Signature Assignment BIOL 2302 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II

LAB REPORT

Course

Assignment Title

Assignment ID (to be assigned)

Outcomes/Rubrics to be Assessed by the Assignment

Assignment Description

The students will perform an experiment in the lab. I. Prior to performing the experiment:

1. The students will write the purpose of the experiment followed byan introduction.

2. The introduction will contain background information pertinent tothe problem to be studied. In the introduction, they will integrateterms pertinent to the problem. The list of terms will have beenpreviously identified or determined by their instructor.

3. The background information will be obtained from scholarlyresources.

4. The students will develop a hypothesis based on their assumptions,and the information obtained through their readings. They will alsoidentify the controlled variable, independent variables anddependent variables.

5. The students are required to write in an intelligible and appropriatemanner, with special regard to the manner of scientific writing

II. In the laboratory:1. The students will work in groups of 3 to 4 students to collaboratively

perform the experiment and gather information.2. They will follow the appropriate safety procedures and will gather

the data obtained through experimentation. The data will beorganized into tables.

III. After the experimental part of the assignment:1. The students will write a lab report. The lab report will include the

purpose of the experiment, the introduction, materials used,method or description of the procedure, results and analysis andconclusion.

o Communicationo Critical Thinkingo Empirical and Quantitative Reasoningo Teamwork

2. The result will include tables and graphs. The graphs are to belabeled and numbered. The results will be described in detail inparagraph form.

3. The data will be analyzed and the student will refer back to thestated hypothesis. The students will use their assumptions, andbackground information to refute or accept their hypothesis.

4. If there are discrepancies in the results, the students must have alogical explanation for such results.

5. The students must be able to relate their findings with actualsituations of daily life.

6. Based on their results, the students will develop a lab exercise as afollow up or to further investigate the stated problem.

7. The students will use scholarly resources to back up their findings.8. The sources should be listed under the reference section of the lab

report.9. All the items described above will follow the conventions used in scientific

research publications and shall have labeling necessary to make themunderstandable.

Assignment Design Worksheet: Written Communication BIOL 2302/2102

Lab Report - Physiology

Course

Assignment Title

Assignment ID (to be assigned)

Criterion Design (How does the assignment ask students to perform in the manner expected by the criterion?)

Context of and Purpose for Writing

Under section “Purpose” students are required to provide a 1 – 2 sentence statement of the purpose of conducting the procedure. Further, students are expected to write this as if addressing the scientific community at large.

Content Development

Under section “Introduction” students will state and develop ideas related to the processes under study with support from references/resources. Students may further develop these ideas under section “Analysis & Discussion”.

Genre and Disciplinary Conventions

Under sections “Introduction” and “Analysis & Discussion”, students will follow conventions of syntax and grammar common to the biological sciences. Students will also follow writing standards common to biology in other sections of the document.

Sources and Evidence

Under sections “Introduction” and “Analysis & Discussion”, students will be required to incorporate sources (“References”) and evidence (“Results”) to support the ideas/hypotheses proposed under section “Purpose”. Students will incorporate empirical results to help support their stated purpose.

Control of Syntax and Mechanics

Students will be required to write in an intelligible and appropriate manner, with special regard to the manner of scientific writing (e.g. third person) in sections “Introduction” and “Analysis & Discussion”.

Readability of Visual Elements

Under section “Results” students will be required to provide visual evidence (tables and/or graphs) of empirical evidence gathered during the procedure. These items will follow the conventions used in scientific research publications and shall have labeling necessary to make them understandable.

Relevance, Accuracy, and Integration of Visual Elements

Under section “Analysis & Discussion”, students shall incorporate results presented in tables/graphs into a cohesive dialog in support of their stated purpose. Students shall utilize the references cited (section “References”) to show support for their results and stated purpose.

Assignment Design Worksheet: Critical Thinking BIOL 2302 Anatomy and Physiology II

LAB REPORT

Course

Assignment Title

Assignment ID (to be assigned)

Criterion Design (How does the assignment ask students to perform in the manner expected by the criterion?)

Explanation of Issues

Prior to performing an experiment, the students will write anintroduction to the lab

The introduction will include pertinent terminology as directed by theirinstructor. The terms will be integrated with information obtainedthrough their readings and interrelated with such information.

