shamsiddin sirojiddin ogly kamoliddin ancient türkic toponyms of the middle asia tashkent, shark,...

7/29/2019 Shamsiddin Sirojiddin ogly Kamoliddin ANCIENT TÜRKIC TOPONYMS OF THE MIDDLE ASIA Tashkent, Shark, 2006, I…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/shamsiddin-sirojiddin-ogly-kamoliddin-ancient-turkic-toponyms-of-the-middle 1/23

Shamsiddin Sirojiddin ogly Kamoliddin

ANCIENT TÜRKIC TOPONYMS OF THE MIDDLE ASIA

Tashkent, Shark, 2006, ISBN 978-9943-00-003-2

Editor-in-chief Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Mirsodik Ishokov

© Sh. S. Kamoliddin, 2006

© Main edition IPAK ‘‘Shark’‘, 2006

INTRODUCTION

+BCBAL@<6F6<8A68UE@?L?84EA87G;4GG8EE<GBELB9G;<FBEG;4GC8BC?85BG;<AG;8CE8F8AG 4A7

<A G;8 C4FG 64A 58 78G8E@<A87 J<G; G;8 ;8?C B9 GBCBAL@<6 4E84?F 2:88I4 C 3

+BCBAL@F 4E8 4A 8KGE8@8?L I4?H45?8 FBHE68 4 ><A7 B9 Q?4A:H4:8 B9 G;8 ?4A7R <G :<I8F

9E8DH8AG?L@BE89BEG;8FB?HG<BAB98G;AB:8A8G<64?CEB5?8@FG;4AG8AFB99BEGE8FF8FBE5HE<4?F

G;4AG;8<A478DH4G8 4A76BA9HF87G8FG<@BALB94A6<8AG4A7@87<8I4?4HG;BEF G;4AFGH7<8FB9E8I8E87 E8F84E6;8EFA G;8 Q?4A:H4:8 B9 G;8 ?4A7R G;8 4A6<8AG A4G<I8F B9 G8EE<GBEL ;47 ?89G

FGEBA:8E;<FGBE<64? GE468G;4A:E84G 6B@@4A78EFJ;B6;<F8?87FGBA8 <AF6E<CG<BAFSS#4A:H4:8

B9 G;8 ?4A7TS 7B8F ABG 4??BJ 94?F<U64G<BA 8B:E4C;<64? A4@8F 4E8 4 GLC8 B9 7B6H@8AG4EL

FBHE68 <A;8E8AG?L F<@<?4E GB 4E6;8B?B:<64? @4G8E<4?F ABG 74G87 4A7 ABG 789BE@87 5L G<@8

2$HEM48I C 3 BJ8I8E 4E6;8B?B:<64? @BAH@8AGF 4E8 HA9BEGHA4G8?L @HG8

7<F6?BF<A:G;8@4G8E<4?6H?GHE84A78I8AFB6<4?E8?4G<BAFB9G;8 C4FG G;8L4E8F<?8AG45BHG G;8

?4A:H4:8FB9G;89BHA78EFB9G;8F86H?GHE8F2%<>BABIC3

#<>8 4E6;8B?B:L GBCBAL@F ;4I8 4 AH@58E B9 ?4L8EF58?BA:<A: GB 7<998E8AG C8E<B7F B9

G<@8 8G8E@<A<A:G;8 ?4A:H4:8 B9 4A6<8AG A4@8F <F ABG4A 84FLG4F>;<FGBE<4AFGH7L<A:

;<FGBE<64?GBCBAL@FF;BH?7GE84GJ<G;64E8G;8E8FH?GFB9JBE>FB98I8AE86B:A<M874HG;BE<G<8F<A G;8 ?<A:H<FG<6F 4A7 F;BH?7 <AIB?I8 J;8A8I8E CBFF<5?8 4?? 6B@C?8K B9 G;8 4I4<?45?8

;<FGBE<64?4A7:8B:E4C;<64?74G42:88I4 C 3$4ALC?468A4@8FE86BE787<AG;8

FBHE68F 4F E86B)B@4A 4A7 ;<A8F8 A4@8F <A G;8 54F8 ;4I8 4FG8EA E4A<4A BE +NE><6

BE<:<A+;8GBCBAL@F:<I8A<AG;8;<A8F8 FBHE68FHFH4??L4E864?DH8FBE8DH<I4?8AGFB9G;8

?B64?+NE><6BEE4A<4A?<A:H4?A4@8F2,@HEM4>BI C3'E86<F88GL@B?B:<M<A:B9

G;8F8A4@8F78@4A7F9EB@E8F84E6;8E8I8A:E84G8EF6EHCH?BHFA8FF4A74??EBHA74A4?LF<F

AL C?468 A4@8 8K<FGF ABG BA?L 9EB@ G;8 @B@8AG B9 <GF E86BE7<A: <A G;8 FBHE68F

HA7E87F 4A7@4L58 G;BHF4A7F L84EF589BE8 G;8 E86BE7<A:<G 6BH?7 ;4I8 588A <A G;8 BE4?

FC886;8F<78F 94E9EB@4??4A6<8AGGBCBAL@FJ8E8 E86BE787<AG;8JE<GG8AFBHE68F2"4E48I

C3&A8B9G;8@BFG4A6<8AGGBCBAL@F4E8G;8A4@8FB9 E4A<4ABE<:<AG;4GFHEI<I87<AG;8G8EE<GBELB9G;8$<77?8F<4 8I8ELJ;8E8 5BG;<AG;8 +HE4AC?4<AF 4A7<AG;8'4@<E

@BHAG4<AF5HG@H6;?8FFB9G;8@4E8<AG;8@BHAG4<AG;84E84FB9G;8AA8E+<4A*;4A<AG;8

!8G<FH4A7G;8FG8CC84E84FB9"4M4>;FG4ABJ8I8E <G<F<@CBFF<5?8GB4FF8EGG;4GG;8E4A<4A

A4@8F 4E8 G;8 @BFG 4A6<8AG <A G;8 E8:<BA 2"4E48I C 3 +;8E8 <F 4 AH@58E B9

GBCBAL@FG;4G 64ATG 58CBF<G<I8?L4GGE<5HG87GB 8FG45?<F;G;8<E?<A:H<FG<6 4FFB6<4G<BA AG;8

FBHG;8EA MBA8 B9 G;8 ABEG;8EA ;8@<FC;8E8 G;8 <A<G<4? GBCBAL@F 58:4A 9BE@<A: G8AF B9

G;BHF4A7L84EF4:B2"BE48I 3FABG4?FB8AG<E8?LGEH8G;4G BA?LE4A<FGFF?4@<FGF

4E8 FGH7L<A:G;8 ;<FGBE<64?:8B:E4C;LB9G;84E?LF?4@<6 C8E<B7<AG;8$<77?8F<42#HE<8

C3

,A78E G;8 G8E@ SS$<77?8 F<4TS J8 @84A G8EE<GBEL B9 G;8 A4GHE4? C;LF<64?:8B:E4C;<64?+HE>8FG4AE8:<BA?<@<G87<AG;8J8FG5LG;884FGG;854A>B94FC<4A

'4:8/



*84 <AG;8ABEG;<A6?H7<A:E4?EGLF;J4G8EF;87 <AG;884FG+<4A*;4A'4@<E

4A7?4< @BHAG4<AF 4A7 <AG;8FBHG;<A7H>HF; 4A7"BC8G 4:;@BHAG4<AF

$HF>8GBI C A CB?<G<6B47@<A<FGE4G<I8 E8?4G<BA G;<F G8E@ <A6?H78F

,M58><FG4A+47=<><FG4A +HE>@8A<FG4A"LE:LMFG4A ABEG;8EAC4EGB99:;4A<FG4A

4A74FBHG;8EAC4EGB9"4M4>;FG4A

@BA:G;8F8 4E8H>;4E4 *4@4E>4A7 @H? ";<I4 8G6$HEM48I C

$HEM48IC

8EG4<A?L G;8GBCBAL@L<F UEFGB94??4?<A:H<FG<6F6<8A68BJ8I8E<G7B8FABG58?BA:GBG;8

?<A:H<FGF BA?L2#HE<8 C 3GL@B?B:<M<A: GBCBAL@F 4?BA:F<78J<G; G;8 ?<A:H<FG<6

4A4?LF<F E8DH<E8F4 FGH7LB9G;8;<FGBEL 4E84?:8B:E4C;L4A74?FB FC86<U6FB9G;8 I<F<BAB9

?B64?<G<8F 4A7 :8B:E4C;<64? 6BA7<G<BAF 5L G;8 A4G<I8 FC84><A: C8BC?8 *B?8?L ?<A:H<FG<6

4CCEB46; J<G;BHG G4><A:<AGB466BHAG ;<FGBE<64? 4A7:8B:E4C;<64?74G4 ABG4?J4LFE8FH?GF<A

E8?<45?88G;L@B?B:L2$HF48I C3A7<A4AG<DH<GL 4A7 $<77?8:8F ?<>8GB74L

G;8GBCBAL@FJ4F4E8F84E6;B5=86GB9ABGBA?L?<A:H<FGF5HG4?FB;<FGBE<4AF4A7:8B:E4C;8EF

+;8 @4G8E<4?FB9 4E6;8B?B:<64?4? E8FH?GF 7B ABG4??BJ GB 6BAA86G 7<E86G?L G;8 $<77?8F<4A

6<I<?<M4G<BAG;4G4EBF8<AG;8FG@<??8A<H@J<G;G;86H?GHE8FB9G;8EBAM8:8<AF4@8

G8EE<GBEL+;8@BFG4A6<8AG'E8A7BE4A<4A6H?GHE8F<AG;8$<77?8F<4A<AG8EVHI<4?6BH?758

6E84G875L 4 GE4<54? FB6<8GL4A7 ABGA868FF4E<?L 6BAA86G87J<G;@BE86B@C?8K9BE@F B9G;8

FB6<4?FGEH6GHE8 218<@4? C3 G <F>ABJAG;4G F<A68 G;8 G;G; @<??8A<H@F

F8GG?87 4:E<6H?GHE4?64GG?8 5E887<A: 6B@@HA<G<8F J<G; EH7<@8AG4EL CEBGB6<GL 6H?GHE8F

78I8?BC87<AG;8FBHG;B9G;8$<77?8F<4<8?BA:589BE8G;86B@<A:B9G;8A7B4E<4AGE<58F

2$4FFBAC3

.;B J8E8 G;8 9BHA78EFB9G;8F8@BFG4A6<8AG 6H?GHE8FB9G;8 $<77?8F<4 <FABG8FG45?<F;87

G<??ABJ*HCCBF87?L 589BE8G;8A7B4E<4AB66HC4G<BAB9G;8$<77?8F<4<AG;8@<77?8BEG;8

F86BA7 ;4?9 B9 G;8 A7 @<??8A<H@ <GF FBHG;8EA 4E84F J8E8 C8BC?87 5L 64EE<8EF B9 G;8

E4I<7<4A ?4A:H4:8F 2.<AG8EF C 3 G <F >ABJA G;4G E4I<7<M@F @4>8 4

F<:A<U64AG C4EG B9 G;8 *4AF>E<G 7<6G<BA4EL 2-BEB5<8I8FL4GBIF>L "HE:4A

'<4A>BIC3

+;8 A8J8FG GBCBAL@<6 4A7?<A:H<FG<6 E8F84E6;4??BJ GBCBF<G G;4G<A G;8A7 @<??8A<H@

64EE<8EFB9G;8E4I<7<4A?4A:H4:8FJ8E8<A<@@87<4G86BAG46GJ<G;G;864EE<8EFB9CEBGB

+NE><6?4A:H4:8F2$HF48I C3 ;BJ8I8EG;8<E6BAA86G<BAFJ8E8F8I8E875LG;8

<AI4F<BAB9G;8A7B4E<4AA8J6B@8EF2F>;4>BI C3AFB@8+NE><6?4A:H4:8F<AG;8HEBC84AC4EGB9)HFF<4 H?:4E<4A ";4M4E<4A ;HI4F; *<58E<404>HG4A7G;84E

4FGFHEI<I87G;8GE468FB9G;8CEBGB+NE><6?4A:H4:8J<78FCE847<AG;8@BFG4A6<8AGG<@8F<A

G;8FBHG;8EAC4EGB9G;8$<77?8F<4+;8F8E8?<6GFCB<AGGBG;8CE8F8A68<AG;8E8@BG8C4FGB9

G;8 4A68FGBEFB9G;8 64EE<8EFB9G;8F8?4A:H4:8F<AG;8 FBHG;B9 G;8$<77?8F<4 4A7GBG;8<E

FH5F8DH8AG @<:E4G<BA GB G;8 ABEG; 2+B:4A C 3 +;8F8 ?<A:H<FG<6 74G4 64A 58

6B@C4E87 J<G;FB@874G4 B9G;84E;8B?B:<64? FGH7<8FG;4G 9BHA764GG?8 5E887<A:GE<58F<AG;8

@<77?8 B9 A7 @<??8A<H@ G;8 4A68FGBEF B9 64EE<8EF B9 G;8 "4E4FH> 6H?GHE8F <A G;8

$<AHF<AF>78CE8FF<BA J;B64@8G;8E8 9EB@ G;8$<77?8F<4AFG8CC8F2%BI:BEB7BI4

C3

+;8+NE><6?4A:H4:8FE8G4<A87AH@8EBHFGE468FB9G;8@BFG4A6<8AG?<A:H<FG<6?4L8E 6B@@BA9BE$<77?8F<4 4A7 4H64FHF :B<A:546>GB G;8 CE<@<G<I86B@@HA4? FLFG8@8CB6;+;8F8

'4:8/



GE468FE8G4<A87<AG;BF8C4EGFB9G;8FC886;J;<6; 58?BA:FGBG;8 54F<6?<A:H<FG<6 9HA7B9 G;8

?4A:H4:8 9BE 8K4@C?8 G;8A4@8F9BEC4EGF B9;H@4A5B7L4A74F4 EH?8 4E8 ABG5BEEBJ87

9EB@ BG;8E ?4A:H4:8F 2+B?FGBI4 C 3 A G;8 ?<A:H<FG<6 ?<G8E4GHE8 G;8 @BFG 4A6<8AG

9BE@FB9G;8+NE><6?4A:H4:8F4E864??87GBCEBGB+NE><6 G;8<E64EE<8EF4E864??87CE4+NE>F

4A7 G;8 ;<FGBELB9 G;8F8 ?4A:H4:8F <F6?BF8?L6BAA86G87 J<G;G;8 94@<?L B9FB64??87C4?8B

F<4A 4A7 A<F8< ?4A:H4:8F 2H?MBA C 3 '4?8BF<4A 4A7 A<F8< ?4A:H4:8F466BE7<A:GBGBCBAL@F 589BE8 G;88A7B9G;8FG@<??8A<H@6BI8E874F<:A<U64AGC4EGB9

G;8 $<77?8F<4AG8EE<GBEL 4A7@BFG 46G<I8?L C4EG<6<C4G87<AG;8 9BE@4G<BAB9G;8AH6?8HFB9

G;8?G4<4AHAA<F;C8BC?86BA:?B@8E4G8204<?8A>BC3

66BE7<A: GB 4ABG;8E ?<A:H<FG<6 G;8BEL G;8 64EE<8EF B9 G;8 FB64??87 SSCEBGB+B>;4ETS

?4A:H4:8 4 @BFG 4A6<8AGB9 4??A7BHEBC84A?4A:H4:8F <AG;8 A7 @<??8A<H@ 6EBFF87

G;8 $<77?8 F<4A G8EE<GBEL BA G;8 J4L 9EB@ G;8 %84E 4FG GB G;8 4FG8EA +HE>8FG4A 4A7

6BAG46G87 G;8E8 J<G; G;8 64EE<8EF B9 G;8 84E?L CEBGB+NE><6 CEBGB,:E<4A 4A7 A<F8<

?4A:H4:8F '?4HF<5?L G;8 <AG8E46G<BA J4F ?BA: 8ABH:; 4A7 CEB545?L 5EBH:;G 5<?<A:H4?<GL

58GJ88A G;8 6BAG46G<A: :EBHCF B9 G;8 CBCH?4G<BA 24@>E8?<7M8 I4ABI C

4@>E8?<7M8 C3+;<F?<A:H<FG<6 G;8BELE868AG?L9BHA76BAI<A6<A:6BAUE@4G<BA<A

4E6;8B?B:<64?@4G8E<4?F2*4E<4A<7<C3

+;8 A4@8F B9 +NE><6 BE<:<A FCE847 <A G;8 G8EE<GBEL B9 G;8 $<77?8F<4 9EB@ G;8 8KGE8@8

4AG<DH<GL 6BAFG<GHG87 4 F<:A<U64AG C4EG B9 G;8 @87<8I4? A4@8F 4A7 6BAG<AH8 GB 58 4A

BI8EJ;8?@<A:C4EG B9 G;8@B78EAGBCBAL@F<AG;<FE8:<BAHE<A:84E?L $<77?8:8F8CB6;

