signals flash 093013 - the dot

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Dispatches from the frontier of wireless research

September 30, 2013

THE DOT – IT’S COOL AS SH&#!

2 | SignalsFlash February 21, 2013

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEricsson just announced the Radio Dot System to address the indoor coverage and capacity issues that plague all mobile networks. With the first release, the system more closely resembles a hybrid active DAS solution but the implied product roadmap suggests that the system will evolve to more closely resemble a small cell architecture with centralized baseband processing. We attended the coming-out party on the 25th in San Jose and we offer our initial thoughts in this mini Signals Flash! report.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

➤➤ The Dot is one of three components that comprise the Radio Dot System. There is also the Digital Unit (DU) and the Indoor Radio Unit (IRU). The system is scalable – up to 12 IRUs per DU and up to 8 Dots per IRU – to provide coverage and capacity to a 48,000m2 to 76,800m2 building or venue.

➤➤ The initial release will support up to 2x20 MHz of spectrum with both UMTS/HSPA+ and LTE in Band 2 and Band 12 (presumably LTE only). Field trials will occur in Q3/14 with General Availability in Q4/14.

➤➤ Given AT&T’s participation at the event and the supported bands, it is clear that AT&T will be one of the first customers. Multiple operator customers are likely to follow.

➤➤ Although details about the product roadmap are a bit vague, in particular regarding the timing of new features and functionalities, what we know/believe is encouraging. We discuss.

➤➤ Overnight, Ericsson went from being a laggard to a leader in the market that is traditionally served by small cells, DAS, or something that falls somewhere in-between.

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3 | Signals Flash September 30, 2013

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THE RADIO DOT SYSTEMLast week we attended Ericsson’s North America Analyst event in San Jose, California. Timed with this event was the company’s product announcement for the Radio Dot System. In addition to issuing the press release, Ericsson held a mini “launch party” which is highly uncharacteristic of the generally conservative company and their Swedish culture. None of the speakers sported a black turtleneck and jeans while they were on the stage.

Most interestingly, the Senior VP of Networks and Product Planning from AT&T made an unan-nounced cameo appearance at the event, playing the role of herself. Although AT&T’s comments focused on the overall importance of small cells and in-building coverage, and there wasn’t a ringing endorsement of the Radio Dot System, it wasn’t hard to connect the dots regarding the operator’s plans for the product, no pun intended. It is a rare occasion to see a major operator stand on the stage when one of its vendors makes a product announcement, and it is even rarer for AT&T to do so. It was also more than a bit ironic that we couldn’t buy a bar of cellular coverage in the hotel’s conference room and that our operator of choice and the vendor providing macro infrastructure in the Bay Area for this operator were also in the room and largely to blame for our misfortunes.

Following the event, the senior executive from Ericsson that was largely responsible for the product asked us what we thought about the product. We paused for a moment to collect our thoughts and then responded by saying, “it’s cool as Sh&#!” We have probably made more politi-cally correct statements in the past but 48 hours later we still stand by our statement.

The “cool” part of the Radio Dot System is the Dot itself. Seeing pictures of the Dot or watching it on TV don’t do it justice. Tipping the scale at only 10 ounces, the Dot has a sleek form factor that is somewhat bigger than a hockey puck. However, unlike a hockey puck the Dot is comprised of two parts that are held together with magnets along with an Ethernet port that is visible in the back. Popping open the AMU (Antenna Mounting Unit) from the AAU (Active Antenna Unit) reveals the sophisticated active antenna solution, including a software component that can address pathloss and interference due to the Ethernet backhaul. Given the product roadmap, the sophistication of the Dot will need to scale considerably.

We couldn’t buy a bar of cellular coverage in the hotel’s conference room.

Seeing pictures of the Dot or watching it on TV don’t do it justice.


With the forthcoming release, the Dot up-bands the intermediate frequency that is used over the Ethernet to the desired RF frequency with simultaneous support for UMTS/HSPA+ and LTE. The Dot is limited to a single frequency band and 2x20 MHz of spectrum. With a transmit power of 2x100mW with MIMO, the anticipated coverage area per Dot is 500m2 to 800m2. Ericsson is initially focused on Band 2 (~1900 MHz) and Band 12 (~700 MHz) with AT&T [and other operators] having spectrum in both bands. Presumably, the Band 12 Dot will only support LTE since Band 12 is only being used for LTE services. We assume our operator recognizes that LTE data coverage without 3G voice coverage is not acceptable to us. Our suspicion is that the Band 12 Dot will be deployed in venues where pre-existing in-building solutions, such as DAS, that offer 3G coverage already exist or in venues where 3G coverage is adequate but additional data capacity is required.