The students will also develop a hypothesis based on their assumptionsand background information

Evidence The students will proceed with the experimentation and will gatherdata

Data will be organized in tables. The tables must be titled andnumbered

The students will create graphs from the obtained data. The graphsmust be titled and numbered

The students will describe their results in detail

Influence of Context and Assumptions

The students will write an introduction to the problem. For theirintroduction, they must perform background research pertinent to theproblem to be investigated

The students will identify assumptions and relate them to informationobtained through their readings

Student’s Position The students will develop a hypothesis based on the presentedproblem, their assumptions and the researched backgroundinformation

The students will identify variables (controlled, independent anddependent variables)

After the experimentation, the students will either accept or rejecttheir hypothesis based on their results and using information obtainedthrough their readings

Conclusions and Related Outcomes

The students will analyze data and graph and draw conclusions

Conclusions must include information obtained through readings ofrelevant materials

The students will explain results discrepancies as they occur

The students have to make suggestions on how to improve outcomes

The students will describe an experiment that could be done in thefuture based on the actual experiment results

Assignment Design worksheet: Empirical & Quantitative Reasoning (EQR)

Biol2302/2102

Lab report

Course

Assignment Title

Assignment ID (to be assigned)

Criterion Design (How does the assignment ask students to perform in the manner expected by the criterion)

Interpretation Students should be able to explain data collected from the experiment and make reasonable predictions based on the data. Students should be able to explain observed phenomena and draw reasonable conclusions.

Representation Students should develop the ability to interpret textual information in order to identify or to select an appropriate mathematical representation (formula, chart, graph).

Calculation or Transformation

Students should be able to complete all calculations necessary to solve a problem

Application/Analysis Students should be able to draw basic conclusions and make straightforward judgments based on their analysis of data.

Assumption Students may try to understand or learn how the conclusion or judgment can be influenced by assumptions.

Communication Students should gain ability to use the data, calculations collected from the experiment to support the conclusion or judgment.

Assignment Design Worksheet: Teamwork BIOL 2302

Common Assignment Fall 2017

Course

Assignment Title

Assignment ID (to be assigned)

Criterion Design (How does the assignment ask students to perform in the manner expected by the criterion?)

Contributes to Team Meetings

On a scale of 1 to 10 (with 10 being the best), how well did you contribute to team meetings (online or face-to-face) Using specific examples and details, explain your rating.

On a scale of 1 to 10, how did you contribute to the work accomplished by the team? Using specific examples and details, explain your rating.

Facilitates the Contributions of Team Members

What role did you play in team meetings or discussions (online or face-to-face)? What ideas or work did you contribute?

Individual Contributions Outside of Team Meetings

On a scale of 1 to 10, how did you contribute to the work accomplished by the team? Using specific examples and details, explain your rating.

What was your contribution to completing the project on time, and did you contribute beyond your assigned responsibilities?

Fosters Constructive Team Climate

On a scale of 1 to 10, how well did you work with and relate to other team members?

Using specific examples and details, how did you help or motivate team members in a positive and respectful way.

What constructive feedback did you provide to team members toward the completion of the project?

Responds to Conflict

On a scale of 1 to 10, how well did you contribute to resolving conflicts within the team? Using specific examples and details, describe how your team resolved conflicts.

How did the team discuss the issue or come to a conclusion? What was your role in that process

General Education, Common Assignment Page 1 of 1 Teamwork Reflection Prompt ver 8/01/2014

Self Assessment Prompt Questions (2015 - 2016)

Directions: Reflect upon your teamwork skills by addressing the five questions below. Submit to Blackboard a typed document: a minimum of one page and a

maximum of 2 pages.

What is TEAM WORK? It means to consider different points of view and work interdependently in teams to achieve a shared purpose or goal.

1. On a scale of 1 to 10 (with 10 being the best), how well did you contribute to team meetings (online or face-to-face)? Using specific examples anddetails, explain your rating. What role did you play in team meetings or discussions (online or face-to-face)? What ideas or work did you contribute?Consider your verbal (vocal or written tone, etc.) and nonverbal communication (body language, facial expressions, etc.).

2. On a scale of 1 to 10, how well did you encourage others to participate? Using specific examples and details, explain your rating. In what ways didyou encourage or support participation by all team members?

3. On a scale of 1 to 10, how did you contribute to the work accomplished by the team? Using specific examples and details, explain your rating.

Explain the assignments and the completion of the team’s responsibilities. What was your contribution to completing the project on time, and did

you contribute beyond your assigned responsibilities?

4. On a scale of 1 to 10, how well did you work with and relate to other team members? Using specific examples and details, how did you help or

motivate team members in a positive and respectful way. What constructive feedback did you provide to team members toward the completion of

the project?

