short-term measures to minimize the … measures to minimize the impact of extreme contingencies in...
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Ministério de Minas e Energia
Centro de Pesquisas de Energia ElétricaDiretoria de Operação de Sistemas
SHORT-TERM MEASURES
TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF
EXTREME CONTINGENCIES IN THE
BRAZILIAN POWER SYSTEM
SHORT-TERM MEASURES
TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF
EXTREME CONTINGENCIES IN THE
BRAZILIAN POWER SYSTEM
Xisto Vieira Filho
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DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION OFOF THE BRAZILIAN SYSTEMTHE BRAZILIAN SYSTEM
INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW):
REGION DECEMBER 1998 MAY 1999
SOUTHEAST
SOUTH
CENTER-WEST
NORTHEAST
NORTH
ITAIPU
26.905
8.506
2.517
10.371
6.353
6.300
27.719
8.816
2.702
10.371
6.379
6.300
BRAZIL 61.312 62.287
91,2% HYDRO
7,7% THERMAL
1,1% NUCLEAR
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PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PER REGION IN 1998 (TWh)
44,6
7,7 14,8
49,214,326,8
43,8
129,2165,7
44,5
7,7 14,8
49,2 46,114,326,8
43,8
129,4165,7
PRODUCTION = 340,6
83,0
ITAIPUCONSUMPTION = 284,7
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BASIC CHARACTERISTICS:BASIC CHARACTERISTICS:
• Predominantly Hydro Generation:
generation remote from load centers
long distance transmission
heavily dependent on hydro coordination
• Small scale thermal generation:
reduced availability of complementary thermal gen. close to load centers
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Consequences:
heavily loaded transmission lines
need for heavy transfers due to hydro coordination
sensitive to incidents that may cause chain reactions
prone to voltage collapse
severe frequency excursions
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• Significant number of extreme contingencies.
• Each type of extreme contingency calls for a specific remedialcontrol action.
Examples:
load shedding (under-frequency; undervoltage)
generation rejection
islanding
automatic switching of shunt elements (capacitorsand reactors)
combination of the above
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THE THE MARCHMARCH 11, 1999 BLACKOUT:11, 1999 BLACKOUT:
• Simultaneous loss of 5 lines (440 kV) following a fault at the Bauru substation.
• The tripping of a sixth 440 kV line (I. Solteira-Tres Irmãos) caused instability and collapse
• This tripping was due to 3rd. Zone relay misoperation.
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I.Solteira
T.Irmãos
Jupiá
P.Primavera
Taquaruçu
Capivara
AssisBauru
Bariri
Marimbondo
R.Preto
P.Caldas
C.Paulista
Angra I
Taubaté
B.JardimCampinas
Cabreuva
Oeste
Sumaré
Itaberá
CuritibaAreia
IvaiporãFoz
Itaipu
S.Santiago
Itá
GravataíC.Novos
G.B.MunhozBlumenau
S.Seg.
Londrina
A.Vermelha
Araraquara
M.Mirim3Sta.Barbara
Área São Paulo
AtmosphericDischarge
S.Simão Itumbiara
Área RJ/ES
Sequence of Events
Área DF/MG/GO/MT
Área RSÁrea RSÁrea SC/PR
S.Mesa
Short- Circuit at Bauru Substation
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I.Solteira
T.Irmãos
Jupiá
P.Primavera
Taquaruçu
Capivara
AssisBauru
Bariri
Marimbondo
R.Preto
P.Caldas
C.Paulista
Angra I
Taubaté
B.JardimCampinas
Cabreuva
Oeste
Sumaré
Itaberá
CuritibaAreia
IvaiporãFoz
Itaipu
S.Santiago
Itá
GravataíC.Novos
G.B.MunhozBlumenau
S.Seg.
Londrina
A.Vermelha
Araraquara
M.Mirim3Sta.Barbara
Área São Paulo
S.Simão Itumbiara
Área RJ/ES
Sequence of Events
Área DF/MG/GO/MT
Área RSÁrea SC/PR
S.Mesa
Loss of bus section and 5 lines (440 kV) at Bauru
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I.Solteira
T.Irmãos
Jupiá
P.Primavera
Taquaruçu
Capivara
AssisBauru
Bariri
Marimbondo
R.Preto
P.Caldas
C.Paulista
Angra I
Taubaté
B.JardimCampinas
Cabreuva
Oeste
Sumaré
Itaberá
CuritibaAreia
IvaiporãFoz
Itaipu
S.Santiago
Itá
GravataíC.Novos
G.B.MunhozBlumenau
S.Seg.