There is a natural tendency to compare the Dot with the lightRadio Cube since both products have great marketing names, they are small, and they require a fair amount of additional equip-ment to make them work. In the case of the Dot, there is the baseband unit (DU = Digital Unit) and the radio unit (IRU = Indoor Radio Unit). In their totality, the DU + IRU + Dot = traditional macro base station functionality, but it is the smaller scale of these components, along with how their functionality is distributed and then connected together that makes it a compelling indoor solution.

Figure 1 shows several possible deployment scenarios. For each Dot, there needs to be a DU and an IRU. However, there can be multiple IRUs (12) per DU and multiple Dots (8) per IRU, or up to 96 Dots per system. Ericsson claims that each Dot has an effective coverage range of 500m2 to 800m2. Doing the math, the Radio Dot system with a single DU should be able to cover 48,000m2

to 76,800m2. Clearly, deploying a single Dot wouldn’t be economical but it wasn’t clear to us at what point the Radio Dot System becomes more economical than a traditional small cell solution and at what point a typical DAS solution makes sense. For that matter, it isn’t entirely clear to us that the traditional DAS solution as we know it will ever make as much sense in the future with the exception being its ability to support a neutral hosted solution.

The DU, which is about the size of a stereo DVD player, connects to the IRUs via fiber cable using the CPRI interface. The IRUs connect to the Dots via dedicated Ethernet wires. It is, however, possible to multiplex the IF signals over an Ethernet wire and provide service to two collocated Dots – for example, if supporting the needs of two operators or a single operator with two frequency bands. Depending on the deployment scenario, the IRUs and DU could be collocated or they could be located in separate buildings. In the “Subtending Nearby RBS” scenario, the DU functionality is provided by a nearby macro base station that happens to have an available CPRI port.

All of the dots that are connected to a single IRU appear as a single cell/sector so there isn’t any interference generated between each Dot that is attached to the same IRU. We believe there could still be mobility issues and interference at the boundaries between Dot clusters serving different IRUs that need to be addressed. The IRU can get information from each Dot and each Dot has its own unique signature which the IRU recognizes. Further, the Dots/IRU can make adjustments for interference and pathloss in the Ethernet cable. However, it isn’t entirely clear how, or if, inter-IRU interference is addressed. For example, the furthest out Radio Dot could experience interference that the other Radio Dots don’t experience, and there should be a mechanism to make adjustments without impacting all of the Radio Dots in the system. It is unclear to us whether or not this capability exists or if it will be introduced at some point in the future. The Dot currently contains an Active Antenna system but we don’t know exactly what this means or how effective it is in dealing with these issues. Only time will tell.

We assume our operator recognizes that LTE data coverage without 3G voice coverage is not acceptable to us.

The DU + IRU + Dot = traditional macro base station functionality.


Given the Radio Dot architecture, we feel sorry for anyone that is responsible for forecasting or tracking the small cell market since the Radio Dot System is not comparable to a small cell, regardless of how the small cell is defined. Our best definition of the Radio Dot system is that it is the result of unintended consequences when a small cell and active DAS have a “Friends with Benefits” relationship. It is comparable to active DAS because the IRU capacity is distributed with geographically separated drops (Dots) where the RF energy is released. It differs from active DAS in that Ethernet is used instead of fiber (except between the DU and IRU) and a full macro base station does not have to sit in front of the head end unit. DAS has the advantage that it can

The Radio Dot system is the result of unintended consequences when a small cell and active DAS have a “Friends with Benefits” relationship.

Figure 1 Possible Radio Dot System Deployment Scenarios

Source: Ericsson (recreated by SRG)

Medium to Large Building Subtending Nearby RBS

Large to Very Large Building Campus or Large Venue

DU IRU Radio Dot (AMU/AAU)


support the needs of multiple operators assuming that each operator has its own macro base station connected to the system.

Without an onsite centralized node/scheduler, small cells will not be able to scale to support the needs of a medium or large enterprise. SON solutions can help mitigate interference between uncoordinated small cells and/or with the macro cells but we are not convinced these solutions are adequate to deal with rapidly changing RF conditions. If each small cell has its own termina-tion point in the operator’s core network the complexity and cost associated with establishing and maintaining all of the connections would also be costly and logistically problematic for the operator. Conversely, no operator would ever consider deploying the Radio Dot System in a building or venue that only required a few dots. The economics simply wouldn’t work.