5. On a scale of 1 to 10, how well did you contribute to resolving conflicts within the team? Using specific examples and details, describe how your

team resolved conflicts. How did the team discuss the issue or come to a conclusion? What was your role in that process? Remember, a conflict is

not necessarily an argument or fight; it may be a difference of opinion or a discussion with varying viewpoints that reaches a specific conclusion.

Directions for the Human Physiology Lab Experiment

You will work in a team of 3-4 students to complete the human physiology experiment assigned by your

instructor. Your team will work together to conduct the experiment, collect the data, and discuss the

results. Individually, you will then write your own lab report and turn it in using the appropriate

BlackBoard link. You will also complete the Teamwork evaluation document and turn it in using the

appropriate BlackBoard link.

Your lab report will be a Word document. An example grading rubric and laboratory report is attached,

as is a guide to proper writing and referencing.

Your lab report is to have the following labeled sections and discuss the following prompts:

Purpose: Using one to two sentences, state the objectives of the laboratory experiment.

Introduction:

Use complete sentences to explain relationships of the relevant terms associated with the

experiment.

Identify the independent, dependent and controlled variables.

Develop a hypothesis that predicts the effect of the independent variable on the dependent

variable including an explanation.

State any assumptions that were made regarding the experimental design.

Materials: List all equipment and supplies needed to conduct the experiment in a bulleted list.

Methods: Describe the experimental procedure in paragraph form written in past tense and passive

voice.

Results: Describe your results in paragraph form. Show your results in labeled and numbered tables

and graphs.

Analysis and Discussion:

Write your conclusion in paragraph form. Be sure to state whether your conclusion supported

or did not support your hypothesis.

Provide mathematical calculations, answer analysis questions and note discrepancies if

applicable.

Discuss the effects of assumptions.

State how the experimental findings were related to similar situations.

Describe an experiment that could be done in the future based on the results from this

experiment.

References:

Properly cite all references.

Grading Rubric for Lab Report – Enzymes

The grading rubric shows you exactly how your professor will grade your report. The maximum

possible number of points that you can earn is broken down by section. As you are writing your

report, you should be using the grading rubric to self-evaluate and ensure that you have included

everything that should be in the report. That is the way to get the highest grade possible.

Points

earned

Points

possible

Criteria Self-Evaluation Questions

1 Purpose Purpose: Were objectives of the lab explained in one or two sentences?

2

Introduction Introduction:

Were sentences used to explain the relationship of the following terms:

enzyme, pH, activation energy, reactant (substrate), active site, product,

exergonic reaction, endergonic reaction.

Were controlled, dependent, and independent variables for this experiment

identified?

Was a hypothesis that predicts the effects of the independent variable on the

dependent variable stated?

Were assumptions stated?

1 Materials Materials:

Was a bulleted list of all equipment and supplies used in this lab provided?

2 Methods Methods: Was the procedure described in paragraph form, written in past

tense and passive voice?

4

Results Results:

Were tables and graphs completed?

Were the tables and graphs titled and numbered?

Were the results described?

5

Analysis and

Discussion

Were sample calculations provided? (if applicable)

Were conclusions formulated that explained the results and referred to the

original hypothesis?

Were answers to analysis questions in the lab incorporated in this section? (if

applicable)

Was there an explanation of any discrepancies noted in the results (if

applicable)?

Were the effects of assumptions addressed?

Were findings related to similar situations?

Did you describe an experiment that could be done in the future based on

the results of this experiment?

1

References Did you cite references indicating where information used to complete this

report came from?

Were references evaluated?

Did you use proper APA format for your citations?

2 Teamwork

Did you complete a self-analysis and evaluate each of your teammates?

3 Communication Did you use the style and format appropriate for scientific reports?

Was your report free of spelling and grammar errors?

Sample Lab Report

Effects of pH on Enzyme Activity

Purpose

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of pH on catalase enzyme activity.

Introduction

Every chemical reaction within the cell requires an enzyme to lower its activation

energy. Even exergonic (energy releasing) reactions happen too slowly to be useful without a

catalyst. Endergonic (energy requiring) reactions would rarely occur without an enzyme.

