silage making tamil
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jPtdg;gaph;fspd; nrkpg;g[ Kiwfs;
jPtdg;gaph;s nrkpj;jy; - fodder preservation techniques
jPtd';fsr; nrkpj;J itg;gjw;F ,Utpjkhd g;Ft Kiws; gH;j;jpy; cs;sd.
xd;W cyuitj;J nrkpj;jy; (Hay) kw;bwhd;W gik!h nrkpj;J itj;jy; (Silage) .
"""""""""""
cyh; jPtdk; (Hay) – Hay making
jPtdg;g!ph;s; ,sik!h ,U;Fk;nghnj# $jhtJ g%tp&k; nghJ $jid $Wj;J
hp! xsp!py; h!itj;J cyh;(;j g)y;yh khw;wg;g&pwJ. ,g;g* cyh;j;jg;g+;+
g)y; rhp!hd Kiw!py; br!;jpUg;gpd;# (y;y kj;J+d; rj;Jg; bghU+;s;;
Fiw!hk-k; cs;s rpw(;jbjhU jPtdkhFk;.
cyh;j;jp h!it;Fk;nghJ xnu rPuhg; gug;gp h!itj;jy; $trp!k;. ,g;g*
h!tp+;+ g)y;iy kiH!pnyh $y;yJ uk; g+hknyh ghJh; nt;&k;. ,t;thW
g;Ftg;g&j;jp! g)y;ypy; ug;gir /0 Kjy; 12 rjtPjj;jpw;F nky; ,U;3;4+hJ.
5bddpy; ,jidg; nghuh;p Ftp!y; br!;!)k; nghJ# uk; $jpk; ,Ug;gpd;#
n+hp b6;&tp&k;.
jPtdg;g!ph;s; K7ik!h Kjph;r;rp $i+tjw;F Kd;g) $jhtJ 02 rjtPjk;
g%;s; t(;jt)+d; $Wti+ br!;J cyuitj;J nrkp; nt;&k;. cyh; jPtdk; ,iy!)+d; k;
kw;Wk; fsr;br*s; ,y;yhk-k;# g%8;rhk; jh;hky; (y;y bky;yp!
thrid!)+d; ,Uj;jy; $trp!k;.
cyh; jPtdk; jahhpf;f cfe;jgaph;fs;
mWti !ra;a nt";oa j#"k;
bh7;6;i+g;g)y;# $Uk;g)y;#khh;ty;g)y;
kiH;hyk; K*(;jt)+d; ghjp g%';bhj;Jbtspn! t(;jt)+d;
9+;:; ghy;gp*;Fk; gUtk; jPdh(hj;g)y; g%';bhj;J btsptUtjw;F Kd;g)Fjpiikrhy;# bgh;rPk; 02 rjtPjk; g%;s; t(;j gpd;
$wpg;g[ pdp!hg;g)y; kw;Wk; k;g) n(g;gp!h; x+;&g;g)y; nghd;w
jPtdg;g!ph;s; cyh; jPtdk; j!hhp; c(;jit $y;y.
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cyh; jPtdk; jahhpf;$k; Kiw- methods of %ay making
• Kjy; (hs; gdpj;Jsps; cyh;(;jt)+d; kjp!k; / kp tiu $Wti+ br!;J
t!ypnyn! cyh;j;jt)k;. gpd;g) khiy kp;F jPtdg;g!piu jpUg;gp
tp+t)k;• ,u;+htJ (hs; kP;&k; ,u;& Kiw t!ypnyn! jpUg;gp tp+t)k;.
• <d;whtJ (hs; kP;&k; jpUg;gp tp+;& cyuitj;J nrkpj;J itj;J;
bhs;syhk;. g!Wtij; jPtdg;g!ph;spy; ,U(;J cyh; jPtdk;
j!hhp;Fk; nghJ tdk; njit. huk; ,iys; cjph;tjw;F th!;g;g)s;
$jpk;. kiH;hy';spy; ntyp kw;Wk; cyuitg;gjw;F =d;W cs;s
Fr;rp $&;Fspy; cyu it;yhk;. cyh;jPtdk; j!hhp;Fk; nghJ ,iys;
cjph;tij!)k; khh; 12 rjtPjk; g)ujr;rj;J Fiwtij!)k; j&g;gJ kp3; *dk;.