Ericsson provided some insight into its product roadmap. Overall, the potential features and functionalities are intriguing but the devil is in the implementation details and when these enhancements are introduced. Obviously, they also have to work well, but generally Ericsson more than holds its own when it comes to radios.

In its press release Ericsson mentioned that the Radio Dot System “supports integration with Ericsson’s carrier Wi-Fi portfolio.” While true, the statement is a bit misleading since Wi-Fi isn’t currently included in the Dot and it may never be included in a Dot that also supports the licensed LTE/3G bands. At the moment, the Wi-Fi integration is done in the backend, for example, assigning the mobile device to either the Radio Dot System or to Wi-Fi based on a set of criteria. This capability also assumes that the operator has already deployed the carrier Wi-Fi solution or that it has the ability to deploy it in the future. At some point in the product roadmap it is conceivable that the carrier Wi-Fi solution has a Dot of its own and that this Dot is installed alongside the cellular Dot using a new bracket or mount.

The DU only provides the baseband functionality and as we understand it all data sessions and call flow will go into the operator’s core network with the first release. However, Ericsson did discuss a separate blade that can sit alongside the DU and host various enterprise-specific appli-cations. Ericsson is also introducing what it stressed is a prototype small cell gateway toward the end of this year that at some point could be commercialized and provide local traffic breakout functionality and other similar services. These capabilities, when they become available, are important as a selling point to enterprises and to improve the economics associated with deploying the solutions.

The downside of a small cell solution is that it is specific to a single operator unless two opera-tors have a RAN sharing agreement. Most enterprises don’t want to limit themselves to a single operator and in venues, such as large stadiums, college campuses, and shopping malls, all opera-tors [we hope] want to provide ample coverage and capacity. Turning the Radio Dot System into a neutral hosted or at least a two operator system seems possible. The DU supports the same functionality as a typical Ericsson RBS so this means that from a baseband perspective the Dot Radio System can split the traffic and route it to the appropriate operator’s core network. The operators need to be on board with this approach and in the US we haven’t seen any indication of this event happening. Then again, it exists pretty much anywhere a DAS is deployed today.

Meeting the neutral host requirements with the RF side (IRU + Dot) is a bit more convoluted and we are not entirely sure what is possible. We know an individual IRU can support multiple technologies, specifically UMTS/HSPA+ and LTE, but it is limited to a single band (e.g., 1900 MHz).

Without an onsite centralized node/scheduler, small cells will not be able to scale.

A separate blade can sit alongside the DU and host various enterprise-specific applications while a prototype small cell gateway is in the works.

The downside of a small cell solution is that it is specific to a single operator.


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It isn’t clear however, if the same IRU could support 2x10 MHz of LTE for one operator and 2x10 MHz of LTE for another operator. Part of the challenge is if the operators do not have adjacent spectrum since that definitely limit the possibility of using a single Dot while it may introduce unattainable filtering requirements in the IRU. Worst case, with today’s solution there would need to be two adjacent IRUs – one for each operator and most likely separate Dots for each operator. Aesthetically, two Dots would look OK but it would impact the economics and the practicalities of deploying the solution with limited Ethernet wiring. If there was enough demand, a multi-band IRU also makes sense and we see no reason why it wouldn’t be technically possible to achieve.

The last, and perhaps most interesting, step in the product roadmap is the transformation of an individual Dot into its own cell with a unique PCI value. We don’t know how or when this transformation will take place but it means a major increase in overall system capacity. As previ-ously noted, with today’s implementation of the Radio Dot System all of the PCIs attached to the same IRU have the same cell ID, meaning that the available capacity/network resources is shared between them. Once this transformation takes place it will require a very sophisticated and highly scalable mobility management/interference coordination/SON solution to deal with the complexities of a large number of unique cells in a highly concentrated region. It is unclear where this functionality will reside or if the existing hardware with new software will support the feature.

FINAL THOUGHTSAt the moment we are 36,000 feet above sea level headed to the SON conference in Nice, France. If we learn anything interesting we’ll put out a SON report when we return. Until next time, be on the lookout for the next Signals Ahead….

The product roadmap includes the transformation of an individual Dot into its own cell with a unique PCI value.


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CONTACT INFORMATIONYou may call us at +1 (510) 273-2439 or email us at [email protected] and we will contact you for your billing information or respond to any further inquiries that you may have. Subscription information for our Signals Ahead research product, which includes these reports, can be found on the last page of this report. You can also visit our website at www.signalsresearch.com or write us at Signals Research Group10 Ormindale CourtOakland, CA 94611


ON THE HORIZON: POTENTIAL SIGNALS AHEAD TOPICS

We have identified a list of pending research topics that we are currently considering or presently working on completing. The topics at the top of the list are definitive with many of them already in the works. The topics toward the bottom of the page are a bit more speculative. Obviously, this list is subject to change based on various factors and market trends. As always, we welcome suggestions from our readers.

