towns flourished since pre Historic times in India. (ii) Indus valley civilization – Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro. (iii) Ancient Towns – Varanasi, Prayag, Patliputra Medieval Towns – Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Agra. Modern Towns – Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata. Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 34

3×1=3

11 11 The three cropping session in the India are the following (i) Rabi (ii) Kharif (iii) Zaid Rabi – duration is from Oct. to March., main crop is wheat Kharif- duration is from June to Sep., main crop is rice.

3×½=1½ + 3×½=1½=3

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Zaid – duration is from April to June, various vegetables and fodder crops. Any other relevant point. (½ mark each for giving names only & ½ mark each for the characteristics) T.B.-2 Page - 44

12 Values for sustainable development other than the economic sphere : - (i) Improvement in the well-being and living standard of the people. (ii) Availability of health care for all. (iii) Education for all. (iv) Equality of opportunity for all. (v) Ensuring political and civil rights. (vi) Development of human values like, collaboration, commitment, compassion etc. (vii) Awareness and concern for environment. Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 108

3×1=3

13 Problems – (i) Inadequate facilities to support the fast growing population. (ii) Enormous quantity of urban waste. (iii) Proper landfill areas are becoming scarce. Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 138 & 139

3×1=3

14 Factors- (i) Availability of water (ii) Landforms (iii) Climate (iv) Soil (v) Minerals (vi) Urbanization (vii) Industrialization (viii) Social and cultural factors Any other relevant point. (Explanation of any five points) T.B.-1 Page – 9 & 10

5×1=5

15 Tourism is travel undertaken for purpose of recreation rather than business.

1+4=5

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Attractions – (i) Climate – Mediterranean regions (ii) Landscape – Mountains, lakes (iii) History and art – Forts and palaces (iv) Culture and economy – Heritage houses of Goa Any other relevant point. (Any four points to be explained) T.B.-1 Page – 60

16 (i) ICT is unevenly distributed (ii) Wide ranging economic, political and social differences among countries. (iii) Developed countries have surged forward (iv) Developing countries have lagged behind (v) Indian metros have better connectivity while rural areas have no such facility. (vi) Digital divide exists within the countries. Any other relevant point. (Any five points to be explained) T.B.-1 Page – 63

5X1=5

17 Name-Suez Canal Features – (i) Runs between Port Said and Port Suez (ii) Gives new gateway to Europe from the Indian ocean (iii) Reduces sea route distances (iv) It is a sea-level canal without locks (v) It is about 160 km long and 11 m to 15 m deep Any other relevant point. (Any four points to be explained) T.B.-1 Page – 74

1+4=5

18 18 (i) It is an age group between 10-19 years (ii) 22 percent (2001) (iii) Male adolescent - 53%, Female adolescent - 47 % (iv) Youthful population with high potential (v) Challenges for the society (vi) High rate of Maternal Mortality of adolescent mothers Any other relevant point. (Any five points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page - 8

5×1=5

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19 19 Problems of Indian Agriculture (i) Dependence on Erratic Monsoon (ii) Low productivity (iii) Lack of land Reforms (iv) Small Farm size and Fragmentation of Landholdings (v) Lack of commercialization (vi) Constraints of Financial Resources and Indebtedness (vii) Vast under – Employment (viii) Degradation of Cultivable land Any other relevant point. (Any five points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 56 & 57

5×1=5

20 20 Port- Is the entire area on the sea coast with dock facility for loading and unloading of cargo. It includes administrative blocks, ware houses, custom office and transport facilities etc. Harbor- is partially enclosed part of the sea coast providing shelter to the ships. It can be natural or manmade e.g. creek, estuary, or sea inlet. Port as gateways of international Trade: (i) Ports handle cargo and passenger traffic (ii) Ports are handling large volumes of domestic as well as overseas trade. (iii) Port provides a corridor between its hinterland and the rest of the world for international trade. (iv) As the port grows, area of influence also expands. Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 129

2+3=5

21 21 Map of the World (A) Appalachian Region (B) St. Petersburg (C) Brasilia (D) Cape Town (E) Jakarta

5X1=5

22 22 Map of India (i) West Bengal (ii) Gujarat (iii) Mathura (iv) Jaipur (v) Neyveli 5×1=5