&'Wfha;g;g[y; (Silage)- *nsiing
hw;Wg;g)hj ,+j;jpy; g(;jPtdj;ij gy ntjp!p!y; khw;w';>;F
c+;g&j;jp! gpd; pi+;Fk; jPtdkhFk;.
,ij j!hhp; Jis!py;yhj; j;i+; bh;+ jPtdg; g!ph;s; kpt)k; rpw(;jJ.
?Wh!;g;g)y; j!hhp; jPtdg;g!ph;spd; uj;jd;ik $jpkhnth $y;yJ kp3;
Fiw(;j $snth ,U;3; 4+hJ. $jhtJ uj;jd;ik @2"@0 rjtPjk; ,U;Fk;nghJ $Wti+
br!;! nt;&k;.
g(;jPtdj;ij irnyA; B j!hhp; jiu k+;+j;jpw;F nky; +th; irnyh CTower
siloD <ykhnth $y;yJ jiu;Fk; PH; FHp bt+;* $jd; <ynkh j!hh; br!;!yhk;.
bgUk;gh-k;# FHpspy; gjg;g&j;Jk; Kiwi!n! i!h>pd;wdh;.
Crops suited for ensiling and stage of harvesting
It is possible to ensile almost any plant material and by-products; the mostimportant crops for ensiling worldwide are whole-crop corn, alfalfa and various
grasses. Other crops include whole-crop wheat, sorghum and various legumes.
Ensiling is a sophisticated and costly operation which is mainly used in
developed countries. The silage quality is influenced by dry matter !"-#$% and
soluble sugar content &-'"(%. )ll these factors influence the development of
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lactic acid and other organic acids, which act as preservative. *arvesting the
crop at $"( flowering to mil+ or dough stage can ma+e good quality silage of
crops li+e maie, sorghum and pearl millet. or -/ hybrids #$-$" days after the
previous harvest is recommended. or natural grasses and Cenchrus, they
should be harvested at flowering stage.
2. பசநதவன தயரபபறக உநத பயரள மறம அவட தணம
இ எநத தவர படகள மற உப பரடக கண தயப
ததயம; உலளவய அவல பசநன தய ம யமன
பயரன பயர !ளம! அல"பஅல"ப மறம பல!வ #றள
உளளன" மறடறய பயரள பயர !டம! !ளம மறம பல!வ
பப# வடள #$ல அ$கம" பசநன தய அ$%&ன மற
'(வன )*நத +,ய* #தனல யம வளரநத ந%ளல
பயனப%ததபப%-," பசநன.$/ த0மன உலர 12 3456789 மறம
டரய&'ய ரடர அ: 36<5=9 >-யற,ல
பதபப'ற" இநத ரணள ல' அமலம மற ரம
அமல$ள உறப.$ய பதகம! # பகபனக 'யலப-,"
ப?@க 85 'தவ-த ABகள பர.$ல #ரந பல அலல ம: C(கDல
அவட 'EF Gப ம!ளம! !ளம மறம ம# !பனற
பயரDல நலல தரமன பசநன தய யய '(ம" க G%Hய@
லபபன$IB* நடதய அவடக பன 78685 நளல
பரநடரபப%ற" இயறட #றள மற '/J0K Gப/,கள
)கம தணததல அவட 'E L,நத"
3.Methods of ensiling
0it, trench, bun+er and tower silos are used for ensiling the green fodder. 1arious
types and sies are used depending upon the availability of green fodder and the
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convenience of the farmer. The green fodder is filled in the silo either as such or
after chopping and it is well pac+ed to reduce air. /etter pac+ing may be obtained
by trampling with tractor or bulloc+s. The top must be covered with dry straw and
then sealed with mud plaster or covered by polythene or al+athene sheets. The
silage will be ready after #-2 wee+s. ) pit sie of 3" 4 3" 4 3" feet is sufficient for
$"-$$ t of green fodder. One cubic foot of settled silage will weigh about '$ +g.