➤➤ Over-the-air testing of leading smartphone platforms in an anechoic chamber

➤➤ VoLTE versus OTT benchmark study (including chipset benchmark study to analyze vendor VoLTE client implementations)

➤➤ MIMO utilization and network loading/scheduling drive test

➤➤ VoLTE drive test network evaluation

➤➤ Software Defined Networking (SDN)

➤➤ A-GNSS platform benchmark study (Round II)

➤➤ Baseband chipset + application processor benchmark study

➤➤ Smartphone signaling implications across operating systems

➤➤ How network performance (throughput and latency) impacts the user experience

➤➤ Smartphone signaling implications and LTE

➤➤ LTE Chipset performance benchmark study, including carrier aggregation

➤➤ HSPA+ (MIMO) network performance benchmark results

➤➤ The challenges of delivering video in a mobile network

➤➤ Cloud RAN and the use of a Distributed Network Architecture

➤➤ LTE Chipset Landscape


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NAROTHUM SAXENASenior Director Advanced Technology & StrategyUS Cellular

MASAAKI MAEDAPresidentNTT DoCoMo USA

RICK VERGINCEOMosaic Telecom

JOHN SAWCTOClearwire

DEAN HARDYCTO, NetSet Communications

EMIL OLBRICHPublic Safety Demonstration Network Project Lead Engineer, NIST

BERNARD ST-LAURENTProject Manager, 700MHz Broadband Spectrum, Public Safety Canada

SOLYMAN ASHRAFIVice President, Product ManagementMetro PCS

GREGORY CASEYCEOTexas Energy Network

FEZA BUYUKDURALead Principle Technical Architect, AT&T

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IN CASE YOU MISSED IT: SIGNALS AHEAD BACK ISSUES

➤➤ 9/23/13 “124.2 GB in a LTE TDD Network - been there, done that, bought the [Helly Kitty] t-shirt” Based on extensive testing in Softbank’s LTE TDD and LTE FDD networks in Tokyo, Japan, we provide the results from the industry’s first extensive drive test of the two duplex options. In addition to looking at the basic KPIs, like downlink and uplink throughput, we analyze more important KPIs, such as RSRP, transmit power and SINR to determine the important differences that inherently exist when the two networks are deployed in different frequency bands, with different cell site densities, and with different channel bandwidths. We also look at the incremental benefit of Category 4 devices with 20 MHz of LTE TDD spectrum and the performance of LTE TDD and LTE FDD with applications, such as Skype Video and Skype Voice. This report is a must read for any operator considering a dual network strategy with the two duplex schemes.

➤➤ 8/12/13 “Fifty Shades of MIMO (Quantifying the Impact of MIMO in Commercial LTE Networks)” We provide test results and analysis that looks at the incremental impact of Transmission Mode 3 (Open Loop MIMO) versus Transmission Mode 2 (Receive Diversity) based on testing that we did in specially-configured commercial LTE networks. The results that we provide quantify how MIMO influences the downlink data rates as a function of various KPIs, including RSRP and SINR. In summary, we demonstrate that while MIMO can double the data rate, the actual benefits are far more modest, and a negative benefit is even possible. Further, we show that MIMO doesn’t necessarily improve the user experience in all cases, but there is still a benefit to the operator in terms of increased network efficiency.

➤➤ 5/28/13 “What’s the PSC, Kenneth? (Quantifying the need and benefits of interference cancellation solu-tions in a 3G network)” We provide insight into the amount of interference that exists in a 3G network, its potential impact on data rates and network efficiency, and how an advanced equalizer can be used to maximize performance when these challenging conditions exist. For purposes of this report, we used AT&T’s HSPA+ network in San Francisco and the surrounding vicinity. This report was done in collaboration with Accuver who provided us with its XCAL and XCAP drive test solutions.

➤➤ 4/25/13 “Everything under the SON” We discuss the background of SON, including discussions of work within NGMN, 3GPP and the SOCRATES/SEMAFOUR projects. We also cover the basics of SON including the laundry list of SON-like features, explain how they work, and what they mean for operators and vendors. We then move on to discuss the present and future requirements of SON, including what may be in store with Release 12 and beyond. Finally, we discuss the motivations and challenges of SON, including multi-vendor integration, vaguely-defined use cases, OSS limitations, 3G SON, and centralized versus decentral-ized architectures.