5X1=5

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QUESTION PAPER -2

GEOGRAPHY Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 70 General Instructions : (i) There are 22 general questions. (ii) Questions No. 1 – 7 are very short-answer questions carrying 1 mark each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 40 words. (iii) Questions No. 8 – 13 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 80 – 100 words. (iv) Questions No. 14 – 20 are long-answer questions carrying 5 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 150 words. (v) Questions No. 21 – 22 are related to identification or locating and labelling of geographical features on maps, carrying 5 marks each. (vi) Outline maps of the World and India provided to you must be attached within your answer-book. (vii) Use of templates or stencils for drawing outline maps is allowed. (viii) All questions are compulsory. 1.Mention any two sources of water pollutants created by humans.1 2.Explain the term „Golden Quadrilateral‟.1 3.What two factors mostly helped in the development of ancient towns in India ?1/2+1/2=1 4.Who are called red collar workers ?1

5.In which country are motorways called „autobahns‟ ?1

6 Mention any two characteristics of sub-urbanisation.1/2+1/2=1 7 How is density of population of a region calculated ?1 8.Explain with examples the „population size‟ criteria used by most countries to define urban areas. 3X1=3 9. „„The knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology.‟‟ Support this statement by giving three examples. 3X1=3 10 Explain any three features of semi-clustered rural settlements of India. 3

11.Electricity is one of the greatest inventions of all times. It is mostly generated by using coal, natural gas and petroleum, which are

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exhaustible resources. Can you imagine the human society without electricity ? This may happen in future, when all energy resources will be exhausted. Explain the values that can change this possible dark scenario.3X1=3 12. Differentiate between protective irrigation and productive irrigation. 3X1=3 13. Explain any three consequences of air pollution. 31=3 14. Explain three economic and two social and cultural factors influencing the distribution of population in the world. 3+2=5 15 What is medical tourism ? Explain the scope of medical services for overseas patients in India. 1+4=5 16. Define the term „commercial livestock rearing‟. Explain its any four characteristics. 1+4=5 17 What is the importance of railways as a mode of land transport ? Explain any four main features of the railway network in Europe.1+4=5

18. What is population doubling time ? Explain the characteristics of the growth of population in India in Phase „I‟ and Phase „II‟. 1+2+2=5 19 „„Indian railways brought people of diverse cultures together.‟‟ Support this statement with suitable examples. 51=5 20. Explain the importance of foodgrains in the Indian agricultural economy. Describe any three characteristics of rice cultivation. 2+3=5 21. In the given political outline map (on page 9) of the World, five features A, B, C, D and E have been shown. Identify these features, with the help of the information given below and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :5X1=5 A. A country having the lowest rank in Human Development Index 2003 B. A railway terminal station C. A major sea-port D. A major airport E. A mega city 22. On the given political outline map (on page 11) of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols :5X1=5 (22.1) The State having the largest area (22.2) The leading tea producing State (22.3) An oil refinery in Karnataka

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(22.4) An integrated Iron and Steel Plant in Odisha (22.5) The international airport in Punjab Q.NO;21

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QUESTION PAPER-2 ANSWER KEY

Q.NO VALUE POINTS MARKS

1 Sources of water Pollutants created by humans – (i) Sewage disposal (ii) Urban run – off (iii) Toxic effluents from industries (iv) Run - off over cultivated lands and nuclear power plants (v) Any other relevant point (Any two points ) Page - 136 T.B. 2

½+½=1

2 Golden Quadrilateral :- It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traffic corridor to connect India‟s four big metro cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai & Kolkata . With the construction of Golden Quadrilateral, the time - distance and cost of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimized . Page – 115 T.B. 2 1

½+1/2=1

3 Factors mostly helped in the development of ancient towns in India – (i) Religion (ii) Culture Page -34 T.B. 2

½ + ½ = 1

4 People engaged in primary activities are called Red Collar Workers . Page –31 T.B. 1

1

5 GERMANY Page – 79 T.B. 1

1

6 Characteristics of sub-urbanisation - (i) People move away from congested urban areas to cleaner areas outside the city (ii) Everyday thousands of people commute from their homes in the suburbs to their workplaces in the city . Page – 91 T.B. 1

½ + ½ = 1

7 Density of population is the ratio between the numbers of people to the size of land OR Density of Population = Population Area Page – 9 T.B. 1

1

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8 Population size criteria used by most countries to define urban areas - The lower limit of the population size for the settlement to be designated as urban is : (i) 1,500 in Colombia.(ii) 2,000 in Argentina and Portugal (iii) 2,500 in USA and Thailand (iv) 5000 in India (v) 30,000 in Japan. (vi) In Denmark, Sweden and Finland all places with a population size of 250 persons are called urban. (vii) The minimum population for a city is 300 in Iceland, where as in Canada and Venezuela, it is 1,000 persons. (viii) Any other relevant point (Any three Points to be explained ) Page – 95,96 T.B. 1