G;8LJ8E84 F86BA7<A AH@58E49G8E G;8GBCBAL@FB9G;8 4FG8EAE4A<4ABE<:<AF 4A7<A G;8

$<77?8:8FG;8L6BAFG<GHG87G;8@BFGCBJ8E9H?GBCBAL@F6?4L8E<AG;8$<77?8F<4&A?L<A

G;8G8EE<GBELB9G;8@B78EA"LE:LMFG4AJ8E8?B64G8745BHG4A6<8AGC?468A4@8F>ABJA<A

G;8 ;<FGBE<64?FBHE68FF<A68 4AG<DH8 G<@84A7G<??G;8G;68AGHEL2,@HEM4>BI C3

+;8+NE><6?8K<64?6BAGE<5HG<BA<FE86BE787<A@4AL?4A:H4:8FB9HEBC84A7F<4 <A6?H7<A:

GBCBAL@F +;8E89BE8 G;8 8GL@B?B:<64? FGH7L B9 GBCBAL@F <A G;<F ;H:8 E8:<BA ?<>8 <A G;8$<77?8F<4E8DH<E8F4CC?<64G<BAB9G;8+NE><6?<A:H<FG<6FC;8E82B5EB7B@BIC3

A G;84?>4AF 4A7<A G;84FG8EAHEBC8 @4AL:8B:E4C;<64? B5=86GF 4A7F8GG?8@8AGF ;47

C4E4??8? +NE><6 A4@8F 2$HEM48I C 3 +;8 F4@8 4?FB 4CC?<8F GB G;8 $<77?8 F<4

J;8E8 @4AL 6<G<8F 4A7 F8GG?8@8AGF ;47 GJB A4@8F *B:7<4A 4A7 +NE><6 4A7 FB@8

:8B:E4C;<64?B5=86GF;47BA?LBA8+NE><6A4@8

+;8 58:<AA<A:B9G;846G<I89BE@4G<BAB9G;8.8FG8EAE4A<4A '8EF<4AGBCBAL@F<AG;8

$<77?8F<4AG8EE<GBELJ4FG;8C8E<B7B9G;8E456BADH8FG2";EB@BI C3GG;4G

C4EG<6H?4EG<@864@8<AGBHF8A8J'8EF<4AGBCB9BE@4AGF -dekh4A7-abad J<G;4@84A<A:B9

SSF8GG?8@8AGTS GB:8G;8EJ<G;G;8%8J '8EF<4A?4A:H4:84EF<B9 G;8 .8FG8EAE4A<4ABE<:<A

24EGB?7 а C 3 G;8LFCE847<AG;8$<77?8F<4HE<A:G;4G G<@8<A G;8 $<77?8

F<44CC84E87GBCBAL@FJ<G;G;8.8FG8EAE4A<4AGBCB9BE@4AGF -an , -kird (-gird, - djird), -diza (-diz) , -rud and -stan (-istan)2";EB@BI C3+;846GH4?E45<68?8@8AGF<A

GBCBAL@F 4E8 <AF<:A<U64AG 4A7 4E8 @4<A?L 9BHA7 <A G;8 FBHG; B9 ,M58><FG4A 4A7 <A G;8

14E49F;4A I4??8L 2"4E48I C3+;8 58:<AA<A:B9 G;8 '8EF<4A C8A8GE4G<BA <AGBG;8

$<77?8F<464A58G4>8A4FJ;8AG;8*4F4A<74E@LFH998E87478984G9EB@G;8E45F

4G %<;4I4A7 4A7G;8 '8EF<4AF;47GB V88 46EBFFG;8 @H 4EL4 2<55 C EL8

C3

A G;8 ?4FG 786478F 5864HF8 B9 <AG8AF<I8 78I8?BC@8AG B9 G;8 4E6;8B?B:<64? AH@<F@4G<6

;<FGBE<64? ?<A:H<FG<64?4A7 FBHE68 4A7 466H@H?4G<BAB9 ;H:8 4@BHAGB9 @4G8E<4?F46EBFFG;8

$<77?8F<4 G;8 ;<FGBE<64? :8B:E4C;L4?FBE868<I8745<: 5BBFG <A6?H7<A:<AG;8GBCBAL@<6

F6<8A68+B74L4G<@8;4F4?E847L64@89BE6B@C?8KFGH7<8FHF<A:@4FFB9<A9BE@4G<BA9EB@

G;8I4E<BHF;<FGBE<64?7<F6<C?<A8F

'4:8/



$4AL5HG94E9EB@4??JBE>FB9G;8$<77?8F<4C;<?B?B:<FGF<AG;84E84B98GL@B?B:<64?

FGH7<8F FH998E J84>4E:H@8AG4G<BA 2#HE<8 C 3 5864HF8 B9 <AFH9U6<8AG FBHE68 54F8

4A7F6<8AG<U6?<G8E4GHE8&AG;8BG;8E;4A7 @4ALHEBC84AE8F84E6;8EF4?FB64A58466HF87<A

5<4F87I<8JF4A7HAJ<??<A:A8FFGB6BAF<78EBCCBF<G8 BC<A<BAF1-4?<7<+B:4AJEBG8G;4G

466BE7<A:GBG;8B5FB?8G8 I<8JF 4EGB?74A7+B@4F;8>FG<CH?4G87G;4G7HE<A:CE8$BA:B?<4A

C8E<B7<AG;8$4I8E4AA4;EJ8E8AB+NE>FG;4GGE4AF<G<BA87GB6H?GHE4??<98BEG;4GE84FBA5L4??@84AFG;8LGE<87GBE847+NE><6A4@8F<A$4I8E4AA4;EBA?L<A*B:7<4A4A7'8EF<4A2%8J

C4:8 9EB@ 1 -4?<7<TF ?<98 C 3 )8F84E6; B9 ;<FGBE<64? GBCBAL@F F;BH?7 8I4?H4G8 4??

4I4<?45?8 74G4 <A6?H7<A: G;8JBE>FB9G;8$<77?8F<4AC;<?B?B:<FGFJ;B 4F?B64? E8F<78AGF

64A4A4?LM8ABGBA?LG;874G4B9G;8;<FGBE<64??<A:H<FG<6F5HG4?FB@4ALBG;8E946GBEFFH6;4F

?4A7F64C84A7?B64?984GHE8F 9B?>?8:8A7F 4A7<7<BFLA6E4G<6I<8JB9G;8G8EE<GBE<4?;<FGBEL5L

G;8?B64?CBCH?4G<BA

Part 1.Physico-geographical toponyms

Macrotoponymy

$<77?8F<47H8GB<GFFGE4G8:<64??L<@CBEG4AG:8B:E4C;<64?CBF<G<BABAG;86EBFFEB47FB9G;8

@4=BE GE478 86BAB@<6 4A7 @<?<G4ELCB?<G<64? 6B@@HA<64G<BAF 6BAA86G87 G;8 4FG 4A7 G;8

.8FG 4A7J4F4?J4LF<AG;868AG8EB94GG8AG<BAB9G;8:E84GCBJ8EFB9G;8JBE?7 4A77HE<A:

<GF J;B?8 ;<FGBEL <G 9E8DH8AG?L 5864@8 4 I<6G<@ B9 4::E8FF<I8 J4EF B9 9BE8<:A 6BADH8EBEF

46;B9G;8@ J<G; G;8<EA4G<BA4?GE47<G<BA ;<FGBEL 4A7:8B:E4C;<64?G8E@<AB?B:L :4I8 G;<F

E8:<BAG;8A4@8FJ;<6;J8E8E86BE787<AG;8JE<GG8AFBHE68F4A7J8E8<AHF89E8DH8AG?L<A

C4E4??8?J<G;G;8BG;8EF7HE<A:94<E?L?BA:G<@8<AG8EI4?F2"4@B?<77<AC3

+;8 @BFG 4A6<8AG B94??A4@8FB9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4A E8:<BA <F+HE4A J<G;G;8 EBBG B9

8G;ABAL@Tur4:8A8E4?GE<54?A4@8B9G;84A6<8AGAB@47<64A7F8@<AB@47<6C8BC?8FB9G;8

$<77?8F<42I8FG43A58:<AA<A:B9G;8FG@<??8AA<H@G;8Turs

J8E84?4E:8@<?<G4EL 4A7 CB?<G<64? 4FFB6<4G<BA 4AG4:BA<FG<6 GB G;8 4:E<6H?GHE4? B4F8F B9 E4A 2*;<E<ABI

C3 +;<F8G;ABAL@ 9BEG;8UEFG G<@8E86BE787<AG;8I8FG42I8FG4C

3 FH5F8DH8AG?L 5864@8 4 EBBG <A G;8GBCBAL@ Turan @8AG<BA87<A G;8 4A6<8AG E4A<4A

@LG;B?B:L2<E7BHF< IB? CIB?CIB? C34A7$<77?8'8EF<4AE8?<:<BHF

2AGB?B:<8 C3 4A7 ;<FGBE<64? ?<G8E4GHE8 2BB>B9 7887F C $4E>J4EG C

34A77B6H@8AGF2LF8?8A C3 4A74?FB<A@87<8I4?'8EF<4A248IF>L

C 3 E45B$HF?<@ 204>HG IB? C 3 4A7 ?B64? $<77?8 F<4A ;<FGBE<64? 4A7

:8B:E4C;<64??<G8E4GHE82,?BM;8A<8 C $4;@H7<5A-4?< C 3 AG;8

;<FGBE<64? ?<G8E4GHE8 G;8 8G;ABAL@ Tur <F E86BE787 BA?L <A G;8 6B@CBF<G<BA B9 $B<F8< G;8

BE8A<4A(Kagankatvatsi ? - Translator’s Note)G;68AGHEL28EM98?7IB?C3

+;8 8CB6;B9G;8*4F4A<7><A: *;4CHEEH?87<AG;8 A4@8+HE<FG4A+HE<FG4A

64@8 <AGBHF84@BA:G;8 '8EF<4AF <G :4<A877<FGE<5HG874?BA:F<78J<G; G;8 A4@8 +HE4A4A7

;47 <78AG<64? @84A<A: G;8 Q6BHAGELB9 +HEFR+;8 EH?8EB9 G;4G 6BHAGEL <F*464AF;4; <8

Q*4>4"<A:R 2LF8?8A C#H>BA<A C 3&AG;8*4F4A<7F84?FB9G;8

E7G; 68AGHE<8F 4?BA:F<78 J<G; G;8 A4@8F +HE4A 4A7 +HE<FG4A 4?FB 4CC84EF G;8 A4@8

+HE:<FG4A+HE:<FG4A4F G;8<E8DH<I4?8AG2LF8?8A C3#4G8E 7HE<A:G;8 C;G4?<G8

G; 68AGHEL 4A7 +NE><6 G;G; 68AGHE<8F 8CB6;F <G GE4AF9BE@87 <AGB G;8 CE8F8AG 9BE@

+HE><FG4ABE+HE>8FG4A J;<6;@84AFQ6BHAGELB9+NE>FR 2'G<GF<A C3+;8

GBCBAL@ +HE4A trgn <F E86BE787 BA G;8 ";BE8F@ 6B<AF B9 G;8 84E?L "HF;4A 4A7 4E?L$<77?8:8FG<@82$H;4@@47< C3+;8 A4@8 +HE>8FG4A <8 G;8Q6BHAGELB9

'4:8/



+NE>FR <AG;8 C8E68CG<BA B9G;8 4A6<8AG E4A<4AF:8B:E4C;<64??L6BI8E87G;8 G8EE<GBELB9G;8

54F<AFB9G;8E<I8EF@H4EL4*LE4EL44A7+4E<@2$<?;88IC3

+;88DH<I4?8A68B9G;88G;ABAL@F Tur4A7Turk (Türk) ?<>8 G;4GB9G;8GBCBAL@F+HE4A4A7

+HE>8FG4AUEFGB94??GBB>C?468<AG;8E4A<4A?<A:H4?;<FGBE<64?:8B:E4C;<64?GE47<G<BAB9G;8

CE8F?4@2BB>B9887F C.8FGC34A7F?4@<6G<@8248IF>L C<E7BHF< IB? C 3 4A7 G;8A <A G;8 E45B$HF?<@ 204>HG IB? C 3 4A7

$<77?8F<4A2"4F;:4EL IB?C$4;@H7<5A-4?< C3?<G8E4GHE8+;8 4A6<8AG

E4A<4AF64??87TursUEFGB94??G;8$<77?8F<4A+NE>F4A74?FBG;8+NE><6?<A:H4?*4>4F4A7

HAF2"BEB:?L C 3 EB@ G;8 G;G; 68AGHE<8FG;8+HE4A :8B:E4C;L 4FFH@8F

DH<G8E84?5BE78EF J;<6; 6B<A6<78J<G;G;85BE78EFB9 G;8 +NE><6"4:4A4G8 4A7<A6?H78G;8

?4A7F ?B64G87 FBHG; 9EB@ G;8 @H 4EL4A G;8 *;4;A4@8 G;8 6<GL *4@4A:4A <F 64??87

QCBFF8FF<BAB9G;8+NE><6"4:4AR2"BEB:?LC3

A G;8 G; 68AGHEL G;8 +NE><6 4HG;BEF <78AG<U87 G;8 ?8:8A74EL ><A: 9E4F<45B9 +HE4A

J<G;G;8?8:8A74EL+NE><64>4A?CE+BA:42"4F;:4EL IB? C0HFH9BFB=<5 C

3+;8A4@8?CE<F@8AG<BA87<AG;84A6<8AG+NE><6EHA<9BE@<AF6E<CG<BAF9EB@G;8

?G4<@BHAG4<A2"LM?4FBI C3+;894G8B9G;8 ;<BA<G8><A:E7=4FC 78F6E<587<AG;8 '4EG;<4A 8CBF QL4G>4E 14E8E4AR 6B<A6<78F J<G; G;8 +NE><6 ?8:8A7 45BHG G;8 +NE><6

4A68FGBEF;<A42"BEB:?LC3+;88G;ABAL@ Turk BETürk <F4GJB8?8@8AGTur-k

6B@CBF<G<BA J;8E8G;8 F86BA78?8@8AG k <F 4A49UKB96B??86G<I8C?HE4? 4A74F4J;B?8

G;<FJBE7<FG;8+NE><6 9BE@ F8@4AG<64??L8DH4? GBG;8E4A<4ATur-an 2EL C

#B:4F;BI4C3

+;8E8>B$4687BA<4A6BADH8EBEFG;68AGHELI<8J87G;8$<77?8F<4AE8:<BA4F

4C4EGB9;48@8A<7FG4G82A6<8AG4HG;BEF C *;<9@4A C3J;<?8G;8

4A6<8AG ;<A8F8 FGA7 68AGHE<8F I<8J87 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 4F 4 6BAG<AH4G<BA B9 G;8

.8FG8EA+8EE<GBELRJ;<6;G;8LI<8J874F;<A8F8T4FG8EA+HE>8FG4A6?<8AG2<6;HE<AIB?C3

+;8 E45<4A 6BADH8EBEF G;G; 68AGHE<8F <AGEB7H687 G;8 G8E@ $4I8E4AA4;E <AGB

CE46G<68 J;<6;GE4AF?4G879EB@ G;8E45<6@84AFQG;4G 58;<A7G;8E<I8ER 25ABE74758; C

3 AG;8$<77?8:8FG;<FC?468A4@8 E868<I874 J<78 6<E6H?4G<BA <G 4?FB;47 4 ?8FF

>ABJA8DH<I4?8AGF-4E4EH7248IF>L C34A7-4E47=4L;HA24F4ABI C

3<A4EF< J<G;G;8F4@8@84A<A: 4A7G8EE<GBE<4??LJ4F<A<G<4??L<AG;8G;68AGHEL 7HE<A:

+4;<E<7FI<8J874F46BAG<AH4G<BAB9G;8E4A<4A";HE4F4A25ABE74758; C5A4?