➤➤ 3/22/13 “Rich Communication Services - reinventing voice and messaging” In this issue of Signals Ahead we provide a detailed analysis of RCS. In addition to providing the history of RCS since its introduction in 2008, we examine why operators have

not yet fully adopted it, the capabilities by release, the inherent challenges that exist, the business relationships that exist or at least should exist, and the opportunities that could allow opera-tors to beat the OTT providers at their own game. 2/25/13 “Chips and Salsa XVI: Sweet 16 and never been benchmarked” This report provides performance benchmark analysis of 8 LTE baseband chipsets, including Altair, GCT, Intel, NVIDIA, Qualcomm, Renesas Mobile, Samsung, Sequans. This benchmark study marks the 8th time that we have collaborated with Spirent Communications to leverage its 8100 test system and engineering support. All chip-sets performed well under less challenging conditions but with the more challenging conditions there was a wide variance in the results with more than a 20% difference between the top- and bottom-performing chipsets. Three chipsets vied for top honors but ultimately we had to declare one the winner.

➤➤ 01/23/13 “The Mother of all Network Benchmark Tests - On the Inside Looking Out: evaluating the in-building performance capabilities of commercial LTE networks (Band 4, Band 7, Band 13, and Band 17)” With the continued support of Accuver, we leveraged its XCAL-M drive test solution and its enhanced support for in-building testing to evaluate the performance of four LTE networks at Band 4, Band 7, Band 13 and Band 17. In this report we quantify the amount of LTE network traffic that we observed in the outdoor macro network and how it compares with our in-building testing. We also demonstrate that 700 MHz isn’t a panacea for in-building coverage, that potential coverage problems are being masked by ample capacity, and that some in-building networks may not scale to support future traffic demands. Finally, we compare and contrast the performance of the VZW and AT&T LTE networks.

➤➤ 12/5/12 “LTE Band 7 versus LTE Band 4 - GAME ON!” With the support of Accuver, we used its XCAL-M and XCAP drive test solutions to conduct a network benchmark study of LTE Band 7 and LTE Band 4. This benchmark study leveraged the Rogers Wireless network in Vancouver, Canada where they have deployed both frequency bands in virtually every single cell site. In addi-tion to looking at basic throughput, we include a host of other device-reported KPIs to analyze the downlink and uplink perfor-mance characteristics of the two frequency bands under identical network conditions, including edge-of-of cell and in-building.

➤➤ 11/6/12 “M2M – toward the Internet of things” We analyze the M2M landscape and some of the key players involved in real-izing this vision. The business models for M2M are still in flux and eventually multiple business models will have to be implemented. We look at the new business models being explored by mobile operators and MVNOs. The global connectivity requirements of M2M services make it natural fit for cloud services so there will need to be new cloud platforms in both the operator networks and enterprises to support M2M services. We also analyze the requirements and vendors for such platforms. More importantly, the radio and core networks will require enhancements to support the deluge of new M2M connections. We discuss some of the major issues and how the 3GPP standards body and operators are planning to address these issues.


FIFTY SHADES OF MIMOQUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF MIMO IN

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14 | SignalsFlash February 21, 2013

please note disclaimer: The views expressed in this newsletter reflect those of Signals Research Group and are based on our understanding of past and current events shaping the wireless industry. This report is provided for informational purposes only and on the condition that it will not form a basis for any investment decision. The information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but Signals Research Group makes no representation as to the accuracy or completeness of such information. Opinions, estimates, projections or forecasts in this report constitute the current judgment of the author(s) as of the date of this report. Signals Research Group has no obligation to update, modify or amend this report or to otherwise notify a reader thereof in the event that any matter stated herein, or any opinion, projection, forecast or estimate set forth herein, changes or subsequently becomes inaccurate. If you feel our opinions, analysis or interpretations of events are inaccurate, please fell free to contact Signals Research Group. We are always seeking a more accurate understanding of the topics that influence the wireless industry. Reference in the newsletter to a company that is publicly traded is not a recommendation to buy or sell the shares of such company. Signals Research Group and/or its affiliates/investors may hold securities positions in the companies discussed in this report and may frequently trade in such positions. Such investment activity may be inconsistent with the analysis provided in this report. Signals Research Group seeks to do business and may currently be doing business with companies discussed in this report. Readers should be aware that Signals Research Group might have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report. Additional information and disclosures can be found at our website at www.signalsresearch.com. This report may not be reproduced, copied, distributed or published without the prior written authorization of Signals Research Group (copyright ©2013, all rights reserved by Signals Research Group).

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