3 x 1 = 3

9 Knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology- (i) Understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us discover fire. (ii) Understanding of the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases. (iii) The laws of aerodynamics are used to develop faster planes. (iv)Any other relevant point . (Any three points to be explained) Page – 2 T.B. 1

3 x 1 = 3

10 Feat Features of semi clustered rural settlements of Indiai) May result from tendency of clustering in a restricted area of dispersed settlement. ii) May also result from segregation or fragmentation of a large compact village. iii) Some people of the village society choose or is forced to live a little away from the main cluster or village. iv) Such settlements are widespread in the Gujarat plain and some parts of Rajasthan. v) Any other relevant point (Any three points to be explained) Page 33 T.B. 2

3 x 1 = 3

11 Values that can change the possible dark scenario of electricity – (i) Sustainable development of energy resources . (ii) The vast capacity ingenuity , innovativeness & revolutionary spirit (iii) Maximum use of renewable energy sources such as

3 x 1 = 3

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Solar, Wind, hydro geothermal and biomass. (iv) Optimum use of energy resources and minimum wastage . (v) Creating awareness (vi) Any other relevant point . (Any three points to be explained) Page – 80,82,83 T.B. 2 It is a value based question, so answers may vary. Hence answers should be assessed on the basis of relevant views expressed by the candidates .

12 Differentiation between protective irrigation and productive irrigation - Protective irrigation i)It protects the crops from adverse effects of soil moisture deficiency. ii)Irrigation acts as a supplementary source of water over and above rainfall. Productive irrigation i)It provides sufficient soil moisture in the cropping season to achieve high productivity. ii)In this irrigation the water input per unit area of cultivated land is higher than protective irrigation.iii)Productivity is low. iv)Any other relevant point. (Any three points of differentiation) iii)Productivity is high. iv)Any other relevant point. Page-44 & 45 T.B.2

3 x 1 = 3

13 Consequences of Air Pollution – (i) Air Pollution causes various diseases related to respiratory , nervous and circulatory systems. (ii) Smog in urban areas is caused by atmospheric pollution. It proves very harmful to human health. (iii) Air pollution can also cause acid rains. (iv) Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained) Page 137 T.B. 2

3 x 1 = 3

14 Factors influencing the distribution of population- Economic Factors : i) Minerals

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ii) Urbanisation iii) Industrialisation iv) Agriculture v) Any other relevant point . 3x1 ( Any three points to be explained) Social and Cultural factors: i) Religious or cultural significance ii) Social and political unrest iii) Government offer incentive to people to live in sparsely populated areas. iv) Any other relevant point. 2x1 (Any two points to be explained) Page 10 T.B. 1 3 + 2 = 5

15 Medical tourism- When medical treatment is combined with international tourism activity, It is known as medical tourism. 1 Scope of Medical Services for overseas patients in India - (i) About 55,000 patients from U.S.A visited India in 2005 for treatment. (ii) India has emerged as the leading country of medical tourism in the world. (iii) World class hospitals located in metropolitan cities of India . (iv)Medical tourism brings abundant benefits to developing countries like India. (v)Any other relevant point. 4x1 (Any four points to be explained.) Page – 63 T.B. 1

1 + 4 = 5

16 Commercial livestock rearing – Organized and capital intensive is called commercial live stock rearing.Characteristics – (i) Associated with western cultures. (ii) Ranches cover large areas. (iii) The number of animals in the pastures is kept according to the carrying capacity of the pasture. ranching is organized on a scientific basis (vi) Any other relevant po (iv) Only one type of animal is reared (v) Rearing of animals in int 4x1 (Any four points to be explained) Page - 33 &34 T.B. 1

1+4=5

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17 Importance of railways- Railways are a mode of land transport for bulky goods and passengers over long distances. 1 Features of the railway network in Europe: i) Europe has one of the most dense rail networks in the world. ii) There are more than four lakh kilometer of railways, most of which is double and multiple tracks. iii) Belgium has the highest density of railway . iv) Highest densities in industrial regions . v) Any other relevant point. 4x1 (Any four points to be explained) Page 68 & 69 T.B. 1

1 + 4 = 5

18 Population doubling time : Population doubling time is the time taken by any population to double itself at its current annual growth rate. 1 Characteristics of the growth of population in India in phase I: i) The period from 1901 to 1921 is referred to as phase I. ii) Population remained stagnant. iii) Both birth rate and death rate were high keeping the rate of increase low. iv) Any other relevant point. (Any two points to be explained) 2x1 Phase II: i) The decades 1921 to 1951 are referred to as phase II. ii) Steady population growth. iii) Lower death rate due to better medical facilities. iv) Any other relevant point. 2x1 (Any two points to be explained ) Page 5 & 7 T.B. 2