4><; C 3 4A7 G;8A <AG;8 G;G; 68AGHE<8F 7HE<A:*4@4A<7F J4FI<8J87 4F4

F8C4E4G847@<A<FGE4G<I8HA<GJ;<6;<A6?H787";HE4F4A25A4?F<E IB? CIB? C3 4A7?4G8E<AG;8G;G;68AGHE<8F 7HE<A:"4E4>;4A<7F<GJ4FI<8J874F4C4EGB9G;8

+HE>8FG4AJ<G;<AG;8E45<4A4?<C;4G82"4F;:4EL IB?C$++IB? C

3AG;8G;68AGHEL<AG;8HEBC84AF6<8AG<U6;<FGBE<64?GE47<G<BAJ4F<AGEB7H6874

A8J G8E@ +E4AFBK4A<4 BE +E4AFB>F<4A4 4F 4 #4G<A GE4AF?4G<BA B9 G;8 E45<6 G8E@

$4I8E4AA4;E2*IB?C3

'GB?8@LE86BE787 G;4G BAQG;4GR F<78B9 G;8 &KHF <AG;8?BJ8E6BHEF8 B904>F4EGBA<GF ?89G

54A> ?<I87 C8BC?8 Ariak J;BF8A4@8 ;4F+NE><6 8G<@B?B:L9EB@ G;8 +NE><6 JBE7 Ariyak

(Nariyak) QG;4G 46EBFF G;8 E<I8ER EB@ G;<F A4@8 J8E8 64?DH87 G;8 #4G<A GBCBAL@

+E4AFB>F<4A4 4A7 G;8 E45<4A $4I8E4AA4;E 2'BCBI C *4GL54?BI 'BCBI

C3

'4:8/



+;8$<77?8F<4AE8:<BA7HE<A:<GFJ;B?8;<FGBELJ4FE8C84G87?LFH5=86G87GBG;864CGHE8

5LG;8 9BE8<:A6BADH8EBEF 846;B9 J;<6; 4AAB<G87<G 4A4@8FGBG;8?B64? $<77?8F<4A

;<FGBE<64? :8B:E4C;<64? GE47<G<BA B9 4?? G;8F8 A4@8F G;8 @BFG J<78FCE847 4@BA: G;8 ?B64?

CBCH?4G<BAJ8E8+HE><FG4A4A7$4I8E4AA4;E

+;8GBCBAL@+HE>8FG4A4?4G8EE8C?468@8AGB9G;8GBCBAL@F+HE4A4A7+HE<FG4A<AG;8JE<GG8A GE47<G<BA9BE G;8UEFG G<@8J4F E86BE787 <AG;8 FBHE68FB9 G;8 G;G;68AGHE<8F

+;8 +HE>4FG4A 6BHAGEL <F @8AG<BA87 4 98J G<@8F 5L G;8 E@8A<4A ;<FGBE<4AF *858BF 4A7

A4A<L *;<E4>4GF< 2+8E$>EG<6;L4A C 3 F 4 A4@8 B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4A

E8:<BA G;8 +HE>8FG4A <F@8AG<BA87 <AG;8 *B:7<4A 7B6H@8AG6B@CBF87<A G;8 <A

+HE94A 20BF;<74 $BE<L4FH C#HE<8 CF;B>BI C 3+;8E8<F

HACH5?<F;87 FBHE68 G8??<A: G;4G G;8 A4@8 +HE>8FG4A <F E86BE787 <A BA8 B9 G;8 4>GE<4A

<AF6E<CG<BAF 9EB@ +B6;4E<FG4A +;8 A4@8 +HE>8FG4A <F E8C84G87?L @8AG<BA87 BA G;8

*4F4A<7F84?8FB9G;8G;G;68AGHE<8F<AG;8 9BE@ +HE:<FG4A2LF8?8A C3 4A7<A

G;8@BAH@8AGB9G;8$<77?8'8EF<4A?<G8E4GHE8HA74;<F;A6B@CBF87<AA7<49EB@G;8G;

68AGHEL'8;?8I<G8KGF5EBH:;G9EB@G;8E4A2.8FGC3

+;<F<A9BE@4G<BAJ4F><A7?L:<I8A GBHF5L-)GI8?47M8 9BEJ;<6;J8 4E8:<I<A:;<@BHE:E4G<GH78

+;8 GBCBAL@F +HE4A 4A7 +HE>8FG4A 4E8 9E8DH8AG?L 9BHA7 <A G;8 @87<8I4? 8BE:<4A

FBHE68F2$<>;4?8I C3 4A7 4?FB<A Q<FGBE<8F B9 ?54AFR 5L$B<F8< B9 ;B4E8A8

(Kagankatvatsi ? - Translator’s Note)G; 68AGHEL 2H>4FL4A C 3 A 4?? G;8F8

E86BE7FHA78EG;8A4@8 +HE>8FG4A <FHA7BH5G87?L@84AG G;8 +NE><6 "4:4A4G8 G;4G <AG;8

G;G;68AGHE<8F6BAGEB??87G;8 8KG8AF<I8G8EE<GBEL <A6?H7<A:4?? G;8G8EE<GBELB9 G;8$<77?8

F<44A746GE<4+B6;4E<FG4A<AG;8FBHG;4A74C4EGB9A7<42B5BLBEBI 3+;8

A4@8+HE>8FG4A < 8G;8Q6BHAGELB9+NE>FR J4F<A<G<4??L5EBH:;G<AGBG;8HF87HE<A: G;8

*4F4A<7F J;BC8E68<I87<G4F4???4A7F?B64G8746EBFF@H4EL44A7FH5=86G87GBG;8+NE>F

24EGB?7аC3

A G;<F 6BAA86G<BA <G F;BH?7 58 ABG87 G;4G G;8 A4@8 +HE4A ?<>8 <GF ?4G8E 8DH<I4?8AG

+HE>8FG4A <A 6BAGE4FG J<G;G;8G8E@ $4I8E4AA4;E E8V86GFABGFB?8?L G;8 :8B:E4C;<64?

5HG G;88G;AB:8B:E4C;<64? FG4G8 2$4AABABI 3 4A7<A477<G<BA<G 4?FB;47468EG4<A

CB?<G<64? 4A7?8:4?<FG<6@84A<A:+;8 A4@8 +HE4A 9BEG;8UEFGG<@8 58:4AGB 58 4CC?<875L

G;8 4A6<8AGE4A<4AF<AG;8 CE8;8@8A<7G<@8GB78F<:A4G8FC86<U64A78KG4AG$<77?8F<4A

FG4G8B9G;8GE<58F4A7C8BC?8F2"4F;:4ELIB?C 3*<A68G;4GG<@84??FG4G8F<AG;8

G8EE<GBEL B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 2*;<E<ABI C <?4ABI<6; C 3 G;8 E4A<4AF

64??87+HE4A G;8A7HE<A:G;8*4F4A<78CB6;64??87+HE<FG4A 4A7F<A68 G;8 +NE><68CB6;64??87+HE><FG4A8A68 <G 64A58J8?? =HFG<U87GBFG4G8 G;4G<AG;8 54F8 B9G;8F8GBCBAL@F

E8FGFABG 4F<@C?8:8B:E4C;<64?6BA68CGCEB7H687 5LG;8 ?8:8A74EL8AI<F<BAFB9 G;8 4A6<8AG

E4A<4AF 5HGG;86BA6E8G8FG4G8F8K<FG<A:<AG;8G8EE<GBELB9G;8$<77?8F<4 G;8?4FGB9J;<6;

7HE<A:G;88CB6;CE<BEGBG;8E456BADH8FGJ4FG;8.8FG8EA+NE><6"4:4A4G8

9G8E G;8E456BADH8FG G;8GBCBAL@ +HE>8FG4A;4FABG?BFG<GFCB?<G<64? 4A7?8:4?<FG<6

@84A<A:4G4??&A?L<A4CE8I<BHF:8B:E4C;<64?CBF<G<BA<GFCB?<G<64?5BE78EFJ8E8@BI8794E

GBG;8 ABEG;4A7GBG;8 84FG 58LBA7G;8 ?<@<GFB9G;8E454?<C;4G8 J;8E8<G 5BE78E87J<G;

"4E?H>4A7,<:HE"4:4A4G8FG<FG;8F8FG4G8FG;4GJ8E8ABJ64??875LG;8A4@8+HE>8FG4A

J;<6;<F @8AG<BA87<A 4?@BFG 4??6B@CBF<G<BAFB9E45B$HF?<@;<FGBE<4AF4A7:8B:E4C;8EFB9 G;8 G;G;68AGHE<8F4A7 5LG;8+NE><6?<A:H4? 4HG;BEF 2$4?BI C +* C

'4:8/



3GF;BH?758 4?FB 6BAF<78E87G;4G <AG;8E45<4AFBHE68F<A G;8UEFG 68AGHE<8F B9F?4@

HA78E G;8 A4@8 +NE>F J8E8 J8E8 ?<FG87ABG BA?L G;8 +NE><6?<A:H4? C8BC?8F 5HG 4?FB 4??

BG;8EABA$HF?<@ C8BC?8FB9F<4 G;4G?<I87BHGF<78 G;8E454?<C;4G8ABG;8EJBE7F G;8

CB?<G<64? 5BE78EFB9 G;8 G;G;68AGHE<8F7<7ABG 6B<A6<78 J<G;G;8 8G;A<65BE78EF 4A7 G;8

+NE><6C8BC?8F4G G;4G G<@8 ?<>8<A G;8 CE8I<BHF 4A7FH5F8DH8AG G<@8 ?<I87 ABGBA?L <AG;8

ABEG;8EA5HG4?FBG;8<AG;8FBHG;8EAC4EGB9G;8$<77?8F<4<A6?H7<A:+B6;4E<FG4A

A4:8A8E4?F8AF8<AGBG8E@SS+HE>8FG4ATS G;8E45F<A6?H787ABGBA?LG;8G8EE<GBE<8FB66HC<87

5L G;8 C8BC?8F FC84><A: G;8 +NE><6 ?4A:H4:8F 5HG 4?FB G;8 ?4A7F B9 $BA:B?F +HA:HF8F

+<58G<4AF 4A7 ;<A8F8 2$HEM48I C3 A7 G;8 68AGE4? 4A7 FBHG;8EA4E84FB9 G;8

$<77?8 F<4 J;<6; HF87 GB 58 4 C4EG B9 G;8 .8FG8EA +NE><6 "4:4A4G8 ABJ G;8L J8E8

<A6?H787<AG;8E4A<4A";HE4F4A4A7E868<I87G;8A4@8SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS Ma vara'an-nahr

J;<6; <A G;8 E45<6 @84AF SSG;4G 58;<A7 G;8 E<I8ETS ,A78E G;8 A4@8 SSG;4G 58;<A7 G;8

E<I8ETS Ma vara'an-nahr G;8E45F@84AG G;8 6BHAGELB9F8GG?87+NE>F <A G;8 $<77?8F<4

214<74A C3AG;8G;68AGHEL4?8E:4A<<A6?H787<AG;8G8E@SS";HE4F4ATS 4??G;8

G8EE<GBELB9G;8$<77?8F<4<A6?H7<A:!8GLFH4A7+4?4FI4??8L2"4?<A<A4C3

+;8 G8E@ SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS 9BE G;8 UEFG G<@8 <F 9BHA7 <A G;8 hadises 45BHG G;8 CEBC;8G

$H;4@@472A%4F4U C 3 <GCEB545?LJ4FFCE8474@BA: G;8E45FFG<?? <A

G;8 CE8F?4@<6 G<@825ABE74758;C3 J;8A<GJ4FHA78EFGBB74FG;8?4A7F?B64G87

ABEG;84FG9EB@ G;8 *4F4A<7 E4A +;8E45FJ;BJ8E8 @4><A: G;8<EUEFG 64@C4<:AF4:4<AFG

G;8F8 ?4A7F7<FG<A:H<F;87GJB 6BA68CGF SS Ma duna-n-nahrTS J;<6;@84AFSSG;4G <A9EBAG B9

G;8 E<I8ETS 4A7 SS Ma vara'an-nahrTSJ;<6; @84AF SSG;4G 58;<A7 G;8 E<I8ETS J;8E8 HA78E G;8

SSE<I8ETS <AG;<F64F8 J4F@84AG@H4EL4+;8UEFGB9G;8@ <8 G;8 SS Ma duna-n-nahrTS

<A6?H787 G;8 +B6;4E<FG4AG8EE<GBEL ?B64G87 GB G;8 84FG B9";HE4F4A ABEG; B9 G;8 <A7H>HF;

@BHAG4<AF 4A7FBHG;B9G;8@H 4EL4+;8F86BA7 G8E@SS Ma vara’an-nahr

TS <A6?H787G;8G8EE<GBELB9 G;8%BEG;8EA+B6;4E<FG4A4A7*B:724?8?47FBE< C3AG;86B@CBF<G<BAFB9

G;8E45:8B:E4C;8EFB9G;8G;68AGHE<8F<AG;878F6E<CG<BAFB9G;8$<77?8F<44E84F G;8

G8E@ SS MaverannahrTS <F @8AG<BA87 BA?L <A JBE>F B9 4?FG4;E< 4A7 5A 4H>4? J;BF8

>ABJ?87:8:B8F546>GB4F<A:?8FBHE68 GBG;85H14<74?4?>;<:8B:E4C;<64?6B@CBF<G<BA

J;<6; ;4F ABG E846;87 HF AG;8 G8E@SS MaverannahrTS G;8L<A6?H787BA?L G;8 *B:74A7 4

C4EGB9G;8%BEG;8EA+B6;4E<FG4A 4A7G;8AABG87G;4GSS9BE6BAI8A<8A68J8;4I84?FB<A6?H787

<A<G G;8 ";BE8F@4A7HGG4?4A G;BH:;G;8L4E8?B64G87FBHG;9EB@G;8E<I8EF =4<;HA@H

4EL4 4A7-4;F;45 -4>;F;TS 24?FG4>;E< C 3 +;8 BG;8E E45<6 :8B:E4C;8EF B9 G;8

G;68AGHE<8F78F6E<5<A:G;8$<77?8F<4A4E84F7BABGHF8G;8G8E@SS MaverannahrTS 4G

4?? 4A7 4?FB 64?? G;<F G8EE<GBEL 4 6BAG<AH4G<BA B9 G;8 ";HE4F4A BE G;8 FB64??87SSCBCH?4G87

DH4EG8ETS SSrub' maasunTS64??87 al-Mashrik 4FG J;8E8 G;8L<A6?H787ABGBA?L";HE4F4A4A7 $4I8E4AA4;E 5HG 4?FBG;8 ?4A7FB9A7<4 ;<A4 4A74 AH@58EB9 <F?4A7FB9 G;8 A7<4A