The rate of utiliation of the ensiled material also has a bearing on the sie of the
silo. Once is opened for feeding, then every day at least half a foot of the material
have to be removed to avoid spoilage if the silage.
க*! அ*! ப$கக* மறம !#ர க*ள பசநன தயHற*
பயனப%ததபப%னறன" பல!வ வடள மறம அள+ள >-ய
பசநனMகD/ #ர மறம வவயகD/ வதய பத
பயனப%ததபப%னறன" பசநனMக அபNGய அலல L
ணகக டN கற கத C0ப Gண" றநத !ப$
'ரர அலல டளடள கண 'Eய(" !மல ப*$ய
டவ!ல O( ON பலதன அலல அலக/ த%டள டவத O2
Gண" பசநன 76P வர$,க பறக தயர இகம" Q5 Q5-
Q5- அ' க* அள+ 85688 2/கள பசநன உறப.$B* !பமன" Rர
ன அ' பசநன சமர <8 !ல எட(2/ #ரB*" பசநன பள
பயனப% வதம !ம.ம $க அளடவ பர.த" /டற
LG( $,ந வட2ல பள கடறநத அடர / ல இலடல
பனனர /வவ ந,ம LG(S எனறல % !பவதறகம தவர
ந !வண%ம"
4.The biochemical and microbiological events during the ensiling fermentation can be
divided into four distinct stages:
Aerobic stage
5hen air is still present between the plant particles and the p* is still
high, 2."-2.$. 6uring this stage plant respiration continues, as well as proteolysis
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and the activity of aerobic microorganisms such as enterobacteria, fungi and
yeasts.
Fermentation stage
5hich is carried out by a dynamic succession of 7)/ which changes
according to the conditions prevailing in silage, starting with enterococci and
leuconostoc, followed by lactobacilli and pediococci 5oolford, '8&#%. 7actic acid
and other organic acids accumulate and the p* decreases, below $.", depending
on plant composition and its buffering capacity.
Storage stage
5hen the silage is sealed and no air penetrates few changes occur.
Unloading stage
or feeding when the silage is re-e4posed to air which re-activates aerobic
microorganisms, mainly yeasts and moulds, which might spoil the silage.
பபசநன நதததல !ப உயர!வதயயல மறம 0ண1யரயல ந*+ள நனக தனததன $ளப பரலமT
கறG,ட2C(T
த0 களகD2Gய கற #ரB* Gப ர அ)( த/ம அ$கமக P6P"8 0#ரB*" #நத C(?ல த0 ச' த2ர ! அ !த !பல #ரதபபள+ மறம கல!)2ட மறம UKட என கறG,ட2 0ண1யரள யலப%கள த2ர"
%$.தல C( T
%$.த(ன !ல!!பலலV/ த2@JLயன மப த/மயனபசநன$@Gகறப ம த/மF2ய" 1ண2G0க- மறம WFகG%KG2B த$! அதன த2@ந !ல!!பலல3 மறம பNGயGககK 3 !45567589<X79" ல' அமலம மறம பற ரம அமல$ள *வ.தYல க0 அ)( த/ம 8"5:;!* கடற(ம! GமZ த0 க( மறம அதன த$ல தறன பதத" !மப# நடல
பசநன ONய C(?ல உள Gப கற க ல மறற$ள மற <றப%ம"
ன அ[ C( T
பசநன.த ன.$றகக கற2/ வளபப%ம !ப 0ண1யர \ண'யலப2 B-, ! யம =3%ள மறம A]'க(/ ன.த &ண'EயB^"
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5.Nutritional ualit! improvement
utritional quality of grass and cereal silage can be improved by mi4ing with
legumes li+e cowpea #9'% or by spraying urea solution at the time of ensiling '(
on fresh weight basis, sprayed with l9l matter%. Often the green fodder is mi4ed
with molasses and salt to improve the quality of the silage. :ommonly 3" +g
molasses plus & +g salt per ton of green fodder is recommended. The other
additives used include the addition of lime stone ".$-'."(%, sodium
metabisulphite, organic acids li+e propionic and formic acids at '( level and
bacterial cultures li+e lactobacillus etc.