1 + 2 + 2 = 5

19 Indian Railways brought people of diverse cultures together – (i) Indian Railway was introduced in 1853. (ii) Indian Railways network is more than 64,000 kms. (iii) It connects people of different regions through its sixteen (16) zones(iv) Mahatma Gandhi said “ Indian Railways brought people of diverse cultures together to contribute to India‟s freedom struggle “. (v) People from different languages with different customs and food habits could connect with each other using Indian Railways . (vi)Any other relevant point. (Any five points to be explained with suitable examples) Page – 118 T.B. 2

5 x 1 = 5

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20 Importance of Food grains in Indian agricultural economy – (i) These crops occupy about two-third of total cropped area in the country. (ii) Food grains are dominant crops in all parts of the country . (iii)Food grains are classified as cereals and pulses. (iv)Any other relevant point. (Any two points to be explained) 2x1 Characteristics of Rice Cultivation :- (i) Rice is a staple food . (ii) It is considered to be a crop of tropical humid areas. (iii) It has about 3,000 varieties which are grown in different agro-climatic regions. (iv) India is the second largest rice producer in the world . (v)Any other relevant point. 3x1 (Any three points to be described) Page – 45 T.B. 2

2 + 3 = 5

21 21 Refer to the attached political outline map of the World . Note : The following Questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates- (21.1) Nigeria / Niger (21.2) Perth and Sydney (21.3) Valparaiso (21.4) Auckland (21.5) New York, Los Angles, Mexico City (any one) Page –72,73,78,99 T.B. 1 5 x 1 = 5

22 22 Refer to the attached political outline map of India . Note : The following Questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates- (22.1) Rajasthan (22.2) Assam (22.3) Mangalore / Mangaluru (22.4) Rourkela (22.5) Amritsar Page – 152, 54, 81, 88, 132 T.B.-2 5 x 1 = 5

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QUESTION PAPER -3

GEOGRAPHY (Theory)

Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 70

General Instructions : (i) There are 22 general questions. (ii) Questions No. 1 – 7 are very short-answer questions carrying 1 mark each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 40 words. (iii) Questions No. 8 – 13 are short-answer questions carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 80 – 100 words. (iv) Questions No. 14 – 20 are long-answer questions carrying 5 marks each. Answer to each of these questions should not exceed 150 words. (v) Questions No. 21 – 22 are related to identification or locating and labelling of geographical features on maps, carrying 5 marks each. (vi) Outline maps of the World and India provided to you must be attached within your answer-book. (vii) Use of templates or stencils for drawing outline maps is allowed. (viii) All questions are compulsory.

1 Mention any two characteristics of urban settlements as per the census of India 2001. 1/2+1/2=1 2 Explain the prime motive force in the development of Modinagar as a town.1 3.How can the satellite images be used ?1 4.How does urban population grow ?1 5. What is the meaning of „ageing population‟ ?1 6. Name any two regions where gathering is practised in the world.1/2+1/2=1 7 What are highways in the world context ?1 8. Explain a „„Healthy City‟‟ in the light of suggestions made by World Health Organisation.3 9„„The imprints of human activities are created everywhere.‟‟ Justify this statement by giving any three examples. 3X1=3

10Explain the conditions that make an urban agglomeration in India.3X1=3

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11„„The concept of development cannot be restricted to the economic sphere alone.‟‟ What values can convert this concept of development into sustainable development ? Explain.3X1=3 12Which are the three cropping seasons in India ? Explain one characteristic of each.3X1=3 13What is land degradation ? Explain the two processes with examples that degrade land in India.1+2=3 14Define the term „„Human Development‟‟ according to Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq. Explain the four approaches to „Human Development‟. 1+4=5 15. Explain the digital divide with special reference to India.5 16 What is tourism ? Explain any four tourist attractions in the world with examples. 1+4=5 17. Explain all the five major bases of international trade in the world. 18. Explain indicators of „healthy life‟ related to human development in India. 5X1=5 19. Distinguish between ports and harbours. Why are sea ports known as gateways of international trade ? Explain. 2+3=5 20 Explain any five common problems of Indian agriculture. . 5X1=5 21 In the given political outline map (on page 9) of the World, five features have been shown by A, B, C, D and E. Identify these features with the help of the information given below and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them : 5X1=5 A. An industrial region B. A terminal station of railway C. A major airport D. A major sea port E. A mega city 22. On the given political outline map (on page 11) of India, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols :5X1=5 (i) The state having the highest density of population (2001) (ii) The leading groundnut producer state (iii) An oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh (iv) A software technology park in Rajasthan (v) A major coal mine in Tamil Nadu