4A7'46<U6B684AF4??G;8J4LGB!4C4A25ABE74758;C3

?$H>4774F< <F 4A 8K68CG<BA ;8 HF8F G;8 G8E@ 4?4<G4? 4A7 78F<:A4G8F J<G; <G G;8 ?4A7F

ABEG;B9G;8@H4EL4;878F6E<58F";BE8F@ HGG4?4A4A7BG;8E4E84FB9@H4EL454F<A

F8C4E4G8?L9EB@4?4<G4? 4A7F8C4E4G8?L9EB@ G;8 ";HE4F4A24?$BD4774F< C 3 ,A78E

G;8 A4@8 4?4<G4? G;8 @87<8I4? 4HG;BEF 78ABG87 4 ?8:8A74EL 4A68FGBE B9 G;8 C;G4?<G8F

J;BF8 94@<?LGE88 G;8L ?<>84?FBB9G;8+NE>F247<A4I4E< C4?+454E< C3

G;8LGE4687 GBG;8 CEBC;8G%H;5<5?%B4;204>HG IB? C3FE8?4L87 4?BE8M@<

G;8 78F68A74AGFB9 G;8 C;G4?<G8F4?;4<G4?<AG;8G;68AGHEL J8E8 G;8 +NE>FB9G;8GE<584?46;4A7Kandjina<AG;8+B6;4E<FG4A24?";BJ4E8M@<C3

'4:8/



&A?LFB@8FBHE68FB9G;4GG<@87<E86G?LBE<A7<E86G?L4??H78G;4G589BE8G;88@8E:8A68B9

G;8A4@8SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS G;<F$<77?8F<4AE8:<BA;47G;8A4@8+HE4ABE+HE>8FG4A*BG;8

4ABAL@BHF 4HG;BE B9 G;8 :8B:E4C;<64? 6B@CBF<G<BA SSH7H7 4?4?4@TS BE78EF B9 G;8

JBE?7 JE<GG8A<A4EF< <AG;8 G; 68AGHEL 78F6E<5<A:G;8 ";HE4F4A4E84 64??F<GSS:4G8FGB

+HE>8FG4ATS78ABG<A:5LG;8G8E@+HE>8FG4AG;8?4A7F?B64G87GBG;8ABEG;B9G;8@H4EL4

<8$4I8E4AA4;E2$++ IB? C3+;<F78F6E<CG<BAF;BH?7584GGE<5HG87GBG;8CE8F?4@<6 G<@8 5864HF8 G;8 F4@8 6B@CBF<G<BA :<I8F 4 78F6E<CG<BA B9 G;8 $4I8E4AA4;E

F8C4E4G8?L2H7H74??4@C3

BJ8I8E<AFB@8 FBHE68FF8C4E4G84E84FB9 G;8$<77?8F<46BAG<AH87GB 58 <A6?H787<AG;8

+HE>8FG4A*B <AG;8FBHE68F<FABG87G;4G4?? 6BHAGE<8FB9G;8+NE>F5BE78EBAG;8";HE4F4A

4A7 *<7=<FG4A +;8 @4<A 6<G<8F B9 G;8 ";BE8F@ "4G 4A7 HE:4A7= 4E8 64??87 SS:4G8F GB

+HE>8FG4ATS 2H7H7 4??4@ C 3 HE<A: G;8 $<77?8 :8F G;8 E<I8E ?4> 4A7

47=468AG@BHAG4<AF4E864??874C4EGB9G;8+HE>8FG4A4E84I<?4<4G24?FG4;E<C$HFG4HU

C 3 A G;8 84E?L '8EF<4A 7<6G<BA4E<8F -4>;F; 4A7 4E;4E 4E8 64??87 SS6<G<8F <A

+HE>8FG4ATS 248IF>L C 3 +;8 F8GG?8@8AG -4E74A ?B64G87 <A G;8 H>;4E4

CEBI<A68 J4F64??87SS9BEGE8FFBAG;85BE78EJ<G;+HE>8FG4ATS 2%4EF;4;<L C3+;86<GL*HG>4A7 ?B64G87 <AG;8HMM ?4A7F<A G;8?BJ8E 6BHEF8 B9*LE4EL4 <F?<FG87 4F+HE>8FG4A

MBA8 2<EHA< C 3A FB@8 64F8F*B:7 <F8DH4G87 J<G; G;8+HE>8FG4A+;8 ?4G8E

FBHE68F ABG87 G;4G ;<A:<M>;4A 4CCB<AG87 4 FBA B9 ;<:4G4< 4 EH?8E B9 +HE>8FG4A J;<6;

FBHG;8EA5BE78E6EBFF87@H4EL42*;B@<LC304>HG4?4@4I<7<E86G?L<A7<64G8FG;4G

SS+HE4ATS<F4A4@8B9G;86BHAGEL$4I8E4AA4;E204>HGIB? р3

+;8 78F6E<CG<BA B9 G;8 +HE>8FG4A 9B??BJF E<:;G 49G8E G;8 78F6E<CG<BAF B9 G;8

6<G<8F=HE7=4A +HF %<F;4CHE$8EI +4?<>4A =HM7=4A 4?>;4A7$8EI8EEH7 <

8<AC?468B9G;8$4I8E4AA4;E24?!4>H5<C3

&A8 @87<8I4? F6<8AG<FG ;47 F<@H?G4A8BHF?L GJB A<F54F 4F*H:7< 4A7 4G

+HE><FG4A<

??G;8F8 946GF78@BAFGE4G8 G;4G <AG;8 78F6E<CG<BAFB9 G;8@87<8I4?E45<6 4A7 '8EF<4A

:8B:E4C;8EF J;B JEBG8 45BHG:8B:E4C;<64? E8:<BAF<EE8FC86G<I8 B9 G;8CB?<G<64?5BE78EF G;8

$4I8E4AA4;E 4A74C4EGB9";HE4F4A248IF>L C3J8E8 6BAF<78E87GB584C4EGB9

G;8 4A6<8AG +HE4A+HE>8FG4A +B:8G;8E J<G; G;8 F?4@<6 GE47<G<BA G;<F A4@8 4?FB FCE847

4@BA:G;8<A;45<G4AGFB9G;8$<77?8F<4 8I8AG;BH:;9BEG;8@ G;<FC4EGB9G;8?4A7J4FBA

G;<FF<78B9G;8E<I8E<AFG847B9BAG;4GC4EG24EGB?7C3

A G;8 58:<AA<A: B9 G;8 G; 68AGHEL < 8 J<G; G;8 6E84G<BA B9 G;8 "4E4>;4A<7 FG4G8 G;8@84A<A:B9G;8GBCBAL@SS+HE>8FG4ATS J4F4?@BFGE8FGBE874:4<A<A<GF9BE@8E5BE78EF4A7<GF

FBHG;8EA5BHA74E<8F64@8546>GBG;8@H4EL4FGBG;8A4@8SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS J;<6;4G

G;4G G<@8 <A6?H787 *B:74A7";BE8F@2<EHA< C 3 <G 58:4A GB@84A 4C4EG B9G;8

+HE>8FG4A2"4F;:4E< IB? C3 <8G;8"4E4>;4A<7FG4G8 4A7G;8AG;8BE8M@F;4; G;8

;4:4G4<7FFG4G8 G;8 +8@HE<7FFG4G8 4A7 G;8 *;4<54A<7FFG4G8 AG;8 68AGHEL:8B:E4C;L

G;8 G8E@ SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS 4:4<A 78F<:A4G8F BA?L G;8 G8EE<GBEL B9 *B:7 4A7 %BEG;8EA

+B6;4E<FG4A2$4;@H7 <5A-4?<C3+;8 F4@8 HA78EFG4A7<A:B9 A4@8 SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS <F

ABG874?FB <AG;8 BG;8E@87<8I4? FBHE68F <A J;<6; <G <F6BAF<78E87 4A 47@<A<FGE4G<I8 HA<G

58?BA:<A:GB";HE4F4A7HE<A:G;8G;68AGHE<8F GB+HE>8FG4A7HE<A:G;8G;68AGHE<8F

4A74GFB@8G<@84?FBGBG;8";BE8F@2A%4F4I<C38A68 <ABHEBC<A<BA J8;4I8AB

E84FBAF 4F FB@8 E8F84E6;8EF FH::8FG GB 6BA6?H78 G;4G G;8 @84A<A: B9 G;8 G8E@SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS :E47H4??L5864@88DH<I4?8AGGBG;8G8E@SS+HE>8FG4ATS @84A<A:G;8SS$<77?8

'4:8/



F<4TS 2F<?BI4:M4@BI4 C3 4A7@BE8BI8EGB4GG46;GBG;<F :8B:E4C;<64?C?468

A4@84ALCB?<G<64?4A7?8:4?<FG<6@84A<A:2*4<7BIC3

+;8 8FF8A68 B9G;8GBCBAL@FSS+HE4ATS 4A7SS+HE>8FG4ATS J8E8G;8 8K<FG<A:FG4G8F J;<?8

G;8 8FF8A68 B9G;8A4@8SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS J4F4:8B:E4C;<64? 4E84 J<G;G8EE<GBELABG 78UA87

5L78UA<G8 5BE78EF 4A7 7HE<A: 7<998E8AG G<@8F58<A:BA?L 4A47@<A<FGE4G<I8C4EG B9I4E<BHF

FG4G8F +4;<E<7F *4@4A<7F "4E4>;4A<7F BE8M@F;4;F 4A7 BG;8EF G;4G CBFF8FF87 @BE88KG8AF<I8 G8EE<GBE<8FAG;8 FBHE68FB9 G;8CBFG$BA:B? G<@8 G;8 A4@8 SS$4I8E4AA4;ER ?<>8

7HE<A:G;8"4E4>;4A<78CB6;<GJ4F4?@BFG4?J4LFHF87A8KGGB4A7<A6?BF86BAA86G<BAJ<G;

G;8A4@8SS+HE>8FG4ATS GBJ;<6;4F:8B:E4C;<64?E8:<BA<G58?BA:87GB2$++ IB? C

3

#BB><A:9EB@G;8?8:4?CB<AGB9 I<8J 4??G;8F8FB64??87 SSFG4G8FTS 46GH4??L<A78C8A78AG

<AG;8?8:4?4A7CB?<G<64?E8?4G<BAJ8E8C4EGFB9G;8E45<4AF?4@<64?<C;4G8G;BH:;8I8A<9

9BE@4??LHAG<?G;8$BA:B?6BADH8FGG;8LE86B:A<M87G;8FHCE8@46LB9G;84:;7474?<C;F

+;BH:;G;8F8SSFG4G8FTS ;474?@BFG4??G;8<AFG<GHG8FB9G;8:BI8EA@8AGABA8B9G;8@;BJ8I8E

;47 4?? G;8A868FF4EL4GGE<5HG8FB9G;8FG4G8A4@8?LG;8<E8KG8EA4? 5BE78EFJ8E8ABG 78UA87BA?L G;8 8KG8EA4?5BE78EFB9G;84?<C;4G8J8E878UA87 4A7G;8 <AA8E5BE78EF;47G8EE<GBE<4?

47@<A<FGE4G<I8 9HA6G<BAFG;8L7<7ABG ;4I8 8KG8EA4?CB?<G<64? E8?4G<BAF G;8L;47AB E<:;G GB

@<AG:B?78A6B<A4:8 4F4 @4<A 4GGE<5HG8 B9G;8 :BI8EA@8AG 4A7BA F<?I8E4A76BCC8E 6B<AF

G;8L;47GB @8AG<BAG;84?<C;A4@8G;8L4?FB ;47GBE847SS;HG54TS J<G;G;84?<C;A4@8

7HE<A:G;8E<74LCE4L8EF4A74G?4FGG;8<EEH?8EF;47GB5849UE@87J<G;4FC86<4??8GG8E9EB@

G;84:;7474?<C;FG;8<E4HG;BE<GLJ4F6BAF<78E87?4J9H?BA?LJ<G;G;<F?8GG8E

EB@ G;8 4?<C;FT CB<AG B9 I<8J G;8 *4@4A<7F J8E8 SS";HE4F4A@<EFR G;8 "4E4>;4A<7F

J8E8SS+HE>8FG4A4>4AR 4A7G;8BE8M@F;4;FJ8E8SS*H?G4ABIR B9";BE8F@4A74??84FG8EA

C4EG B9 G;8 E45 4?<C;4G8+;8 4MA8I<7F 4A7*8?7=H><7FJ8E8 4?FB64??87 G;8 SS";HE4F4A

@<EFR4GG<@8FEH?<A:4?FBFB@8B9G;8$4I8E4AA4;E6<G<8F

+;8 G8E@ SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS J4F @4<A?L HF87 BA?L <A G;8 E45B$HF?<@ ;<FGBE<64?

:8B:E4C;<64?GE47<G<BA4A77HE<A:94<E?LF;BEG;<FGBE<64?G<@8<AG8EI4?6BI8E<A:BA?LG;8F?4@

8CB6; +;8GBCBAL@ SS+HE>8FG4ATS 4 ?4G8E8DH<I4?8AG B9 G;8 GBCBAL@ SS+HE4ATS <A C4E4??8?

J<G;BG;8EA4@8F <ABA8BEG;8BG;8E9BE@J4F<AG;8HF87HE<A:4??G;8;<FGBELB9G;8$<77?8

F<4AE8:<BA 9EB@G;8@BFG4A6<8AGG<@8F7BJAGBBHEG<@8 4A7ABGBA?L<AG;8?B64?$<77?8

F<4A '8EF<4A 4A7 E45B$HF?<@ ;<FGBE<64?:8B:E4C;<64? GE47<G<BAF 5HG 4?FB<AE@8A<4A

8BE:<4A 4A7 ?4G8E4?FB<A G;8 )HFF<4AGE47<G<BA F4 E8FH?G B94::E8FF<I8 J4EFB99BE8<:A

6BADH8EBEF;48@8A<7F E86B$4687BA<4AF *4F4A<7F4A7E45FG;8 CB?<G<64?5BE78EFB9

G;8 +HE4A+HE>8FG4A 9E8DH8AG?L 6;4A:87 4A7 4G G<@8F E868787 94E GB G;8 ABEG; 4A7 84FG

58LBA7G;8@H74EL4 4A7FB@8G<@8F8I8A58LBA7G;8*LE4EL4BJ8I8EJ<G;G;86;4A:8B9G;8CB?<G<64?6BA7<G<BAF7HE<A:;<FGBEL G;8+HE4A+HE>8FG4AJ4FE8FGBE87846;G<@8<A G;8

5BE78EFB9<GF;<FGBE<64?4A76H?GHE4?4E84 J;<6;<A6?H7874??G;8 G8EE<GBELB9G;8 $<77?8F<4

2$HF>8GBI C3+;<FHA78EFG4A7<A:B9G;8A4@8SS+HE>8FG4ATS 4FG;86BHAGEL?B64G87

GBG;884FG B9G;84FC<4A*84 4A7<A6?H7<A:$4I8E4AA4;E 4A7G;884FG8EA C4EGB9";HE4F4A

C8E@84G87 ABG BA?LG;8 @87<8I4?E45?<A:H4? 204>HG IB? C 34A7'8EF<4A

?<A:H4?248IF>L C3 MBA8F 5HG 4?FB G;8E@8A<4A2+8E$>EG<6;L4A C3

4A7G;88BE:<4A;<FGBE<64?:8B:E4C;<64??<G8E4GHE82$<>;4?8I CC3+;8GBCBAL@

SS+HE>8FG4ATS 4F4A4@8B9G;86BHAGELB66HCL<A:4??$<77?8F<4AG8EE<GBEL J4F4 FG4A74E7

G8E@ <A G;8 HEBC84A F6<8AG<U6 4A7 CB?<G<64? ?<G8E4GHE8 B9 G;8 58:<AA<A:F B9 G;8 G;

68AGHEL2*IB?ВC34A74@BA:G;8<A;45<G4AGFB9G;8$<77?8F<4

'4:8/



AG;84E6;8B?B:<64?F6<8A68G;8G8E@SS+HE4ATS <FHF879BEG;878F6E<CG<BAB9G;86H?GHE8<A

<GFG8EE<GBEL<AG;8@BFG4A6<8AG C8E<B7FB9G;8$<77?8F<4 ;<FGBEL2BA8F8I C 3A

G;8 :8B:E4C;<64? ?<G8E4GHE8 4E8 HF87 G;8 G8E@F SS+HE4ATS 4A7 SS+HE>8FG4ATS 9BE G;8 J;B?8

G8EE<GBELB9G;8 $<77?8F<4 J;<6;E8CE8F8AGF4FC86<U6:8B:E4C;<64? E8:<BA FHEEBHA7875L

G;8@BHAG4<AF<A4??7<E86G<BAF2$HF>8GBIC"B:4LC3

&94?? 45BI8 A4@8F9BE G;8$<77?8F<4AE8:<BASS+HE4ATS BESS+HE>8FG4ATS 4CC84EFGB58

G;8 6BEE86GG8E@ 9EB@G;8 ;<FGBE<64?4A76H?GHE4? 4A79EB@G;8 CB?<G<64?4A7 ?8:4? CB<AGFB9

I<8J +;8 G8E@ SS$4I8E4AA4;ETS J4F <AGEB7H687 <AGB G;8 ?B64? ;<FGBE<64? :8B:E4C;<64?