Londrina
A.Vermelha
Araraquara
M.Mirim3Sta.Barbara
Área São Paulo
S.Simão Itumbiara
Área RJ/ES
Sequence of Events
Área DF/MG/GO/MT
Área RSÁrea SC/PR
S.Mesa
Tripping of Três Irmãos-Ilha Solteira 440 kV Line
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Chain Reaction Leading to Blackout
Bus fault at Baurúand loss of five
440 kV lines
Tripping of lineT.Irmãos-I.Solteira
Loss of synchronism
Tripping of various linesincluding Itaipu AC/DC,
leading to blackout
Voltages at the Itaipu Transmission System
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Minister for Energy Instructions:
• Short and mid- term measures to detect and minimize the impact of extreme contingencies.
Working Group ELETROBRÁS / CEPEL / GCOI / ONS to devise a Defense Plan against Extreme Contingencies
Improvements in substation layouts to reduce risk
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SEVERAL TASK FORCES (SHORT AND MID-TERM) :
• Analysis of substation layouts and proposal for most cost-effective changes and equipment additions.
• Assessment of existing Special Protection Schemes (SPS) and improvements.
• Implementation of fast action SPSs , PLC based, with direct detection of extreme contingencies.
• Reports by international experts.
• Review of restoration practices.
• Moderate-cost reinforcements that enhance security.
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Determining the Critical Substations
Substation ranking based on two viewpoints
SYSTEM IMPACT VIEWPOINT
Which substations, when faulted, cause severe system instabilityor load loss?
SUBSTATION LAYOUT AND EQUIPMENT VIEWPOINT
Which substations have inadequate layouts or protection systems, that increase the chances of multiple outages?
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Determining the Critical Substations
IMPACT TO THE EHV NETWORK
• P1 Subestations where faults lead to extreme contingencies
• P2 Subestation where faults cause severe impact to the system, but not extreme contingencies
• P3 Subestations where faults cause a minor impact to the system
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Determining the Critical SubstationsINTRINSIC SECURITY LEVEL OF SUBSTATION
Aspects considered: substation layout, bus protection utilized, major incoming lines and their characteristics (double-circuit tower, etc.)
• S1 substation presenting significant risk of outages.
• S2 substations presenting some risk of outages.
• S3 substations with layout and protection charateristics that make them secure, presenting very low risk of outages.
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The Network Security MatrixThe Network Security Matrix•• produced by the WG produced by the WG •• identifies the critical identifies the critical subestationssubestations
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The Network Security MatrixThe Network Security Matrix•• crítical crítical matrix blocksmatrix blocks
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ENHANCING NETWORK SECURITY
• SPSs will be installed to detect and confine extreme contingencies associated with substations located in the RED zone of the matrix
• Short-term changes to layouts, improvements in intrinsic protection and addition of critical equipment to substations ranked as S1 e S2
• These actions will move the substations away from the RED zone (hopefully into the GREEN zone)
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IMMEDIATE MEASURES:Layout changes in Bauru Substation
Original Layout Jupiá Três Irmãos
Ilha Solteira
Água Vermelha
Araraquara
BAURU
CabreúvaEmbuguaçu
T.Sul
Assis
Capivara
Taquaruçu
Fault in bus section causes outage of five 440 kV lines
• 2 circuits to Jupiá
• 2 circuits toEmbuguaçu
• 1 circuito to Assis
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Jupiá Três Irmãos
Araraquara
Ilha Solteira
BAURU
CabreúvaEmbuguaçu
Assis
Concluded31/May/99
1st. Stage: Transposition of incoming transmission lines
Fault in bus section of Bauru substation
• One circuit Jupiá - Bauru remains connected
• One circuit Bauru - Embuguaçu remains connected
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Layout Changes at Ilha Solteira 440 kV Substation
ORIGINAL LAYOUT
Três Irmãos 10 units 10 unitsIlha Solteira
Água Vermelha
AraraquaraFault at one bus section:
• loss of 10 units Ilha Solteira plus 3 lines
Bauru
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8 units 8 units 4 unitsTrês Irmãos
New Bus Protection
Ilha Solteira
Araraquara
Água Vermelha
Fault at one bus section:
Bauru
• loss of either 8 or 4 units and 2 transmission lines Concluded
31/Aug/99
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CURRENT STATUS OF WG WORK
Concluded
•Report on improvements in substation layouts, etc.
•Reports by international experts
•Some substation layout improvements and equipment additions
•Some changes to existing SPSs
Under development
•Dynamic studies to define new SPS logics
•Acquisition of PLCs and needed communication links
•Work on dynamic system monitors, P.S. restoration, reinforcements, etc.