Almost all enzymes are proteins. To catalyze a reaction, the enzyme must interact with

the reactant or reactants. This interaction takes place in a region of the enzyme called the

active site. The reactant, or substrate for the enzyme, must fit perfectly into the active site of

the enzyme in order for the enzyme to operate. Therefore, most enzymes are only able to

catalyze a single chemical reaction. This is called specificity, and most enzymes are very specific

(Cecamgmmacz, 2011). Under favorable conditions, the enzyme can operate with maximum

efficiency, and the chemical reaction occurs very rapidly. This is an enzyme’s optimum activity

(Brooker, 2011). Some environmental conditions, e.g. temperature and pH (H+ concentration),

can affect an enzymes activity. The concentration of enzyme or substrate can also have a

dramatic effect on enzyme activity. The effect of varying the pH is studied in this report.

The enzyme studied is catalase, which was isolated from potato. Its substrate is

hydrogen peroxide, and its products are O2 gas and water. In this experiment the behavior of

the catalase enzyme was tested at a variety of different pH levels, the independent variable.

The amount of product, O2 gas, was the dependent variable. Enzyme concentration, substrate

concentration, and temperature were held constant for each test tube. It was assumed that

each 1 cm of crushed potato contained the same amount of catalase. A neutral pH (7) was

used as the control environment because most living organisms (including potatoes) maintain a

relatively neutral internal environment.

The experimental hypothesis was that extreme pH values will decrease catalase activity

because H+ concentration too high or too low will change the three dimensional shape of the

catalase molecule, altering its active site.

Materials

Catalase isolated from potatoes

Hydrogen peroxide

Water

HCl

NaOH

Wax pencil

Metric ruler

Test tubes

Pipettes

pH paper

Stirring rod

Test tube rack

Methods

Three clean test of the same size were numbered and labeled at 1cm, 3cm, and 7cm

from the bottom of the tube. Each was filled to the 1 cm mark with potato juice (catalase).

Tube 1 was filled to the 3 cm mark with HCl, tube 2 was filled to the 3 cm mark with distilled

water, and tube 3 was filled to the 3 cm mark with NaOH. Each tube was then allowed to sit for

5 minutes at room temperature. The pH of each tube was measured and recorded. Then, one

at a time, each tube was filled to the 7 cm mark with hydrogen peroxide and, after 20 seconds

of stirring, the bubble column height was measured and recorded. Tube 2 overflowed, so the

height of the tube was recorded as the bubble column height for that sample.

Results

The greatest enzyme activity was seen at pH 7, which had 120cm of oxygen bubbles. At

pH 4, 0 cm of oxygen bubbles were measured and at pH 12, 0 cm of oxygen bubbles were

measured.

Table 1: Oxygen Bubble Column Height for Catalase Reaction

Tube Contents pH Bubble column

height (cm)

1 Catalase, HCl, H2O2 4 0

2 Catalase, H20, H202 7 12

3 Catalase, NaOH, H2O2 12 9

Graph 1: Oxygen Bubble Column Height for Catalase Reaction

Discussion

Only one tube, the tube at pH 7, had a measurable amount of oxygen bubbles, showing

that the enzyme was active. Normal physiological pH is 7.4, so this tube was very close to the

normal pH of living cells. The enzyme catalase was able to work well under these conditions.

At pH 4 and pH 12, the enzyme was not active. These extreme pH levels denatured the

catalase, changing its shape so that it could not break down the hydrogen peroxide (Brooker,

2011). Even though the exact concentration of catalase in each tube was not known, the

complete lack of bubbling in tubes 1 and 3 indicate that all the enzyme molecules were

completely denatured.

This experiment could have been improved by making it possible to measure smaller

changes in pH. This would have allowed comparisons of pH values close to 7, such as 7.8 or 7.3.

0

12

00

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

pH = 4 pH = 7 pH = 12

Height of Bubble Column in cm

Height of Bubble Column in cm

Under these conditions, it would have been possible to determine exactly which pH change

inactivates the enzyme.

Future experiments could include the one described above. Another similar experiment

could test other important enzymes such as proteases or lipases under different pH conditions.

Another could test the enzymes found in the stomach, which are normally active at acidic pH

values. The results seen here would predict that these enzymes would not be inactivated by

acidity, but instead might be inactive at neutral pH.

The effect of pH on enzyme activity is important in that enzymes catalyze reactions at a

rate that allows cells to effectively produce important products and breakdown toxic wastes. If

enzymes fail, cells quickly begin dying.

References

Brooker, Robert, Eric Widmaier, Linda Graham, and Peter Stiling. (2011). An Introduction to

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism. Biology 2nd Edition, 118-135.