>த தரம ன!னறறம #ல மறம தனய னMகD/ >தடத தடபபய !பனற பப# வடள
லந !மமப%ததலம 37T <9 அலல பசநன தயH/ Gப _ய தDBக(3<= #தய எட அ'பபடயல! <T< 1/, அவல9" பமப.ம பட தவனம தரதடத
!மமப%தத வலலபபக மறம உப# லBக(" பவ Q5 !ல வலலபபகமற !ல உப# Rர 2/ பசநன$ற* 1/, அவல பரநடரபப%ற"பயனப%ததபப%ம பற !ரடள சணணம# ல 35"86<"5=9! !'யமமட2ப'லபட #ரபப!யனக மறம "பரம அமல$ள <= 1/, அவலபய/ப.தப-, மறம !ல!!பலல3 !பனற ப?ரய உ?கI &%தலஅ$கம"
".Silo pit si#e and capacit!'G( *[ அ: மற $,/
+ength (ft)
` (அN)
Width (ft)'
அக( (அN)
,epth (ft')
>Y (அN)
apacity (q)
$,/ (q)$ $ 2 33.$
'" $ 2 #$."
'$ $ 2 2.$
3" $ 2 8"."
3$ $ 2 ''3.$
It is desirable to accelerate the fermentation step as far as possible in
order to minimie the activity of detrimental microorganisms and stabilie the
silage. It is also important to minimie the e4posure of silage to air during storage
and unloading. 1ery moist crops less than !"( 6<% result in effluent which
leads to loss of nutrients and to environmental pollution. Therefore, if possible,
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moist plants are wilted in the field to increase their 6< content. If the crop is too
dry fermentation will be too slow, consolidation might be incomplete and spoilage
might occur by yeasts and molds.
G%$.த( +Nநத0 தப.$ த$க 0ண1யரள
'யலபட2 *,. பசநன.த C(ப. வரப.தBக >*"
இ !மப# மற ன அ[H/ Gப கறaல ப *,க #ரப
யம" =ரமன பயரள 345= கம கடறவன உ(@ த09
*+ல >த இ*ப# மறம சற@*ல மச <றப%ற"
என!வ 'நதல! =ரமன தவர$க உ(@ த/ம அ$கBக யWல
கயBக Gண" பயர )க: றண C(?ல #ரநதல நதததல
ம+ம மவ %2B*! /$டணப# டமயற இலம
மறம =3%ள மறம A]'Bக/ % !பவதறகம
உள"
$.Characteristics of good silage
The golden brown or greenish yellow colour and the pleasant fruity odour
will spea+ more than the chemical parameters regarding the quality of silage. In
addition to that, o mould growth.
0leasant fruity odour= an acceptable aroma.
7i+ed very much by animals because of mild-acidic taste and
pleasant aroma.
ree flowing and non-stic+y te4ture.
!-#( increased palatability.
Increased nutritive value.
p* around #."-#.$.
7actic acid is proportionately more than the other acids !
/utyric acid is very low and is in the range of ".3-".$(.
In general nitrate- decreases and ammoniacal- upon ensiling.
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)mmoniacal should not e4ceed 8-'$ ( of the total-.
பசநன.$/ றபபயல#ள T த$ பப# அலல பட லநத ம2ள நறம மறம இனடமயன ப*
வடன பசநன.$/ த0.த இரயன அள+ வ அ$க Gபச"GமZ &%தல!
