siklus sel bud.pptx
TRANSCRIPT
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SIKLUS SEL
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Figure 12.1
Kontinuitas kehidupanDidasarkan atas reproduksi sel atau pembelahan sel
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100 µm
(a) Reproduction. An amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote, is dividing into two cells. Each new cell will be an individual organism (LM).
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• Organisme multiseluler tergantung pada pembelahan sel untuk:
– Perkembangan (dari sel yang terfertilisasi)– Pertumbuhan– Repair
20 µm200 µm
(b) Growth and development. This micrograph shows a sand dollar embryo shortly after the fertilized egg divided, forming two cells (LM).
(c) Tissue renewal. These dividing bone marrow cells (arrow) will give rise to new blood cells (LM).
Figure 12.2 B, C
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Semua organisme kompleks berasal dari a single fertilized egg.
Melalui pembelahan sel, jumlah sel meningkat
Sel kemudian terspesialisasi dan berubah menjadi fungsinya masing2
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Tipe pembelahan sel
• Mitosis: – Growth, development & repair– Asexual reproduction (yields identical cells)– Occurs in somatic (body) cells
• Meiosis:– Sexual reproduction (yields different cells)– Occurs in specific reproductive cells
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Phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase2. Prometaphase3. Metaphase4. Anaphase5. Telophase
• Pembelahan sel menghasilkan sel anak yang secara genetik identik
• Sel harus menduplikasikan material genetiknya– Before they divide, ensuring that each daughter cell
receives an exact copy of the genetic material, DNA
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Distribution of Chromosomes During Cell Division
• Pada persiapan cell division, DNA bereplikasi dan kromosom memadat
• Tiap chromosome yang terduplikasi memiliki dua sister chromatids, yang berpisah selama cell division
• Sentromer merupakan daerah ceking dari chromosome yang terduplikasi, diaman dua chromatids terikat dengan dekat
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Figure 12.1
prophase
1X
metahase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
• Sel menduplikasikan material genetik sebelum membelah, utk memastikan bahwa tiap sel anak menerima copy DNA dengan tepat
• A cell’s endowment of DNA (its genetic information) is called its genome
• Molekul DNA dalam sel ter-pack menjadi kromosom
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• Setiap spesies eukariot memiliki sejumlah tertentu kromosom pada nukleus
• Sel somatik (nonreproductive) memiliki 2 set kromosom
• Gamet (reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) memiliki jumlah kromosom setengah jumlah kromosom sel somatik
• Kromosom eukaryotik terdiri dari kromatin, sebuah komplex DNA dan protein yang memampat selama pembelahan sel
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0.5 µm
Chromosomeduplication(including DNA synthesis)
Centromere
Separation of sister chromatids
Sisterchromatids
Centromeres Sister chromatids
A eukaryotic cell has multiplechromosomes, one of which is
represented here. Before duplication, each chromosome
has a single DNA molecule.
Once duplicated, a chromosomeconsists of two sister chromatids
connected at the centromere. Eachchromatid contains a copy of the
DNA molecule.
Mechanical processes separate the sister chromatids into two chromosomes and distribute
them to two daughter cells.
Figure 12.4
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• Pembelahan sel pada eukariot terdiri dari:– Mitosis, the division of the nucleus– Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm
• Gamet diproduksi dalam pembelahan sel yang disebut meiosis
• Meiosis menghasilkan sel anak yang tidak identik dengan induk yaitu hanya memiliki 1 set kromosom
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Pada pembelahan sel, fase mitosis bergantian dengan interfase
• Pada tahun 1882, ahli anatomi Jerman Walther Flemming mengembangkan pewarna untuk mengamati kromosom selama mitosis dan sitokinesis
• Bagi Flemming, terlihat sel tumbuh membesar• Sekarang dapat diketahui banyak peristiwa kritis terjadi
selama tahapan siklus sel
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Fase-fase dalam siklus sel• Siklus sel terdiri dari
– Fase mitosis– Interphase
• Interphase– G1 phase– S phase– G2 phase
• The mitotic phase– mitosis – cytokinesis
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Phases of the Cell Cycle
• Siklus sel terdiri dari– Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)– Interphase (cell growth and copying of
chromosomes in preparation for cell division)• Interphase (terdiri dari sekitar 90% dari siklus
sel) yang dapat dibagi dalam sub fase:– G1 phase (“first gap”)– S phase (“synthesis”)– G2 phase (“second gap”)
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• Mitosis terdiri dari 5 phases– Prophase– Prometaphase
G2 OF INTERPHASE PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE
Centrosomes(with centriole pairs) Chromatin
(duplicated)
Early mitoticspindle
AsterCentromere
Fragmentsof nuclearenvelope
Kinetochore
Nucleolus Nuclearenvelope
Plasmamembrane
Chromosome, consistingof two sister chromatids
Kinetochore microtubule Figure 12.6
Nonkinetochoremicrotubules
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– Metaphase– Anaphase– Telophase
Centrosome at one spindle pole
Daughter chromosomes
METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS
Spindle
Metaphaseplate Nucleolus
forming
Cleavagefurrow
Nuclear envelopeforming
Figure 12.6
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• The mitotic spindle– mikrotubul yang mengontrol pergerakan kromosom
selama mitosis
• Spindle muncul dari sentromer– spindle microtubules – asters
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• Perakitan spindle microtubules dimulai dari sentrosom - microtubule organizing center
• Sentrosom bereplikasi membentuk dua sentrosom yang bermigrasi ke kutub yang berlawanan, dan spindle microtubules tumbuh dari sentrosom
• Aster (a radial array of short microtubules) muncul dari tiap sentrosom
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The Spindle
Spindle memiliki struktur seperti web terbuat dari microtubule . Sangat penting pada mitosis karena mengatur kromosom untuk berada pada posisi yang benar
Mitotic center
MicrotubuleA cell at metaphase a spindle
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• Some spindle microtubules– Berikatan dengan kinetochores chromosomes
CentrosomeAster
Sisterchromatids
MetaphasePlate
Kinetochores
Overlappingnonkinetochoremicrotubules
Kinetochores microtubules
Centrosome
ChromosomesMicrotubules 0.5 µm
1 µm
Figure 12.7
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Chromosomes attached to spindle during nuclear division
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Two kinds of microtubules
• Kinetochore microtubules : berikatan dengan kinetochores chromosomes dan menggerakkan kromosom ke daerah metafase
• Nonkinetochores: overlap satu sama lain tetapi tidak berikatan dengan chromosome
1 µm
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• Pada anafase, sister chromatid berpisah– Dan bergerak sepanjang kinetochore microtubules
menuju arah berlawanan ujung sel
Spindlepole
Kinetochore
Figure 12.8
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Initiation ofAnaphase
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• Nonkinetechore microtubules from opposite poles– Overlap and push against each
other, elongating the cell• In telophase
– Genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell
• The microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends
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CYTOKINESIS
Division of the cytoplasm
Mitosis is the splitting of the nucleus.
Cytokinesis is the splitting of cytoplasm
It usually begins during ANAPHASE
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• Pada sel hewan– Cytokinesis terjadi oleh proses yang disebut
cleavage, membentuk sebuah a cleavage furrow
Cleavage furrow
Contractile ring of microfilaments Daughter cells
100 µm
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)
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• Pada sel tumbuhan, selama cytokinesis– Terbentuk plat sel (cell plate)
Daughter cells
1 µmVesiclesforming cell plate
Wall of patent cell Cell plate New cell wall
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)Figure 12.9 B
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• Mitosis in a plant cell
1 Prophase. The chromatinis condensing. The nucleolus is beginning to disappear.Although not yet visible in the micrograph, the mitotic spindle is staring to from.
Prometaphase.We now see discretechromosomes; each consists of two identical sister chromatids. Laterin prometaphase, the nuclear envelop will fragment.
Metaphase. The spindle is complete,and the chromosomes,attached to microtubulesat their kinetochores, are all at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase. Thechromatids of each chromosome have separated, and the daughter chromosomesare moving to the ends of cell as their kinetochoremicrotubles shorten.
Telophase. Daughternuclei are forming. Meanwhile, cytokinesishas started: The cellplate, which will divided the cytoplasm in two, is growing toward the perimeter of the parent cell.
2 3 4 5
NucleusNucleolus
ChromosomeChromatinecondensing
Figure 12.10
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Purpose of Interphase – to duplicate cell contents; 90% of the cell’s growth cycle
Purpose of Mitosis – to divide the genetic material into exact two halves
Purpose of Cytokinesis – to divide all other contents (except nucleus) into two cells
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In binary fission– The bacterial chromosome replicates– The two daughter chromosomes actively move apart
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce by a type of cell division called binary fission
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LE 12-11_1
Origin ofreplication
Cell wall
Plasmamembrane
Bacterialchromosome
E. coli cell
Two copiesof origin
Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell.
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LE 12-11_2
Origin ofreplication
Cell wall
Plasmamembrane
Bacterialchromosome
E. coli cell
Two copiesof origin
Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell.
Replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell.
Origin Origin
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LE 12-11_3Origin ofreplication
Cell wall
Plasmamembrane
Bacterialchromosome
E. coli cell
Two copiesof origin
Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell.
Replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell.
Origin Origin
Replication finishes. The plasma membrane grows inward, and new cell wall is deposited.
Two daughtercells result.
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A comparison of mitosis and meiosis
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A comparison of mitosis and meiosis: summary