GE47<G<BA9EB@G;8BHGF<785LG;89BE8<:A6BADH8EBEF4A7;4FAB 54F8 ;<FGBE<64?4A7 6H?GHE4?

4A7CB?<G<64?4A7?8:4?@84A<A:

+;8 $<77?8 F<4A E8:<BA ;47 BA8 @BE8 ;<FGBE<64? A4@8 A4@8?L ,M58><FG4A 4A74?FB <GF

#4G<A 8DH<I4?8AGF,M58> 4A7,M58><L4 E86BE787BAG;8 ;<FGBE<64? CB?<G<64? 4A7 8G;A<6 @4CF

4A7 :?B58F @478 <A G;8G; 68AGHE<8F<AG;8 .8FG8EA HEBC84A6BHAGE<8F &A8B9 FH6;

@4CF<F%BI4$4E<F"4FC<<8G)8:<BA<F,F586>SS$4CB94FC<4A*844A7,M58>6BHAGELR

J4F @478 5L G;8 HG6; @4C @4>8E 5E4;4@ $44F F8EI<A: <A G;8 6BHEG B9 '8G8E 4A7CH5?<F;87 <A G;8 <A %HE8@58E: &A <G 4?? G;8 G8EE<GBEL B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 <A G;8

+HE>8FG4A:8B:E4C;<64?5BE78EF<FC4<AG87C<A>4A778F<:A4G87J<G;G;8A4@8,*"2$44F

3%BJ BHE6B??86G<BA;4F@BE8G;4A6BC<8FB9FH6; @4CF4A7:?B58F J<G;4?? G;8

G8EE<GBEL B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 78F<:A4G87 5L FH6; A4@8F4F ,F58>,F586 ,F586> -F58>

,F58><4 ,F586;<4 ,M58><48 4A7 <GFF8C4E4G8 C4EGF 78F<:A4G87 5L FH6; A4@8F 4F ,F58>

H6;4E<4 ,F58> B6;4E4 ,F58> ;BJ4E8F@<4 ,F58> $4J4E4?A4;E4 ,F58> +HE><FG4A

,F58> +HE4A ,F58> +4EG4E<4 ,F58> 14:4G4L 8G6 ?? G;8F8 A4@8F 4E8 :<I8A ABG 4F

8G;ABAL@F 5HG 4F GBCBAL@F < 8 G;8 A4@8F B9 G;8 CB?<G<64? HA<G FG4G8 BE 6BHAGEL

2"4@B?<77<A$H>@<ABI4C3

+;8 @B78EA ;<FGBE<64? 4G?4F8F B9 G;8 F?4@<6 JBE?7 2E8:8? C

"8AA87L C 453 78F6E<5<A: G;8 G8EE<GBE<8F B9 G;8 *;4<54A<7F4A7 ,M58> ";4A4G8F

FG4G8FB9G;8$<77?8F<47BABGHF8G;8GBCBAL@F,F58>4A7,F58><4J;<6;<F4AB@<FF<BA

B9G;8<E4HG;BEFJ;B;4I8ABG9BHA7<GA868FF4ELGB<AIB?I8G;8;<FGBE<64?64EGB:E4C;LB9G;8

E8:<BA

@BA: 4?? @4CF B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 B9 G;8 68AGHE<8F <A BHEBC<A<BA 4 FC86<4?

<AG8E8FG78F8EI8F4 @4CB9 G;8 5LG;8 E88> GE4I8??8E4A7 @4C@4>8E-4F<?<B-4G46;8

24GG4GM<F 3+;8BE<:<A4? @4AHF6E<CGB9 G;<FBHGFG4A7<A:5<?<A:H4? @4C J<G; E88>4A7

#4G<A <AF6E<CG<BAF <F >8CG <A G;8 )BL4? 8B:E4C;<64? FB6<8GL +;8 )BL4? 8B:E4C;<64?

*B6<8GL @EF<4<I 4A7<GFCH5?<64G<BA<F<AG;864EGB:E4C;L78C4EG@8AGB9G;8E<G<F;?<5E4EL<A#BA7BA+;8E<G<F;#<5E4EL$4CF"<A:F+BCB:E4C;<64?B??86G<BA

E88>@8E6;4AG9EB@+8E4C8<-4F<?<B-4G46;84F<?<BF4G4GM<FJ4F4FBAB94 ;847B9 4

;E<FG<4A6;HE6;<AG;8BAFG4AG<ABCB?88FC8AG@4ALL84EFGE4I8??<A:<AG;8 6BHAGE<8FB9

HEBC8 4A7F<4AG;8 ;8 GE4I8??87<AG;86BHAGE<8F?B64G874EBHA7G;84FC<4A

*84 4A7?89G 478F6E<CG<BAB9;<FGE4I8? <AG;8 E88> ?4A:H4:8 2#8:E4A7 C

4:EBI 8E: C 8FGHA<F C $4>F;88I C

3

&AG;8-4G46;8@4CG;8 J;B?8 54F<AB9G;8@H4EL4 9EB@ G;8E4?*84 GBG;8'4@<E

@BHAG4<AF<F78F<:A4G874FG;86BHAGELΘ1$ΠΕΓΙΣ+%Uzbekiae<8,M58><FG4AAF<78

G;<F 6BHAGEL 4E8 FH6; 4E84F 4F 1$+&Λ&, G;4G @4G6;8F G;8 ";BE8F@ F<G8ΜΠΟ,/' Bucharia < 8 H>;4E<<4 4A7 $ΠΕΔΕΞΑΝ ( Badachsan < 8

'4:8/



474>;F;4A 4A74?FB?4E:8 6<G<8F/Chiva<8";<I4Σ$'"%+Samarcabda

<8*4@4E>4A7 $'ΛΧ ( Balch <84?>;4A7F@4??8E6<G<8F"'ΣCarsi <8"4EF;<

/&+%Δ (Chogiand < 8 ";B=8A7 /Θ%ΔΘ1 Conduz < 8 "HA7HM 8G6 G G;8

6BAVH8A68B9G;8@H4EL4<AGBG;8E4? ?<I87'Λ&C8BC?8 <8E4?<4AF +;8A4@8

Θ1$ΠΕΓΙΣ+%,M58><FG4A<F@4E>87 BAG;8 @4CJ<G; 6BAF<78E45?L ?4E:8E?8GG8EF G;4A

4??BG;8EA4@8FB9G;84E84F 4A7<GF;BJFG;4GG;<F4E84B66HC<874FC86<4?CBF<G<BA4@BA:4??BG;8E4E84F@4E>87BA G;8 @4C 4A7CEB545?LJ4F4CB?<G<64?68AG8EB94?? BG;8EG8EE<GBE<8FB9

G;8 $<77?8 F<4 GF G8EE<GBEL 4CCEBK<@4G8?L @4G6;8F G;8 G8EE<GBE<8F B9 ";<I4 4A7 H>;4E4

";4A4G8F

+;8 GBCBAL@F,F586>4A7 ,F58><4 4E8 E86BE787BA G;8E88>@4CG;8G;8A6BAG8@CBE4EL

#4G<A 8DH<I4?8AGF 9BE G;8 ?B64? A4@8 B9 G;8 6BHAGEL B9 ,M58>F &M58:<FG4A

(Θ1$ΠΕΓΙΣ+% J;<6; J4F <A G;8 HF8 <A G;8 G; 68AGHE<8F 4A7 G;8 78F<:A4G87

G8EE<GBEL B9 G;868AGE4?<F87 *;4<54A<7F 4A7F;G4E>;4A<7FFG4G8F G;4G FH5F8DH8AG?LFC?<G <AGB<A78C8A78AG ,M58> ";4A4G8FJ<G; G;868AG8EF <A H>;4E4 ";<I4 "B>4A7 4A74?>; +;8

A4@8,M58><F4FH668FFBE4A74FLABAL@B9G;8 @BE84A6<8AG GBCBAL@+HE>8FG4AJ<G;G;8

@84A<A:B9$<77?8F<4 J;<6;<F6BEEB5BE4G875LG;8>ABJA;<FGBE<4A4A7:8B:E4C;8E9EB@

4?>; $4;@H7 <5A -4?< G; 68AGHEL J;B JEBG8 SS+;8 +HE>8FG4A< C8BC?8 7HE<A: 846;

8CB6; ;47 4 FC86<4? A4@8 4A74 A<6>A4@8*B 9EB@ G;8 G<@8F B9 +HE <5A 0494F (Tur ibn

Yapheth - Translator’s Note) GBG;8 6B@<A: B9$B:H?";4A G;8 <A;45<G4AGFB9 G;<F 6BHAGEL

J8E864??87 Türks9G8E$B:H?";4A64@8GBCBJ8EGB4?? GE<58F?<I<A:<A G;<F6BHAGELJ4F

4CC?<87G;8A4@8 Mogul9G8EE4<F<A:B9G;8FG4G854AA8EB9G;8,M58>>;4A4A7GBG;<F74L

G;8<A;45<G4AGFB9G;<F6BHAGEL4E864??87UzbeksBJ8I8E<AG;8E8@BG86BHAGE<8F4F589BE8

4??G;8<A;45<G4AGFB9G;8+HE4A4E864??87TürksR2$4;@H7<5A-4?<C3

&9G;8 BG;8E $<77?8 F<4 C8BC?8FBA G;8 @87<8I4?HEBC84A @4CF 4E8ABG87Turkmens

(Turkmenoi), Kazakhs (Kazakoi), Kirghizes (Khrkizoi), Karakalpaks (Karakalpakoi) J;B

?<I87<AF<78G;8,F586>,F58><4 &M58:<FG4A G8EE<GBEL 4A758LBA7<GF?<@<GFJ8E8 Bashkirs

(Baskiroi), Tatars (Tartaroi), Kalmyks (Kalmoukoi)4A7 Mugals (Mugali)&AF8C4E4G8 @4CF

BHGF<78 G;8 ,M58>G8EE<GBELJ8E8 ABG87 BA?LG;8 4E84F+4EG4E<4 GBG;8ABEG; "4?@H6;<4 GB

G;8ABEG;$H:4?<4GBG;8FBHG;84FG4A7"BF4><BE74GBG;8ABEG;84FGAF<78G;8,F586>

,F58><44A7&M58:<FG4AG8EE<GBELBAG;8F8C4E4G8@4CFJ8E878C<6G87G;84E84F +HE>@4A<4<A

G;8 FBHG;J8FG4A7"4E4>4?C4><4 <AG;8ABEG;J8FGBJ8I8E BAG;8@4=BE<GLB9@4CFG;8F8

8G;ABAL@F4E8 ABG HF87 4F8G;ABGBCBAL@F <84FG;8A4@8B9 G;84E84 4A74E8C4EG B9G;8

,F586> ,F58><4 4A7 &M58:<FG4A G8EE<GBEL J;<6; <A7<64G8F BA?L G;8 E8F<78A68 ?B64G<BA B9

G;8F8 8G;A<6:EBHCF%BGBA8 B9 G;8>ABJA;<FGBE<64? @4CF BE:?B58FB9 G;8 68AGHE<8FE86BE787G;88G;ABAL@Tadjik ?8G4?BA8G;8GBCBAL@F9BE@879EB@G;<FA4@8

+;8 BE<:<AB9G;8 8G;ABAL@ Tadjik 4F68A7FGBG;8A4@8 B9G;8E45 GE<58TaiGE4AF9BE@87GB

+4M< H7H7 4??4@ C 4A7 J4F HF87 5L ?B64? CBCH?4G<BA B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 GB

78F<:A4G8 G;8 BA6B@<A:E45'8EF<4A6BADH8EBEF4EGB?7 EL8 C A G;8

'8;?8I< FBHE68F <A G;8 9BE@ T ā jik <F E8A78E87 G;8 8G;ABAL@ E45 2')* C 3 <A G;8

E@8A<4A<G<FE8A78E87<AG;89BE@Tatchik 24A7M4>8GF< C+8E$>EG<6;L4A C

+8E$>EG<6;L4AC3 <AG;8*B:7<4A<G<FE8A78E87<AG;89BE@T'zyk (Tazik)2;4E<5

C3 4A7<AG;84A6<8AG+NE><6<G <FE8A78E87<AG;89BE@Tazik 2+* C3AG;8

'8EF<4AFBHE68FG;<FJBE7<F@8AG<BA87<AG;89BE@ T ā zī BET ā zik 24<;4><C3AG;8

68AGHELG;8JBE7T ā zī J4FFG<??HF87J<G;G;8@84A<A:SSE45TS 2BUM+4A<F;IB? C3AG;8+NE><6 FBHE68FG;8JBE7 T ā jik @84AF$BF?8@F<A :8A8E4? 20HFH9;4FF47F6;<5 C

'4:8/



3 4A7 <A7<6G<BA4E<8FG;8 JBE7T ā zī <FBA8 B9G;8 G8E@F9BE 4 7B: +E<L4EF>L C

AG;8@87<8I4?E@8A<4AFBHE68FB9 G;8 P G;68AGHE<8FG;8 A4@8 +4G6;>4FG4AJ4FHF87

9BEG;86BHAGELB9Tatchiks<8E45F$BF?8@F24A7M4>8GF<C+8E$>EG<6;L4AC 3 +;8 A4G<BA4? <78AG<GL B9 G;8 @B78EATadjiks 58:4A GB 58 9BE@87 BA?L <A G;8 G;

68AGHELHA78E 7<E86G 6BAGEB? B9 G;8 )HFF<4AF6<8AG<FGF 4A7CB?<G<6<4AF2G><A C3

+;8<E'8EF<4AC4FG A8I8EJ4F@BAB?<G;<6+;8E4A<4A6H?GHE8 J4F58<A:6E84G87ABGBA?L5L

G;8'8EF<4AF4A7+47=<>F 5HG5LI4E<BHFFB6<4? 8G;A<64A7?<A:H<FG<6:EBHCFB9G;84A6<8AG4A7

@87<8I4?'8EF<424A4J4LC3

A G;8 G; 68AGHE<8F G;8 C8BC?8F B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 FGBB7 4G 7<998E8AG ?8I8?F B9

CB?<G<64? 78I8?BC@8AG *<A68 G;8 G; 68AGHEL G;8 4F;G<"<C6;4> ,M58>F J8E8 CB?<G<64?

@4FG8EF B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 4A7 ;4I<A:47BCG87 G;8 6H?GHE8 B9 G;8 ?B64? +NE><6 F878AG4EL

4:E<6H?GHE4? 4A7 HE54A CBCH?4G<BA B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 G;8L J8E8 6BAF<78E87 4F ?8:4?