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ANSWER KEY

Q.NO VALUE POINTS MARKS

1 (i) All places which have municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee and minimum population of 5000 persons. (ii) 75 percent male workers engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. Any other relevant point. T.B.-1 Page - 92

½+½=1

2 Industries are the prime motive force in the development of Modinagar. Any other relevant point. T.B.-2 Page - 37

1

3 Satellite images can be used for the weather forecast, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas etc. Any other relevant point. T.B.-2 Page - 123

1

4 Three ways. (i) Natural increase. (ii) Migration of population from rural to urban and urban to urban areas. (iii) Reclassification of urban areas. Any other relevant point. (Any one point) T.B.-2 Page - 140

1

5 5 Population ageing is the process by which the share of the older population becomes proportionally larger. Any other relevant point. T.B.-1 Page – 19

1

6 6 Northern Canada, Northern Eurasia, Southern Chile, Amazon basin, Tropical Africa, Northern fringe Australia, interior parts of South-East Asia. Any other relevant point. T.B.-1 Page - 32

½+½=1

7 Metalled roads connecting distant places are called highways in the world context. Which are constructed in a manner for unobstructed vehicular movement. Any other relevant point.

1

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T.B.-1 Page - 67

8 8 According to WHO a healthy city must have (i) A clean & safe environment. (ii) Meets the „Basic Needs‟ of „All‟ its inhabitants. (iii) Involves the community in local government. (iv) Provides easily accessible „Health‟ service. Any other relevant point. (Explain any three points) T.B.-1 Page – 100

3×1=3

9 Example of human imprints are:- (i) Health resorts on highlands, (ii) Fields, orchards and pastures in plains and rolling hills. (iii) Ports on the coasts. Any other relevant example. (Any three points to be explain). T.B.-1 Page - 3

3×1=3

10 Three Conditions: (i) A town and its adjoining urban outgrowths (ii) Two or more contiguous towns with or without their out growths (iii) A city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowth together forming a contiguous spread. Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 37

3X1=3

11 Values for sustainable development other than the economic sphere : - (i) Improvement in the well-being and living standard of the people. (ii) Availability of health care for all. (iii) Education for all. (iv) Equality of opportunity for all. (v) Ensuring political and civil rights. (vi) Development of human values like, collaboration, commitment, compassion etc. (vii) Awareness and concern for environment. Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 108

3×1=3

12 The three cropping session in the India are the following (i) Rabi (ii) Kharif (iii) Zaid Rabi – duration is from Oct. to March., main crop is

3×½=1½ + 3×½=1½ =3

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wheat Kharif- duration is from June to Sep., main crop is rice. Zaid – duration is from April to June, various vegetables and fodder crops. Any other relevant point. (½ mark each for giving names only & ½ mark each for the characteristic) T.B.-2 Page - 44

13 Land degradation is generally understood either as a temporary or a permanent decline in productive capacity of land. Two Processes – (i) Natural (ii) Created by human being Any other relevant point. (Any two points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 143

1+2=3

14 The development that enlarges people‟s choices and improves their lives, is called human development. Four approaches: (i) Income approach (ii) Welfare approach (iii) Basic needs approach (iv) Capability approach Any other relevant point. (Explanation of any four points) T.B.-1 Page – 23 & 26

1+4=5

15 (i) ICT is unevenly distributed (ii) Wide ranging economic, political and social differences among countries. (iii) Developed countries have surged forward (iv) Developing countries have lagged behind (v) Indian metros have better connectivity while rural areas have no such facility. (vi) Digital divide exists within the countries. Any other relevant point. (Any five points to be explained) T.B.-1 Page – 63

5X1=5

16 Tourism is travel undertaken for purpose of recreation rather than business. Attractions – (i) Climate – Mediterranean regions

5X1=5

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(ii) Landscape – Mountains, lakes (iii) History and art – Forts and palaces (iv) Culture and economy – Heritage houses of Goa Any other relevant point. (Any four points to be explained) T.B.-1 Page – 60

17 Bases of international trade (i) Difference in national resources (a) Geological Structure (b) Mineral Resources (c) Climate (ii) Population factor (a) Cultural factor (b) Size of population (iii) Stage of economic development (iv) Extent of foreign investment (v) Transport Any other relevant point. (Any five points to be explained T.B.-1 Page – 83

5×1=5

18 Indicators of healthy life: (i) Life free from illness & ailment (ii) Availability of pre and post natal healthcare facilities (iii) Decline in death rate and mortality rate (iv) Decline in infant mortality rate (v) Increase in life expectancy (vi) Decrease in birth rate (vii) Adequate nutrition and safety of individual Any other relevant point. (Any five indicators to be explained) T.B.-2 Page - 27

5×1=5

19 Port- Is the entire area on the sea coast with dock facility for loading and unloading of cargo. It includes administrative blocks, ware houses, custom office and transport facilities etc. Harbor- is partially enclosed part of the sea coast providing shelter to the ships. It can be natural or man made e.g. creek, estuary, or sea inlet. Port as gateways of international Trade: (i) Port handle cargo and passenger traffic (ii) Ports are handling large volumes of domestic as well as overseas trade.