Cecamgmmacz. (14 July 2011). Enzymes activation energy [Video file]. Retrieved 2 February

from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dd1yi2aVoOc

These two references were chosen due to their recent development. Brooker, et al was

extensively peer reviewed.

Citation Examples: Here are some examples for how to reference and cite some common

materials you may use in writing your lab report.

Books and Journals

The reference needs to include enough information to ensure a reader can find it quickly,

easily, and specifically. If only part of a work is referenced (e.g. a chapter of a book) that should

be noted.

Author name or names. (Year of publication). Title of article or chapter. Title of journal or book,

Volume (issue), page numbers.

Brooker, Robert, Eric Widmaier, Linda Graham, and Peter Stiling. (2014). Simple Patterns of

Inheritance. Biology 3rd Edition, 321-342.

Herbst-Damm, K.L., & Kulik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival

times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229.

In-text citations should use the format (author, year of publication).

Gregor Mendel made thousands of crosses of peas in his lifetime (Brooker, 2014).

People survive difficult times better when they have a support network (Herbst-Damm & Kulik,

2005).

Websites (List as much information as possible; you may need to hunt around the webpage to

find all the information)

Author name or names. (Date of Publication). Title of webpage. Retrieved [date] from [web

address]

Harris, William. (18 January 2001). "How DNA Evidence Works." Retrieved 6 January 2014 from

http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/dna-evidence.htm

Half of a person’s DNA markers come from their mother and half from their father (Harris,

2001).

If there is no author given for a website, then the reference should begin with the name of the

webpage, which should also be used in the citation:

“Apomixis.” (2 January 2014). Retrieved 6 January 2014 from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomixis

Apomixis is the asexual reproduction of plants through seeds (Apomixis, 2014).

If there is no date of publication given for a website use the abbreviation n.d. The citation

should also include this abbreviation.

Johnson, Tina. (n.d.). “Foods Rich with Enzymes.” Retrieved 6 January 2014 from

http://www.mbspirit.net/uploads/Foods_Rich_with_Enzymes.pdf

Many of the foods we eat contain enzymes (Johnson, n.d.).

Social media sites such as YouTube can also be used as references. The screen name and, if

possible real name, of the person posting the information should be used.

Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (Date of Publication). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved [date]

from [web address]

Andersen, Paul. [Bozeman Science]. (21 April 2012). Meiosis [video file]. Retrieved 6 January

2014 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rB_8dTuh73c

7DrDon. (16 May 2011). Protein synthesis (DNA transcription, translation and folding) [video

file]. Retrieved 6 January 2014 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erOP76_qLWA

The female gamete is the egg and the male gamete is the sperm (Andersen, 2012).

Translation, or production of the protein, occurs at the ribosome (7DrDon, 2011).

How To Avoid Plagiarism

Plagiarism is claiming someone else’s words as your own and will results in a grade of 0 in this

course. The purpose of writing a lab report is to demonstrate understanding of the material;

copying-and-pasting someone else’s work indicates that this has not been achieved.

For example, a student wants to use the following information in the lab report:

A molecule or compound is made when two or more atoms form a chemical

bond, linking them together. The two types of bonds are ionic bonds and

covalent bonds. In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound together by the attraction

between oppositely-charged ions. For example, sodium and chloride form an

ionic bond, to make NaCl, or table salt. (Helmenstine, n.d.)

It would NOT be acceptable to quote any part of this information; direct quotes are not allowed

in your lab report. It would also NOT be acceptable to only slightly modify the wording of this

information. For example:

Molecules or compounds are formed when two or more atoms are linked in a chemical bond.

Ionic bonds and covalent bonds are the two types of bonds. In ionic bonds, atoms are held

together by attractions between oppositely-charged ions (Helmenstine, n.d.).

The sentences above are plagiarized and would earn this student a 0 on the lab report. They

do NOT demonstrate understanding of the science that is being explained.

The simplest way to avoid plagiarism is to read the material, set it aside, and without looking

at it write what you remember from what you read. This way the content or learning from the

material will be in your own words. For example,

Chemicals are formed through two types of bonds, covalent bonds and ionic bonds. These

bonds hold atoms together to make compounds and molecules. Ionic bonds are formed by

attractions between positive and negative ions (Helmenstine, n.d.).

These sentences have the same information, but the writing style is quite different. The

changes show that the student understands what is being written.

References:

Helmenstine, Anne Marie. (n.d.). “What Is the Difference Between an Ionic and Covalent

Chemical Bond?” Retrieved 6 January 2014 from

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrystudentfaqs/f/bondtypes.htm.