78F68A78AGF 4A7 6BAG<AH4GBEF B9 G;8 +8@HE<7 FG4G8 GE47<G<BAF 4A7 B9 G;8 84E?<8E +NE><6

7LA4FG<8F A G;8 G; 68AGHE<8F G;8L FB?<7<U87 G;8<E G8EE<GBEL ;47 4 JE<GG8A ?<G8E4EL?4A:H4:8 4A76H?GHE8+;8E89BE8 BAG;8 CB?<G<64? @4CF4A7 :?B58FB9G;4G G<@8G;8<E6BHAGEL

J4F78F<:A4G874F,F586> ,F58><4 4A7&M58:<FG4A8A68 G;8GBCBAL@F,F586> ,F58><4

4A7 &M58:<FG4A 4?E847L <A G;8 G; 68AGHE<8F ;47 4 HA<9LA: 8G;AB6H?GHE4? 4A7

8G;ABCB?<G<64?@84A<A:4A7<A6?H787ABGBA?LG;8G8EE<GBE<8FCBCH?4G875LG;88G;A<6,M58>F

J;B;8?7 G;8 CB?<G<64? CBJ8E<A G;8 E8:<BA 5HG 4?FB 5L G;8 F878AG4EL 4:E<6H?GHE4? 4A7 6<GL

+NE>F +47=<>F4A7G;8FB64??87Sarts J;B6B@CBF87G;86H?GHE4? >8EA8?B9 G;<F4FFB6<4G<BA

4A74?FBG;8$<77?8F<4A4A74F;G<"<C6;4>AB@47<6GE<58FJ;B=B<A87G;8@

Hydronyms

+;8 A4@8FB9 A4GHE4? C;LF<64? :8B:E4C;<64? B5=86GF ?<>8 @BHAG4<AF ?4>8F E<I8EF 8G6 <A

6B@C4E<FBA J<G; G;8 A4@8F B9 G;8 F8GG?8@8AGF 4E8 6;4E46G8E<M87 5L 8A7HE<A: FG45<?<GL

2%<>BABI C:88I4 C "4E48I C 3 9 G;8E8:<BA4?

;<FGBE<64? :8B:E4C;<64? @<6EBGBCBAL@F 4F 4 E8FH?G B9 6;4A:8F <A G;8 CB?<G<64? 4A7 8G;A<6

F<GH4G<BA 49G8EFB@8 68AGHE<8F64A HA78E:B 68EG4<A GE4AF9BE@4G<BA G;8 A4GHE4? :8B:E4C;<64?

@46EBGBCBAL@F <A6BAGE4FG7BABG6;4A:8J<G;G;8CB?<G<64?4A78G;A<64?5BE78EF4A7FG4L<A

G;8<E<A<G<4?9BE@ 7HE<A:I8EL?BA:G<@8 <AG8EI4?F 2:88I4 C3A7G;8 ?4E:8E<F 4

:8B:E4C;<64?B5=86G G;8B?78E<F<GF4A6<8AGA4@82$HEM48IC3+;8E89BE8G;8C?468A4@8F

I8EL 9E8DH8AG?L BHG?<I8 G;8 ?4A:H4:8F4A7 G;8<E 64EE<8EF G;4G 9BE@87G;8@BE 8K4@C?8 4

@4=BE<GLB9 "H54A@B78EA;L7EBAL@F;4I8+NE><6 BE<:<A G;BH:;ABJ <AG;8@BFG C4EGFB9

G;8 "H54A G8EE<GBEL G;8 +NE><6FC84><A: CBCH?4G<BA <F 4?@BFG 6B@C?8G8?L 45F8AG 2H?<8I4

C3AG;8F4@8 J4LBE<:<A4??L*B:7<4AGBCBAL@F6BAG<AH87GB8K<FG <AFB@8 4E84F

B9 G;8 H>;4E4 *B:7 HC GB G;8 G; 68AGHEL 2#HE<8 C 3 G 7B8F ABG ;BJ8I8E

<A7<64G8G;4GG;8*B:7<4A?4A:H4:86BAG<AH87GB8K<FG4GG;4GG<@84@BA:G;8?B64?CBCH?4G<BA

+;8 A4@8FB9G;8 @4=BE<GLB9 :8B:E4C;<64?B5=86GF<A G;8 $<77?8 F<4 E86BE7875L JE<GG8A

FBHE68F ;4I8 +NE><6 BE<:<A+;8F8 A4@8F E86BE7 G;8 ;45<G<BA B9 G;8+NE><6 C8BC?8F<AG;<F

G8EE<GBEL9EB@G;8 8KGE8@84AG<DH<GL E8V86G<A:G;8I4E<8GL4A7E<6;A8FFB9 G;8+NE><6?8K<6BA2#B:4F;BI4C3

'4:8/



ALC?468A4@87B8FABGFG4EG<GF8K<FG8A68BA?L9EB@G;8@B@8AGJ;8A<GJ4FE86BE787

<AG;8 FBHE68FHA7E87F 4A7@4L584A7G;BHF4A7F L84EF589BE8G;8L6BH?7?<I8<AG;8 BE4?

FC886;8F<78FBA?L4F@4??9E46G<BAB94??4A6<8AGGBCBAL@F;4CC8A87GB58E86BE7875LG;8

JE<GG8AFBHE68F2"4E48I C3 .<G;G;8 6BAG<AHBHFE8F<78A68B9 G;8 +NE><6FC84><A:

CBCH?4G<BA 9BE 68AGHE<8F 4A7 @<??8AA<H@F <A G;8 F4@8 G8EE<GBEL G;8 C;BA8G<6 9BE@ B9 G;8

GBCBAL@F6BH?76;4A:8GB:8G;8EJ<G;G;8 6;4A:8F<AG;8?<I8FC886;I8AGH4??L G;8 4A6<8AGA4@8F ?BFG G;8<E <A<G<4? 9BE@F4A7 6;4A:87 474CG<A:GB G;8 78I8?BC@8AGFB9 G;8 ?4A:H4:8F

2;@87BI C3$4ALB9?4G8E 4A78I8A@B78EA +NE><6GBCBAL@F64A;4I84 I8EL

4A6<8AG BE<:<A8A68 G;8FG4G8@8AGG;4G G;8A4@8FB9G;8J4G8EFBHE68F9BE@87BAG;854F<F

B9 G;8 E4A<4A ?4A:H4:8F 4E8 G;8 @BFG 4A6<8AG <A $<77?8 F<4 4A7 G;8<E +NE><6 64?DH8F

4CC84E87@H6;?4G8E<F<A466HE4G82!4554EBIC3+;8+NE><6;L7EB9BE@4AGFokuz

4A7 suv ;4I8 G;8F4@84A6<8AG BE<:<A 4FG;8E4A<4Arud 4A7ab 4A7 <AG;8 CE8F8AG <G <FABG

8FG45?<F;87J;<6;B9 G;8@ J8E8G;8 <A<G<4? BA8F8F<78F 8K<FG874 CE46G<68 B9F<@H?G4A8BHF

6B8K<FG8A68B9GJB4A7@BE8A4@8F9BEG;8 F4@8:8B:E4C;<64? B5=86G#<>8 <ABG;8EE8:<BAF

<AG;8$<77?8F<4GBCBAL@LG;854F8FB9G;8+NE><6BE<:<AFHEI<I87@BFGB94??<AG;8A4@8F

B9G;8?4E:8J4G8EB5=86GF?<>85<:E<I8EF4A7?4>8F2$HEM48ICH?<8I4C3

+;8 ?4E:8FG E<I8E <A G;8 $<77?8 F<4 @H4EL4 @8AG<BA87 <A G;8 SSI8FG4TS J4F64??87

-4;I<4<GL4 2B7=48I4 C 3 G;8 4A6<8AGE88>F64??87 <G&KHF4A7<78AG<U87 <G

J<G;G;8A4@8B9G;8E<I8E-4>;F;2*G85?<A"4@8AF>L C3+;8+NE>FF<@C?L64??87

<G&>HM <8SSE<I8ETS 5864HF8G;84A6<8AG+NE>F64??874AL5<:E<I8Eokuz2"4F;:4E<IB?C

IB? C 3 4A7 G;<F JBE7 4?FB ;4F 4 F86BA7 @84A<A:

SS5H??TS2";4F4ABIC3

+;8<A<G<4?A4@8FB9G;8E<I8EFQJ4G8ER <AG;8@LG;B?B:<64?I<F<BAJ4F6BAA86G87J<G;I4E<BHF

<@4:8F B9 GE<54? 4A<@4?F 4A7 UEFG B9 4?? J<G; G;8 GBG8@F 2#B:4F;BI4 C 3

*HCCBF87?L G;8 4A6<8AG E88>F 8A6BHAG8E87 G;8 A4@8 &>HM 4A7 GE4AF9BE@87 <G <AGB &>F

&KHFBE>8F2$HEM48I C$HEM48I C";4F4ABI C

";4F4ABI C";4F4ABI C"4E48I C3+;8CBCH?4G<BAB9G;8

$<77?8F<4HAG<??G;8G;68AGHEL64??87@H4EL4F49&>HMBEF<@C?L&>HM2";4F4ABI

C3

&AG;84G4?4A@4C 6B@CBF87<AG;8 9EB@G;8 <A9BE@4G<BAB9G;88L8J<GA8FF8F <F

F;BJA 46<GL &:HF ?B64G87A84E G;8 @BHG; B9G;8E<I8E@B< 8@H4EL42876;<A4

C3 &AG;8 @4C B9AGBA<B=8A><AFBAG;8 ?BJ8E 6BHEF8B9G;8@H 4EL4

EHAA<A:<AGBG;84FC<4A*84J4F64??87,:HF&H:HF2!8A><AFBA 3&AFB@8@4CFB9

G;8 G; 68AGHE<8F@H 4EL4 J4F 64??87 ,:HFG;4G @84AF SS5H??TS 2876;<A4 C

3HE<A: G;8 $<77?8:8F G;8 A4@8&>HM 4?FB;47G;8 <A4>4G I4??8L 4A7 G;8 6<GL><&>HM?B64G8758GJ88AG;878F8EGF?44A704UA7=2"4F;:4E< IB?C3+;8E<I8EA84EG;8

6<GL&F;<AG;8 8E:4A4I4??8LJ4F64??87+4IHF;:4A&>HM2"4F;:4E< IB? C3AG;8

+B>HM&:HM 6BHAGEL G;86<GLE:HM>4G J<G;A4@8TF8GL@B?B:L6B@<A:9EB@G;8+NE><6>><

&:HMJ;<6;@84AFSS58GJ88AGJBE<I8EFTS 2#HE<8 C<F@8AG<BA873&AG;854A>B9

G;8 E4? *84 <F @8AG<BA87 4 @BHAG4<A ;4:LEB:HM =4:<E4:HE 24?FG4>;E< C 5A

4H>4?C3AG;84FG+HE>8FG4A4E8@8AG<BA87G;8E<I8EF>><&>HM+H@HF;:4A&:HM

"4E4 "4F;&>HM 24?<EHA< C "4F;:4E< IB? C 3 <A $BA:B?<4 4E8

@8AG<BA87 &E>HA,:HM +B:?4,:HM 4A7 04E,:HM 2$4?BI C 3 +;<F

JBE7J4F4?FBCE8F8EI87<AG;8G;8A4@8B9G;8,M5B<Okuz-Boy7EL6;4AA8? J;<6;VBJF

<AGB G;8 4FC<4A *84 2$HEM48I C $HEM48I C 3 4A7 4?FB <A G;8

7<@<AHG<I89BE@ Ozek (Okuz-ak J;<6;<F HF879BE G;8F@4?? E<I8EF <AG;8 ;L7EBAL@F"B>&M8> "LML?&M8> *4EL&M8>(Blue Rivulet, Red Rivulet Yellow Rivulet - Translator’s Note)

'4:8/



8G624F>4>BICBA<7M8C"4E48IC3+;8A4@8B9G;8

6<GL,M>4A7,M:4A7&M7=4A7<AG;88E:4A4I4??8L2H7H74??4@C<EHA<

C"4F;:4E< IB? C3 4?FB <FCEB545?L9BE@87 J<G;G;8 GBCB9BE@4AG okuz/uz/oz

J<G;G;8@84A<A:SSE<I8ETS

+;8 E45<6 A4@8 B9 G;8 E<I8E =4L;HA 4?FB HF87 ?<>8J<F8 9BE 78F<:A4G<BA B9 G;8 5<:

E<I8EF <AG;<F64F8 <F4 64?DH8 B9G;8+NE><6JBE7J<G; G;8F4@8 @84A<A:2"4E48I C

3AG;8E45<6 FBHE68F<F<A9BE@4G<BAG;4GG;8E<I8E4?>; <8=4<;HA J4F4?FB64??87

&>FHF24?+;44?<5< C3 BJ8I8E G;8@BFG 4A6<8AGA4@8B9G;8@H4EL4<F:8A8E4??L

58?<8I87GB58@H J;<6;<F4?FB@8AG<BA87<AG;8@87<8I4?FBHE68F<AG;89BE@@H?4A7

@H< 4FG;8 A4@8 B9G;8 6<GL24?8?47FBE< C34A7 B9 4E<I8E 257H??48I C

48IF>L CBB> C%47=<5 ?а *;B@L C

3+;8 BE<:<AB9G;<FA4@8 <FGE4687GB G;8 A<F8<"8G ?4A:H4:8F J<78FCE847<AG;8

G8EE<GBELB9G;8$<77?8F<4<AG;8 A7@<??8AA<H@ +;8A4@8@H6B@8F9EB@G;8"8G

JBE7am@BG;8E4A7ulE<I8E 4A7@84AF @BG;8EJ4G8E204<?8A>BC3+;8

I8FG<4AA4@8B9G;8E<I8E-4;I<4<GL4 ?<>8G;8?4G8EE4A<4A9BE@FB9G;<FA4@8-4KF;H4A7-8;EBG 4E8 G;8 64?DH8F B9 G;8 <A<G<4? 08A<F8< JBE7 2H?MBA C +;8 A4@8

@H?<AG;8$<77?8:8F;47 GJB @BE8 6<G<8F BA8 B9 G;8@ J4F<A G;8 +454E<FG4A 4A7 G;8

F86BA7 J4F<AG;8";4M4E 6BHAGEL2$4FBH7< IB? C 3AG;8LM4AG<A8FBHE68F<F

@8AG<BA87 4 GBCBAL@ @<?F8E 2$BE4I6F<> C 3 +;HF G;8 ?4E:8FG E<I8E B9 G;8

8AGE4?F<4;47@H?G<C?8 A4@8F @BFG4A6<8AG B9J;<6;<F@H+;8 C?HE4?<GLB9G;8A4@8F

9BE G;8 F4@8 E<I8E 4?BA: <GF 7<998E8AG F86G<BAF <F 4 ABG45?8 984GHE8 B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4

;L7EBAL@L2$HEM48IC3

+;8 F86BA7?4E:8 E<I8EB9G;8$<77?8F<4 *LE4EL4 <F@8AG<BA87 <AI8FG4HA78E G;8

A4@8)4A;42B7=48I4 C3 4A7<AG;84A6<8AGE88>FBHE68FJ4F64??8704>F4EG

04K4EG G;8F4@8 A4@8 ;47G;8C8BC?804>*4EG BAG;8 ABEG;8EA54A> B9G;8 @<77?86BHEF8

B9 G;<F E<I8E 2+45H?48 8BE4C;<6483 A G;8 $<77?8 :8F G;<F E<I8E <F @8AG<BA87 HA78E G;8

A4@8F;4E7 2.8FG C 3BE 4F;4EG 4F4EG 25A BE74758; C H7H7 4?

?4@ C <EHA< C <EHA< C3 4A7 <AG;8;<A8F8FBHE68F<G <F

@8AG<BA87<AG;89BE@0BF;40B>F;4G2"?L4F;GBEAL C3G<F<@CBFF<5?8GB4FF8EG

J<G; 6BAU78A68G;4G G;<F;L7EBAL@BE<:<A4G8F9EB@ 4A8G;ABAL@+;8BCCBF<G8F8DH8A68<F

4?FBCBFF<5?8 J;8A4GBCBAL@9BE@F4A8G;A<6A4@82$HEM48I C3+;88GL@B?B:L

B9 A4@8 04>F4EG J<G; <GF @87<8I4? I4E<4AGF 4F;4EG 4F4EG <F 4E:H87 GB 6B@8 9EB@ G;8

4A6<8AG E4A<4AYaksharta (Yaxsa-arta) J;<6; @84AFQE84? C84E?FR2$HEM48I C3

yaxsa-harta <F 4 QE<I8E B9 5E<??<4AGFR 2+E8@5?4L C 3 BE уах sа-rta QEHAA<A:

E<I8ER 2#<IF;<GF C3+;84A6<8AG+NE>F64??87G;<FE<I8E08A6;HB>HM2@4A=B?BI C$4?BI C +* C 3 J;<6; 4?FB@84AFQ'84E?)<I8ERAG;8

;<A8F8 FBHE68F<G<F@8AG<BA87HA78EG;8A4@8;=8A6;=H;8 J;<6;4?FB@84AFG;8Q'84E?