5X1=5

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(iii) Port provides a corridor between its hinterland and the rest of the world for international trade. (iv) As the port grows, area of influence also expands. Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 129

20 Problems of Indian Agriculture (i) Dependence on Erratic Monsoon (ii) Low productivity (iii) Lack of land Reforms (iv) Small Farm size and Fragmentation of Landholdings (v) Lack of commercialization (vi) Constraints of Financial Resources and Indebtedness (vii) Vast under – Employment (viii) Degradation of Cultivable land Any other relevant point. (Any five points to be explained) T.B.-2 Page – 56 & 57

5×1=5

21 21 Map of the World (A) Appalachian Region (B) St. Petersburg (C) Brasilia (D) Cape Town (E) Jakarta

5X1=5

22 Map of India (i) West Bengal (ii) Gujarat (iii) Mathura (iv) Jaipur (v) Neyveli

5X1=5

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TIPS FOR SCORING WELL IN EXAMS

1

STUDY & EXAM

TECHNIQUES

collected byM.REDDENNA FACULTY ZIET

MYS

2

3

An Effective student

• Has a regular study schedule

Usually works at the same time

each day

Works mostly in a regular study

place

Works for short periods with

frequent rest breaks

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4

An effective student

Reviews notes soon after a lecture

Does not leave work until the last

minute

Does not get easily distracted

Does not need exams for

motivation

5

PERSONAL WEAKNESSES

• LACK OF UNDERSTANDING

– LIFE OBJECTIVES

– GOAL SETTING

• LACK OF SELF DISCIPLINE

• LACK OF PLANNING

• OVER SOCIALIZATION

6

PERSONAL WEAKNESSES

• LACK OF PROPER PRIORITIES

• SPREADING TOO THIN

• FAILURE TO LISTEN

• PROCRASTINATION

• POOR COMMUNICATION

7

SURVIVAL DEMANDS

• UNCEASING VIGILANCE

• CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE

• TECHNICAL COMPETENCE

• ENORMOUS HARD WORK

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8

9

Students to do

10

Students to do

Imagine what you want to be

after ------years.

Assess your assets and liabilities.

(Good and bad things.)

Set your goals.

11

Students to do

Determine your priorities.

Plan yourself.

Schedule your activities.

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13

PLANNING

•EXAM TREND

•BOOKS SELECTION

•HOURS ALLOCATION

14

PLANNING

•Weekly review

•Notes Making

•Study cards

15

IF YOU FAIL TO

PLAN

YOU ARE

PLANNING TO

FAIL

16

•This not the debt. This is load of books and syllabus.