A A]'க/ வளர bற," A இனடமயன ப* வடன c / <றதத வடன" A <னனல !லன அமல சடவ மறம இனடமயன நமண.தல
வல$கIB* )க: HN.த R/" A #யலபக d2B ^Nய மற dட த/மயற,"467=A ச அதரதளள"
A
>த மதப# அதரB*"7"567"8 Cக0 க0 மற அ)( த/ம" A ல' அமலம மற, அமல$ கடNZ வதரததல அ$க 349 A பBதரமலம ம+ம கடறவ 5"Q65"8= 1/, வரமபல உளள" A பவ டந!ர6 C கடறந மறம அம!மனயBகள 6 C GமZ
பசநன தயHல கeப"A அம!மனயBகள 66 C மதத6 C அவல X6<8= க மமல இ!வண%ம"
*[கDல G').தல
GதB* அ$கமக -2B-/, பJ' ன.த பB* 'E அ$Zள '.பரடகள &eகமல G'). B-/, +,கDல 'G(S தயப
$%pfspy; nrkpj;jy;
njit;F $jpkh pi+;pd;w gr;ir jPtdj;ij gjkh g;Ftk; br!;J $jp-s;s
rj;Jg; bghUs;s; tPhhky; nrkpj;J it;pd;w Kiwspy; irnyA; j!hhpg;gJk; xU
Kiw!hFk;. ,k;Kiw!pdhy; g(;jPtdk; pi+;hj nhi+hy';spy;
g!d;g&j;jyhk;. ,k;Kiw!pdhy; g(;jPtdj;jpy; kpFjp!hd ct)r; rj;J;s;
(piyj;jpU;pd;wd. ,t;thW gjg;g&j;jg;g+;+ jPtdk; Urp!ht)k; (d;F
brhp;g;g&tjht)k; $ik(;jpU;Fk;. (k; (h+;*y; g(;jPtd';fs nrkpj;J it;Fk;
,k;Kiw $ug; g;ispy; i!hsg;g&pwJ.
k;pd; jd;iki!g; bghUj;J khh; /.E – 1 kP BHj;jpw;Fk;# ".0 kP
$yj;jpw;F FHp njh;+ nt;&k;# FHp!pd; (Psk; pi+;Fk; g(;jPtdj;jpd;
$st);F 5w;wthW xU d kP+;+h; ghj;jpy; khh; 022"G22 pnyh puhk;
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g(;jPtdk; bhs;>k; =d;w $*g;gi+!py; $ikj;J; bhs;syhk;. ,g;g*
$ik;g;g&pd;w FHp j;Ph; nj';hj nk+;&g; gh';hd ,+j;jpy; ,U; nt;&k;.
FHp!pd; $*j;jsKk; g;';>k; u;rptpd;wp ,U; nt;&k;.
bgUk;;gh-k; =y;yh g(;jPtd';fs!)k; irnyA; B j!hhp; K*!)k;.
=dpk; jPtd k;hr;nrhsnk $jpk; g!d;g&j;jg;g&pwJ. irnyA; j!hhp;g;
g!d;g&k; g(;jPtdk; $jpkhd rh;;fug; bghUis!)k; 10"2 rjtPjk; h!;(;j
bghUis!)k; bgw;wpUj;jy; $trp!k;. $g;bgh7J jhd; (y;y jukhd irnyiA
j!hhp; K*!)k;. ug;gir $jpkh ,U(;jhy; $g;g(;jPtdj;ij rpwpJ h!itj;J
gpd; cgn!hg;g&j;jyhk;. g(;jPtdg; g!ph;fs FHp!py; ngh+;&
rkkhg;gug;g)jy; nt;&k;. g(;jPtdj;ij rpWrpWJ;&sh (W;pg; ngh&tJ
(y;yJ. ,g;g* (W;pg; ngh&tjhy;# FHp!ps; hw;wp+';s; $i+;g;g&tjhy;
tPhFk; rj;Jg; bghUs; tPhtij Fiw;yhk;. xt;bthU thpiri!!)k; gug;gp!
gpd;g) kdpjh;fs; bh;n+h hy;(i+fs; bh;+n+h (d;F kpjpj;J $K; nt;&k;.
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4&jy; it!)+d; ,U;Fk;. bghybghybtd;W xd;nwh& xd;W x+;+hj (piy!py;
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,U;Fk;. wit kh&>;F $d;wh+g; gk;g)y; njit!pd; (hd;py; xU g';pid gjd
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xU gtpw;F /"1/ (h+;>;F nghJkhdJ.
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btspn!w;WtJ kp kp K;p!k;.
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• bjh+;*i! (pug;gp!t)+d; ghypjPd; ngg;giu tphpj;J $jd; nky; k;i;
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• gpd;g) kpr;rpwp! $st)s;s C/" br.kPD J;&sh bt+;+ nt;&k;.
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G khj';>;F g!d;g&j;jyhk;.