)<I8ER 4A7<F464?DH8B9G;8+HE><6A4@82$"" IB? C"?L4F;GBEAL C

"4E48I C 3A 4AG<DH<GLG;8 E<I8E%4ELAJ4F 4?FB64??87J<G; G;<FA4@8 4A7<G <F

4?FB @8AG<BA87 <AG;8 FBHE68FHA78E G;8 A4@8F$4@< ;=<;8 4G?4@ 4A7 BG;8EF+;8F8

A4@8FJ8E84?FBHF87GB78F<:A4G8G;8HCC8E4A7@<77?86BHEF8B9G;8*LE4EL4

F GB G;8 ?BJ8E J4G8E6BHEF8 <A G;8 E4? 4E84 <A 4AG<DH<GL <G ;47 G;8 A4@8 *<E J;<6;

FH5F8DH8AG?LJ4FGE4AF98EE87GBG;8J;B?8E<I8E2$HEM48IC3BEG;8UEFGG<@8G;8

A4@8 *<E <F @8AG<BA87 <A G;8 G; 68AGHEL 4A6<8AG )B@4A FBHE68F <A G;8 9BE@ *<?<F2BE5HABI4 C "?L4F;GBEAL C3+;8;<A8F8FBHE68F@8AG<BA87G;<F

'4:8/



A4@8<AG;8 9BE@ *;<8E;8 <8 G;8 E<I8E*<E +;8 A4@8 *<E <F4 78E<I4G<I8 9EB@ G;8 *4>4

JBE7sir J;<6; @84AF SSC?8AG<9H?TS SS<AHA74G<A: E<I8ETS 2$HEM48I C $<?;88I

C"?L4FGBEALC3BE9EB@+NE><6SS58A7B9G;8E<I8ER+;8JBE7sir64A58

9BE@879EB@G;8 I8E5F<ESSJ4F;BHGSS SSGB@4>84GE468TS6BAA86G87J<G;G;8EBBGirBEirim

$HEM48I C+;8 A4@8 *<E 6BH?7 4?FB 58 6BAA86G87J<G;G;8 +NE><6 8G;ABAL@

*<EE86BE787<AG;8+BALH>H>@BAH@8AG2$4?BI C $HF48I C34A7<AG;8CE8F?4@<6";BE8F@<4A6B<AF2$H;4@@47< C3+;8GE<58FSir4A7Tardush

J8E8 4 C4EG B9 G;8 Tele 6BA9878E4G<BA J;<6; 9BE@87 49G8E 7<F<AG8:E4G<BA B9 G;8 HAA<F;

8@C<E8 4A7 <A G;8 G; 68AGHEL G;8L J8E8 BA8 B9 G;8 @BFG CBJ8E9H? GE<58F <A G;8 4FG

+HE>8FG4A2B7=48I C H=48I 3 +;8?4A:H4:8B9G;8 SirGE<58

58?BA:87GB G;8 SSABEG;8EASS 4A6<8AG+NE><6?4A:H4:8 <AJ;<6;<AG;8 *<E7<4?86G4E8JE<GG8A

@BE8 G;4A @BAH@8AGF B9 G;8 4A6<8AG +NE><6 EHA<9BE@ JE<G<A:T2"?L4F;GBEAL C

3+;8BE<:<AB9G;8A4@8Sir/Sil<F4?FB?<A>87J<G;G;84A6<8AG+NE><6JBE7sel/selem

J;<6; J4FCE8F8EI87<AG;8 ;HI4F; ?4A:H4:8 J<G; 4 @84A<A: SSC84E?FR 2)* C

*;BA<LBMBI3

*B@8 ;<A8F8 FBHE68F 64?? *LE4EL4 08L8 08;L8; BE *;8F;8 *;8;F;8; 284? C3 J;<6;64A58 4 ;<8EB:?LC;<6GE4AF6E<CG<BA B9G;8 +NE><6JBE7uaruar @84A<A:

SS6HEE8AGTS SSE<I8ETS 2$4?L4I><A C ABG8 3*LE4EL44?FBJ4F 64??87 SSE<I8E

"4A:R 2'G<GF<A C3BE"4A:4E25ABE74758;C3 J;<6;<F;B@BAL@BHFJ<G;

G;88G;ABAL@KangBEKangly208E8@8L8IC3

+;8 E45F4?FB64??87 *LE4EL4*4<;HA 4A7G;8 '8EF<4AF64??87<G )H7< *4<;4A248IF>L

C%47=<54>E4ACа3BEN?M4EE<NA2'G<GF<A C3AG;858:<AA<A:B9

G;8 G;68AGHEL"4E474EL4;47G;8A4@8 H?<F;4A2-4?<;4ABI IB? C3+;8E8

<F4ABC<A<BAG;4GG;8A4@8FB9G;8E<I8EF=4<;HA4A7*4<;HAJ8E87HC?<64G8FB9G;8A4@8FB9

G;8 GJB*LE<4AABEG;8EA E<I8EF =4<;4A4A7*4<;4A2"4E48I C366BE7<A:GBG;884E?LE45<4A :8B:E4C;8EF *LE4EL4J4F4?FB64??87#BA:)<I8E4A74?";4M4E <8G;8

E<I8EB9";4M4EF24?$4FBH7<IB?C"4?<A<AC3

+;8E45I4E<4G<BAFB9G;8A4@8FB9@H4EL44A7*LE4EL4 =4<;HA4A7*4<;HA?<>8

G;8 ;<A8F8 8;8 0BF;4 4A7 ;=8F;8 6BH?7 E8V86G G;8 %8A8GF (Russian derisive

‘‘Samoed’‘) BE &5,:E<4A CEBGBGLC8F yohan ";4AG E<I8E 4A7 sioha %8A8GF SSVBJ<A:

E<I8ER204<?8A>BC3

HE<A: G;8 $<77?8 :8F *LE4EL4 J4F 4?FB 64??87 SS*;4F;T E<I8ER SS,M:4A7 E<I8ER

SS";B=8A7E<I8EQ8G6%4@<A:G;8E<I8EF5LG;86<G<8F?B64G87BAG;8@<FBA8@BE87<FG<A6G<I8984GHE8B9G;8$<77?8F<4;L7EBAL@L2$HEM48IC3

+;8 JBE7 daria (darya) J<78?L E8CE8F8AG87 <A G;8 @B78EA;L7EBAL@L B9 G;8 $<77?8

F<4 ;4FABGE4A<4A 5HGG;8?G4<?4A:H4:8FT8GL@B?B:LJ<G;G;8@84A<A:SSG;85<:6;4AA8?

B9G;8E<I8ETS 2F@B<?BI C3+;8JBE7darya (dare/dere)4F4GBCB9BE@4AGJ<G;G;8

@84A<A:SSE<I8ETS SSI4??8LTS 4E8 4?FB9BHA7<AG;8 E<@84A2*HC8E4AF>4L4 C34A7

4:4HM GBCBAL@F J;<6;<A7<E86G?L6BAUE@G;8+NE><6 BE<:<AB9<GJBE7+;88G;A<6 ;<FGBEL

B94:4HM8FC4FF8794E9EB@G;8E4A<4AC8BC?8F4A7<AG;8<E?4A:H4:8G;8E4A<4A?B4AJBE7F

4E84?@BFG45F8AGEBA"HEB:?BC

&A8B9G;8@BFG4A6<8AG$<77?8F<4;L7EBAL@F<F+H@аJ;<6;<AG;89BE@H@BF<F

E86BE787 BA G;8 'GB?8@L @4C 4F BA8 B9 GJB @4<A GE<5HG4E<8F B9 04>F4EG 2+45H?488BE4C;<6483+;8BE<:<AB9G;<FA4@8<F?<A>87J<G;A<F8<?4A:H4:8F4A7;4F8GL@B?B:L4F

'4:8/



?46>E<I8E J;<6;CEBI8FG;4GG;8+NE><6A4@8 B9G;8B9G;<FE<I8E<F464?DH8"4E474EL4

204<?8A>B C3@BA:G;8$BA:B?<4A6?4AF588GJ<AG;8Shta Uzbeks<AG;8FBHE68F

<FE86BE78746?4AShuma2;HABIC3

+;8F86BA7@4<AGE<5HG4ELB9G;804>F4EGBAG;8'GB?8@L@4C;4F4A4@84F>4G<F2+45H?48

8BE4C;<64834A76BEE8FCBA7FJ<G;G;8E<I8E%4ELA+;88GL@B?B:LB9G;<FE<I8EA4@86B@8F9EB@ G;8 *B:7<4A;L7EBAL@<F>4G 2#HE<8 C3 BE9EB@G;8+NE><6JBE7 baskak

SSCE8FF<A:TS SS6BI8E<A:TS2;@87BI C3AG;858:<AA<A: B9G;8G;68AGHELBA8

B9G;8 GE<5HG4E<8FB9 G;8 E<I8E%4ELAJ4F64??874F>4HA2-4?<;4ABI IB?C3A

BHE BC<A<BA 5BG; G;8F8 A4@8F < 8 4F>4G<F 4A7 4F>4HA 78F68A7 9EB@ G;8 ;L7EBAL@

4EF;4A4EF:4A J;<6; 4?FB:4I8<G A4@8 GBGJB 6<G<8F ?B64G87 BAG;8 54A>FB9G;8 ?4>8

FFL>>H?AG;8G;68AGHELG;8A4@8 4EF;4A ;47BA8 B9G;8E<I8EF<AI<6<A<GLB9,M:8A7

2H7H74??4@ C3 '8E'GB?8@L <A G;8 HCC8E 6BHEF8 B9G;<FE<I8E BA<GF E<:;G54A>

?<I87C8BC?84E4G482+45H?488BE4C;<6483 <8"4E4G4<J;<6;<AGE4AF?4G<BA9EB@G;8+NE><6

@84AFSS5?46>FG4??<BAR2;@87BIC3

+;8A4@8B9G;8"4E45B:4M:B?:H?9<AG;84FC<4A*84<78AG<U87J<G;G;8?4>8;486;4FG4

@8AG<BA87<ASSI8FG4TS 249HEBI C3 4?FBCEB545?L;4F4A4A6<8AGBE<:<AAG;8

G;68AGHELG;8'8EF<4AF64??87*LE4EL4E<I8Enahr4?4M4E <8";4M4E<4AE<I8E2"4?<A<A

C3 4A7 G;84FC<4AF84 bahr4?4M4E <824?$4FBH7< IB? C 8EHA<

C4?7E<F<IB? C%47=<5 53+BG;<F74LG;8'8EF<4AF64??G;84FC<4A

F844EL4<4M4E<8";4M4E<4A*84&AG;86B4FGB9G;84FC<4A*84<F@8AG<BA87G;8HMT

CBEG$4A:LF;?4> 4A7BAG;8FBHG;8EA6B4FG<F@8AG<BA87G;8?4>8LMG8A:<M<$4<78A*84

<8 G;8 ?4>8 *4EL"4@LF; 2<EHA< C 8EHA< C"4F;:4EL IB? C

IB?C3AG;8G;68AGHEL$4A:LF;?4><F@8AG<BA874?FBHA78E4'8EF<4AA4@8

*<L4;>H; 24?FG4>;E< C <EHA< C 8EHA< C

"4F;:4EL IB? C IB? C 3 5A 4?F<E64??F <G4 6<GL25A4?F<E IB? C

3AG;8'8;?8I<G8KGF<F@8AG<BA87G;8F84H:7Hdwktwk J;<6;<E84?<FG<6F4?FB64??87

4F1BEB4FG8E*842AG;B?B:<8 C 3G64A586BEE8?4G87 J<G;G;8GBCBAL@NA7B:7H

J;<6;@84AFQE<F<A:FHAR2*4I<AC3

+;8E4? F84<F 64??87<AI8FG4-BEH>4F;4 IBHE>4F4*84BE;486;4FG4 ?4>82B7=48I4

C 3 +;8 ?4FG A4@8 64@8 9EB@ G;8 &5,:E<4A JBE7 F47 J4G8E 204<?8A>B

C3A G;8;<A8F8FBHE68FG;8E4? F84<F64??871;8A;<QF4?GL?4>8R AG;8

$<77?8:8F<AG;84??H;6BHAGELG;8FBHE68F@8AG<BA87 ?4>8 <L+HMHAE7= 4?FB 64??87

+HM>H?2H7H74??4@C3QF4?GL?4>8R

$4G8E<4?FB9<FGBEL';B7=48I4GBJ;B@J85E<A:BHE:E4G<GH78

&A8B9 G;8;<A8F8A4@8FB9 G;8?4>8FFL>>H? FBHA7874F *HLL8F;HLBE*L4A;4L

4?FBQF4?GL?4>8R <AGE4AF?4G<BA BE+HM>H?2<6;HE<A IB? C$""IB?C

3G<FE84?<FG<6 GB4FFH@8G;4G G;8E4? *84 J4F4?FB64??87+HM>H? 9EB@J;<6;G;8AJ4F

64?DH87<GF ;<A8F8 A4@8 1;8A;4L&A 4$<77?8F<4@4C9EB@G;8 58:<AA<A:B9G;8 G;

68AGHELE4?*84<F64??87*4?G.4G8E#4>8<8#4>8J<G;F4?GLJ4G8E2$B??8B:E4C;3AG;8

)HF 4AA4?F G;8 E4? <F 64??87 4E> ?H8 *84 2$HEM48I C 3 A G;8 (Arabic -

Translator’s Note) @87<8I4? FBHE68F G;8 E4? *84 <F @8AG<BA87 4F ?4>8 buhaira "HE74E

"HE74A25ABE74758; C3 ";BE8F@<4A?4>8B9 buhai-rat Huvarizm24?FG4>;E< C

4?$4FBH7<C4?7E<F< IB?CIB?C$HFG4JUC3BE

G;8 F84 B9*;4F;bahr ash-Shash 2$<ABEF>L C3 J;<6; J4G8EJ4F E84??L F4?GL

5864HF84G <GF5BGGB@J4F4A HA78E:EBHA76;4AA8? 6BAA86G<A:<GJ<G;G;8 4?4M4E *8424?7E<F< IB? C3+;8 @B78EAA4@8E4? <F4?E847L @8AG<BA87<AG;8 FBHE68FB9G;8G;

'4:8/



68AGHEL24?$4FBH7<IB? C3 4A758?BA:FGBG;86<E6?8B9GBCBAL@FB9G;84A6<8AG

+NE><6C8E<B72$HF48I C35864HF8 G;8JBE7E4?J<G;G;8@84A<A:<F?4A7J4F

<AHF84@BA:G;8+NE>FFG<??<AG;8CE8F?4@<6G<@82+*C3+;8+NE>F A4@87G;<F?4>8

E4? 5864HF8 4F4A 8ABE@BHFCBB?FG4A7F?<>84A<F?4A74@BA:G;8 J4G8E?8FF7EL78F8EGFB9

G;8+HE4A?BJ?4A72$HEM48IC3

&9G;8BG;8E?4E:8 J4G8EB5=86GFG;8@87<8I4?FBHE68F@8AG<BA<AG;8$<77?8F<4 <FG;8

?4>8FF<к>H?2+H:HF;8I4 C3BEF<:>H?2H7H74??4@ C<EHA<

C"4F;:4E< IB? C%47=<5C а3J;<6;J4F4?FB64??874?H;4<E44?4EE4

BG ?4>8 2<EHA< C 3 <A G;8 ;<A8F8 FBHE68F !8;4< .4E@ BE BG *84

2<6;HE<AIB?C$""IB?C,@HEM4>BIC3&A

G;8 4?7E<F< @4C <A G;8 Karluks6BHAGEL ABEG; B9 G;8 8E:4A4 <F F;BJA G;8 ?4>8 *4@7=4A

J;<6; J4F4?FB64??87H;4<E4G4G+HE> <8SS+NE><6?4>8TS 24H58 C3 4A7<F

<78AG<U87J<G;G;8FFL>>H??4>82"H@8>BIC3

AG;8+<4A*;4A@BHAG4<AFG;8FBHE68F4?FB@8AG<BA4+HM>H??4>82H7H74??4@ C3

4 E<I8E+4@:4 4A7 4A ;B@BAL@BHF :H?9 BAG;8 ?4>8 F<:>H? 2"4F;:4E< IB? C 3 4

E<I8E+BA>VBJ<A:<AGBG;8FF<>H??4>82H7H74??4@ C3ABJG;<FA4@8;4I84C4FF

4 :?46<8E 4 E<I8E 4A7 4 F8GG?8@8AG A G;8 4A6<8AG +NE><6 GBA: @84AF SS9EBM8ATS 2%<>BABI

C3 4C4FGHE8>*4< ?4>8F0H?7HM>H? 4A7*BA>H? 2"4E48I C3 +;8

;<A8F8 FBHE68F@8AG<BA G;8E<I8E*H8LCH <GFA4@8E86BAFGEH6G874FFHCHDFHIHD2$""

IB? C3+;8E<I8EA84EG;8 6<GL &F;<AG;88E:4A4I4??8LJ4F64??87+4IHF;:4A&>HM

2"4F;:4E< C3AG;8,M:8A7FHE5HE5J8E8GJBE<I8EF 64??870454:H<AG;8(Arabic -

Translator’s Note)G8KG+54:E4A74EF;4A2H7H74??4@ C3AG;8 8E:4A4I4??8L

G;8 FBHE68F 4?FB @8AG<BA G;8 ?4>8 *<7<A>H? 2"4F;:4E< IB? C 3 E<I8EF =47:4?