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17

S T U YD

18

WHEN TO STUDY

• PLAN THE WEEKS STUDY AHEAD

• PLAN A STUDY SESSION FOR EACH

OF FIVE OR SIX DAYS A WEEK

• SESSIONS SHOULD BE FROM ONE TO

THREE HOURS

19

WHEN TO STUDY

• HAVE A DEFINITE BREAK EVERY

HOUR

• AVOID LATE HOURS

• PLAN RECREATION AND

RELAXATION INTO YOUR TIME

TABLE

20

WHERE TO STUDY

• ALWAYS IN THE SAME PLACE

• CHOOSE A WARM, LIGHT, WELL

VENTILATED ROOM

• AWAY FROM OTHER DISTRACTIONS

• PROPERLY FURNISHED

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21

ATTENTION and INTEREST

• REMOVE IRRELEVANT AND UNWANTED

STIMULI, e.g. NOISE, HUNGER, COLD

• PUT ASIDE OTHER PRESSING MATTERS BY

LISTING OR TIMETABLE THEM

• SUPPRESS UNWANTED THOUGHTS BY

QUICKLY SWITCHING TO TOPICS UNDER

STUDY

22

ATTENTION & INTEREST

• UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU ARE

STUDYING

• TAKE A LIVELY INTEREST IN THE

SUBJECT OUTSIDE YOUR STUDY

HOURS

23

PRINCIPLES OF

MEMORIZING• NEVER MEMORISE SOMETHING THAT YOU

DON‟T UNDERSTAND

• ALWAYS TRY TO LINK NEW MATERIAL WITH WHAT YOU HAVE PREVIOUSLY LEARNT

• SELECT THE IMPORTANT ITEMS TO REMEMBER

• ORGANISE THE MATERIAL INTO A MEANINGFUL SYSTEM

24

PRINCIPLES OF

MEMORIZING

• ACTIVE REPETITION OR RECALL SUCH AS

RECITATION OR WRITING OUT AIDS

MEMORISING

• THE SEQUENCE OF MEMORISING SHOULD

BE THE SAME AS THE LOGICAL SEQUENCE

OF THE MATERIAL

• LONG PIECES SHOULD BE MEMORISED IN

SHORTER CHUNKS

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25

MEMORY & LEARNING

• NEVER TRY TO MEMORISE WHAT YOU

DON‟T UNDERSTAND

• GO OVER NOTES, READING etc. WITHIN 12

HOURS OR WRITING, READING etc.

• MASTER EACH TOPIC BEFORE LEAVING IT

• START EACH SESSION WITH A REVIEW OF

THE PREVIOUS SESSION

26

MEMORY & LEARNING

• OVER LEARN. DON‟T STOP WHEN YOU HAVE ONLY JUST LEARNT SOMETHING

• SELECT IMPORTANT POINTS TO LEARN

• ORGANISE SELECTED ITEMS

• USE ACTIVE RECALL (RECITATION OR WRITING) TO AID MEMORY

27

MEMORY & LEARNING

• KEEP YOUR MATERIAL IN A

LOGICAL SEQUENCE

• BREAK UP LONG PIECES INTO

MANAGEABLE CHUNKS

• USE RHYTHM WHEN LEARNING BY

HEART

28

MOTIVATION

• KEEP YOUR VOCATIONAL AIM IN MIND

• HAVE CLEAR AND REALISTIC GOALS FOR EVERY STUDY SESSION

• CHECK YOUR PROGRESS AT EVERY SESSION

• READ AROUND YOUR SUBJECT

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29

UNDERSTANDING

• TRY TO REORGANISE THE MATERIAL IN

THE WAY WHICH IS BEST FOR YOU

• LINK THE NEW MATERIAL WITH YOUR

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE

• LOOK FOR EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE

THE TOPIC AND OTHER THINGS

• ASK: DOES THIS NEW KNOWLEDGE

CHANGE MY OLD IDEAS

30

UNDERSTANDING

• ASK: WHERE COULD THIS NEW

KNOWLEDGE LEAD? WHAT

CONSEQUENCES DOES IT HAVE?

31

UNDERSTANDING-

SUMMARISED

• ALWAYS AIM FOR UNDERSTANDING

• PROMOTE UNDERSTANDING BY

REARRANGING MATERIAL,

QUESTIONING THE IDEAS AND

LOOKING FOR LINKS WITH OLD

IDEAS

32

WAYS TO BETTER

THINKING

• UNDERSTAND ALL THE EVIDENCE

AND THEORIES

• LOOK FOR STATEMENT WITHOUT

EVIDENCE

• CONSIDER ALTERNATIVE EVIDENCE

• LOOK AT YOUR EXAMPLES - ARE

THEY TYPICAL?

33

WAYS TO BETTER

THINKING

• TAKE YOUR ARGUMENT TO ITS

EXTREMES

• AVOID EMOTIONAL WORDS AND

PHRASES

• CONSIDER YOUR TOPIC FROM ALL

POSSIBLE ANGLES

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34

REVIEW

THE REVIEW STAGE IS THE CHECKING WHICH FOLLOWS RECALL. LOOK BACK OVER THE CHAPTER AND CHECK THAT YOUR RECALL WAS CORRECT. MAKE A SPECIAL NOTE OF ANY IMPORTANT POINTS WHICH YOU FAILED TO RECALL, OR WHICH YOU WRONGLY RECALLED.

38

PREPARATION

39

BEFORE THE EXAM

• PREPARATION PRESUPPOSES GOOD STUDY TECHNIQUES AND HAVING PLANS WITH:

– OBJECTIVES

– TIMETABLES

– REVISION SCHEDULES

• IN THE EXAM HAVE PROPER EQUIPMENT WITH YOU

40

PLAN YOUR ANSWER

• STUDENTS WHO TAKE THE TIME TO

STOP AND THINK DO

CONSIDERABLY BETTER

• FOUR TO FIVE MINUTES THINKING

THROUGH THE KEY POINTS (ABOUT

EIGHT) WILL SUFFICE

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41

PLAN YOUR ANSWER

• MINI MINDMAP IS GOOD METHOD OF

BRAIN STORMING AND PLANNING

YOUR ANSWER

• A PLAN GIVES RISE TO A

LOGICALLY, WELL STRUCTURED

AND CONCISE ANSWER

42

READ THE QUESTION

• READ THE QUESTION CAREFULLY A

FEW TIMES UNTIL YOU KNOW

EXACTLY WHAT IS REQUIRED

• NOTE ANY SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

e.g. LIST, DETAIL, ADVISE, EXPLAIN,

REPORT etc.

44

PRESENTATION

• WATCH YOUR GRAMMAR,

PUNCTUATION, HANDWRITING AND

SPELLING

• IN THE NUMERATE SUBJECTS YOU

WILL GET MARKS FOR THE CORRECT

METHODOLOGY EVEN IF THE

ANSWER IS WRONG

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43

PRESENTATION

• PRESENT THE EXAMINER WITH

PARAGRAPHED MATERIAL WITH

HEADINGS UNDERLINED FOR

EMPHASIS

• FOR QUESTIONS REQUIRING

DISCUSSION HAVE AN

INTRODUCTION, A MIDDLE AND

PROPER CONCLUSION

45

PRESENTATION

• USE A LISTING TECHNIQUE WITH

NUMBERED POINTS

• USE LABELED DIAGRAMS AS

APPROPRIATE

47

RELATE THEORY TO

PRACTICE

• USE PRACTICAL EXAMPLES TO

ILLUSTRATE THE POINTS MADE

• DO TAKE AN INTEREST IN WHAT IS

GOING ON ABOUT YOU IN GENERAL

48

ANSWER ALL THE

QUESTIONS/PARTS

• ANSWERING ALL QUESTIONS SHOW

THE FULL COVERAGE OF THE

SYLLABUS

• MORE QUESTIONS/PARTS YOU

ANSWER THE GREATER THE CHANCE

OF PASSING

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ANSWER ALL THE

QUESTIONS/PARTS

• LEAVE SPACE AT THE END OF THE

ANSWERS TO CATER FOR IDEAS

• START EACH ANSWER ON FRESH

SHEET

50

IRRELEVANCE

• AVOID IRRELEVANCE AT ALL COST

• EXAMINERS WANT PERTINENT FACTS AND THEORY RELATED TO THE QUESTION

• DON‟T USE TAUTOLOGICAL STATEMENTS

– e.g. ACCRUED EXPENSES ARE EXPENSES WHICH ARE ACCRUED

51

OVER-LEARN KEY

DEFINITIONS

• IDENTIFY THE IMPORTANT

DEFINITIONS FOR EACH SUBJECT

AND LEARN THESE BY HEART

56

LOOK CRITICALLY AND

NOTE THE FOLLOWING

POINTS

• THE ARRANGEMENT IS PLEASING TO THE

EYE

• THE INK IS BLACK AND SHARPLY

PRINTED

• THE TYPE IS LARGE ENOUGH TO READ

• APT SUB-HEADINGS ATTRACT YOUR

ATTENTION TO THE MAIN DIVISIONS OF

THE CHAPTER

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59

HEED THESE HINTS

• GOOD FIRST IMPRESSION WITH A NEAT

AND BOLDLY WRITTEN COVER PAGE

• FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS EXACTLY

• WRITE ANSWER NUMBERS IN MARGIN,

BOLDLY AND ACCURATELY

• DON‟T USE COLORED INK FOR THESE

NUMBERS

60

HEED THESE HINTS

• BE LEGIBLE

• USE A DARK INK AND MEDIUM

POINTED NIB

• DRAW NEAT AND LABELED

SKETCHES WHERE REQUIRED

• LEAVE SPACE BETWEEN

SUBSECTIONS OF ANSWERS

61

HEED THESE HINTS

• START EACH NEW ANSWER ON A

NEW PAGE

• STICK TO THE POINT, DON‟T ADD

IRRELEVANT MATTER, POINTLESS

JOKES AND LONG ANECDOTES etc.

• BEFORE ANSWERING SPEND SOME

TIME PLANNING OUT THE POINTS

62

HEED THESE HINTS

• USE SHORT SENTENCES AND SMALL

PARAGRAPHS

• WATCH YOUR SPELLING

• GOOD PUNCTUATION HELPS QUICK

READING AND PREVENT

MISUNDERSTANDING

• NEVER APPEAL TO THE EXAMINER

THE END

study material class xii geography (029) 2015-2016

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