;4G>4? 24?FG4>;E< C 5A4H>4? C 4?$BD4774F< C

<EHA<C34A70454>H25ABE74758; C"4F;:4E<IB? C3 4A74E4I<A8

"4E4L4?:4 2"4F;:4E< IB? C 3 A G;8 A4@8 B9 G;8 6<GL *<>H? <A G;8 ;<:<? 6BHAGEL

2H7H74??4@C34?FB<F4JBE7kulSS?4>8TS

*B@8!8G<FH;L7EBAL@F@8AG<BA87<AG;8;<A8F8FBHE68F64A586BAF<78E8764?DH8FB9

G;8 ?B64? A4@8F B9 +NE><6 BE<:<A +;8 45F8A68 B9 G;8 E4A<4A 8DH<I4?8AGF 9BE G;8F8 A4@8F

F;BJFG;4GG;8CEBGBGLC89BEG;8;<A8F864?DH8FJ8E8G;8 +NE><6A4@8F+;8L<A6?H78FH6;

GBCBAL@F4F<ANLG;BHF4A7FCE<A:F4A7+FL4AGFN4AG;BHF4A7J4G8EFBHE68F J;<6;64A

586B@C4E87J<G;G;8A4@8$<A:5H?4>+;8A4@8B9G;86<GL;<:H6;8AJ;<6;<FHFH4??L

?B64G87BAG;8FBHG;84FG 54A>B9G;8?4>8FFL>>H? @84AFSS6<GLB94 E87I4??8LTS @4G6;<A:

G;8+NE><6A4@8"LML?FHAG;<F4E84G;8E<I8EF;BA"LML?FH4A7"<6;<"LML?FHVBJ<AGBG;8?4>82,@HEM4>BIC,@HEM4>BIC3

+;8 E<I8EJ;<6;<F<EE<:4G<A:G;8*;4F; CEBI<A68<AG;8G;68AGHELJ4F64??87%4;E4G

+HE>25ABE74758; C 4?$4FBH7< C 4?FG4>;E<C5A4H>4?

C4?$4FBH7<C3BE%4;E4?GE4>24G+454E<F8E??C3<8

G;8E<I8EB9+NE>F 4A74?FB4F%4;E<+HE><FG4A2"4E48I C3AG;8'8EF<4A?<A:H4?

FBHE68F<GJ4F64??87&5<'BEL4>BE&5<+HE>204M7< Cа3+;8@B78EAA4@8;<E6;<>

B9G;<FE<I8E4?FB;4F+NE><6BE<:<A J<G;8GL@B?B:Lsir + chik <8*@4??*<E5864HF8<G<F4

GE<5HG4ELB9*LE4EL42"BE48I C3BE<G6B@8F9EB@G;8+NE><6JBE7chadir/chayir SSC4FGHE8TS 2$HEM48I CB5BLBEBI 3+;<FA4@8<F @8AG<BA87<AG;8

'4:8/



*B:7<4A7B6H@8AGА<AG;89BE@ ;4:<E6;<>ch'grchyk 2*$ C 3

BE;47<E6;<>ch'drchyk 2E8A8G C3 <AG;8 8CBFSS$4A4FTS <G <F:<I8A <AG;8

9BE@;4L<E6;<>2"BE48I 3 4A75L45HE<AG;8 9BE@ ;<E245HEA4@8 C

а аб 3A BHE BC<A<BA G;8 A4@8 B9G;<FE<I8E64A 4?FB58 6BAA86G87J<G; 4A

8G;ABAL@Chagirak BEChagirat 24EGB?7C3

+;EBH:; G;8 ?4> I4??8L EHAF G;8 E<I8E <E>< FCE4A: <A G;8 ;B@BAL@BHF @BHAG4<AF 4A7

6BAGE<5HGBELGBG;8E<I8E<AG;8*;4F;2"4E48I C3+;<FA4@8 ?<>8G;8F<@<?4E$<E><

4A7<74><4?FB64A;4I8+NE><6BE<:<A

+;8@87<8I4?FBHE68F@8AG<BA<AG;8";BE8F@G;8GBCBAL@*H"4E4"4E4FH<AGE4AF?4G<BA

SS?46>.4G8ETS 25A4?F<EIB? C3+;8 E<I8E4EF4A EHAA<A:A84EG;8 6<GLH?5H>

J4F4?FB64??87;F;H <8>FHSS.;<G8.4G8ETS25A";BE74758; C 4?FG4>;E< C

5A4H>4?C4?$BD4774F<C3<GE8G4<A87G;<FA4@8HCGBCE8F8AG>FH<F4

?89G <AVBJ B9 G;8 "H?L4574EL4 &A8 B9 G;8 6<G<8F<A G;8 "H547<4A CEBI<A68 ;47 G;8 A4@8

*4>4E4 BE*H>4E4 24?$BD4774F< C 3+;8 A4@8 B9G;8 6<GL *4<E4@ BE*4EL4@<A G;8

*LE4EL4 54F<A 2"4F;:4E< IB? C IB? C 3 @84AF SSF;4??BJ 54A>TS

SSF;B4?<A8FFTS2$HEM48IC3&AG;8$<77?8F<4@4CB9G;8E88>GE4I8?8E-4F<?<B-4G46;8G;8E<I8E14E49F;4A

<F78F<:A4G874FG;8E<I8Ekaraσ oυι (Κ4E4FH<<A<GF?BJ8E6BHEF8BAG;8?89G54A>J4F46<GL

kapako λ (Κ4E46B? 2"4@B?<77<A C 3 +;<F F;BJF G;4G 4G G;4G G<@8 G;8 E<I8E

14E49F;4AJ4F58GG8E >ABJA5L<GF+NE><6A4@8"4E4FH 4A7<A<GF?BJ8E6BHEF8FGBB746<GL

"4E4>H? A G;8 EBBG B9 G;8 GBCBAL@ "4E4>H? G;4G FG<?? 8K<FG G<?? ABJ ?4LF G;8 4A6<8AG

;L7EBAL@"4E4>H?J;<6;@84AFSS5?46>?4>8TS

AG;8G;68AGHEL<AG;8H>;4E4CEBI<A68<F@8AG<BA87G;8?4>8*4@7=4A*4@>;I4F;

I4M4 4E:<A< 4E4>; 24?FG4>;E< C H7H7 4??4@ C 3 4?FB 64??87 J<G; G;8

+NE><6A4@8F"4E4>H?4A7 <A:<M2%4EF;4;<L C #HE<8 C366BE7<A: GBG;8

5A4H>4?@4CG;8E<I8E*B:714E49F;4A"4E4FHE4A<AGBG;8";4E4>;4M?4>825A4H>4?

C @4C 876;<A4 C 3<A J;<6; A4@8 64A 58 F88A4 789BE@87 9BE@ B9 G;8

;L7EBAL@ "4E4>H? +;8 F4@8 A4@8 <F @8AG<BA87 BA G;8 'GB?8@L @4C <A G;8 9BE@

Characharta 2+45H?48 8BE4C;<6483 +;<F F;BJF G;4G <A G;8 H>;4E4 CEBI<A68 <A G;8

58:<AA<A:B9BHE8E44?BA:F<78J<G;G;8E4A<4A?<A:H4?CBCH?4G<BA4?FB?<I87+NE><6FC84><A:

CBCH?4684A74?E847LG;8AG;<F?4>8;47G;8+NE><6A4@8

G64A586BA6?H787G;4GG;8+NE><6A4@8B9G;8*B:7E<I8E"4E4FH 7B6H@8AG87<AG;8#4G8

$<77?8:8@4C J4F4F4A6<8AG4FG;8A4@8"4E4>H? 4A7J4FHF875LG;8 *B:7<4A+NE><6FC84><A:CBCH?4G<BA 8I8A <A G;8 UEFG 68AGHE<8F I8A ABJ G;8 A4@8 14E49F;4A 64EE<8F

BA?L<GF?BJ8EJ4G8E6BHEF8 J;8E84F<GFHCC8E4A7@<77?86BHEF8<F64??87"4E474EL4+;8EBBG

B9G;8 ;L7EBAL@F"4E4>H? "4E4FH4A7"4E474EL4 <FG;8+NE><6JBE7>4E4SS5?46>TS&A8B9

6;4AA8?FB9G;8E<I8E14E49F;4A58?BJ*4@4E>4A7J4F64??87>74EL4

+;8 A4@8F 78F<:A4G<A: I4E<BHF 6B?BEF J;<G8 5?46> E87 8G6 58?BA: GB G;8 84E?<8FG

?4L8EFB9 G;8;<FGBE<64? GBCBAL@F&A8 B9G;8@BFG4A6<8AG ;L7EBAL@F<AG;8$<77?8F<4<F

+H@а J;<6; <A G;8 9BE@ H@BF <F E86BE787 BA G;8 'GB?8@L @4C 4F BA8 B9 GJB @4<A

<AVBJFB9 G;8 04>F4EG 2+45H?48 8BE4C;<6483 +;8 BE<:<A B9 G;<F A4@8 <F ?<A>87 J<G; G;8

A<F8<?4A:H4:8FJ<G;8GL@B?B:L4F?46>E<I8EJ;<6;6BEEB5BE4G8F<GF+NE><664?DH8<AG;8

A4@8B9G;<FE<I8E"4E474EL4204<?8A>B C3 AG;8 "4F;>474EL4I4??8L*BHG;8EA

*B:7BA8B9G;8@BFG4A6<8AGA4@8F<FG;8;L7EBAL@H@BE86BE787<AG;89BE@7H@B<AG;8 ;<A8F8 FBHE68FB9 G;8 PG; 68AGHE<8F2<6;HE<A IB? C"NA8E C

'4:8/



ABG8 3 4A74?FB<AG;8 *;4E49477<A?<04M7<SS1494EA4@8TS<AG;8 9BE@ +H@ FHI<4FBA8

B94EL>F<AG;8I<6<A<G<8FB9"4EF;<204M7<C04M7<C3+;8BE<:<AB9G;8;L7EBAL@

+H@а <F 4?FB ?<A>87 J<G; G;8 A<F8< ?4A:H4:8F J<G; 8GL@B?B:L ?46> E<I8E 204<?8A>B

C 3@BA: G;8 $BA:B?<4A6?4AF<A6?H7<A: <AG;8"<G4< ,M58>F <F4 6?4AJ<G;G;8

A4@8+H@42;HABIC3

AG;8'GB?8@L6B@CBF<G<BA4A7BA;<F@4C<F@8AG<BA87G;8?89G<AVBJB9@H4EL4&KHF

VH 64??87 4E:B@4A 4E:4@4A<F VH BE<:<A4G87 <A G;8 <A7H>HF; '4EBC4A<9HF

@BHAG4<AF2+45H?488BE4C;<6483AG;8@87<8I4?FBHE68F<F@8AG<BA87G;8E<I8E47<E:4@

EHAA<A:A84EH?@4<A G;8 +B6;4E<FG4A 24G+454E< F8E C 5A";BE747;58; C

5ABE74758; C3 <78AG<U87J<G;G;8 E<I8E>F4E4< "HA7HM74EL42#4M4E7 E8A8G 78

#4@58EG8E<8 C'<4A>BI C 3A 4AG<DH<GL<G @4L;4I8588A4?FB 64??87

4E:B@4A 2H@54; C3 HE<A:G;8 4E?L$<77?8:88CB6;4@BA:G;88E:4A4

+NE>FJ4FCBCH?4EG;8A4@84E:@4A24G+454E< F8E?? C 3BE+4E7=H@4A25A

4?4><; C3 *HCCBF87?L G;<FA4@8 <F4 7<4?86G4?9BE@ B9G;88G;ABAL@ turkman

2+B:4ACC08E8@8L8IC3

EB@4AG<DH<GL G;84FG8EA'4@<EJ4FCBCH?4G875LG;8+NE><6GE<58F 4A7G;8@4=BE<GLB9G;8

A4@8F9BEG;8?B64? ?4>8F;4F4 +NE><6BE<:<A "4E4>H? )4A:>H? 1BE>H? *;BE>H?04F;<?

>H? 4F>H? 8G6 278?@4A C3 $4ALB9 G;8F8 A4@8F J8E8 4?FBHF877HE<A: G;8

$<77?8 :8F+NE><6 GBCBAL@F@4>8 4 F<:A<U64AG C4EG4CCEBK<@4G8?L B9 G;8@B78EA

GBCBAL@F B9 +47=<><FG4A 2<6G<BA4EL B9 :8B:E4C;<64? G8E@F 4A7 BG;8E JBE7F 9BE@<A:

GBCBAL@FB9G;8+47=<>**)$*6<8A6858?BJQ<6G<BA4ELRC3

+;8 A4@8 B9 G;8 E<I8EGE8> EHAA<A: <A G;8 I<6<A<GL B9 HE:4A 4A7 VBJ<A: <AGB G;8

4FC<4A*84 6BH?7 58 9BE@879EB@G;8JBE7turk 4A7@84ASSE<I8EB9 JB?I8FTS 8A68 G;<F

A4@8 64A;4I8 I8EL4A6<8AG BE<:<A4A758 4+NE><664?DH8 B9 G;8 A4@8 B9G;8 E<I8E HE:4A

'8EF<4A SSE<I8E B9 JB?I8FTS VBJ<A: <A F4@8 4E84 2#B:4F;BI4 C 3 @BA: G;8

+NE>F7HE<A:G;8$<77?8:8FJ4FCBCH?4EG;8A4@8GE4>*BG;86B@@4A78EB9 Guz><A:

<A";BE8F@J4FGE4>4FBAB94?"4G4A25A47?4ASS+E4I8?TSC3

&HGF<78<9G;8$<77?8F<4 @4AL;L7EBAL@F4E84?FB6BAA86G87J<G;G;8+NE>F 8FC86<4??L<A

G;8 ABEG;8EA C4EG B9 HE4F<4 *B G;8 E<I8E04<>4+F(.&11= 6*3&2*) .3 8-* 8- (*3896= '=

Russ. Tsarina to Ural - Translator’s Note) VBJ<A: 4?BA: G;8 ABEG;J8FG8EA 5BE78E B9 G;8

$<77?8 F<4 BA G;8 'GB?8@L @4C <F 64??87 4<>F &.< G9:.97 2+45H?48 8BE4C;<6483 4

#4G<A GE4AF?<G8E4G<BA B9 G;8+NE><6 JBE7djaik (Yaik) @84A<A: SSVBB7<A: E<I8ETS 24EGB?7

а C3AG;85A47?4AABG8FG;<FE<I8E<F64??87=4L<>;25A47?4ASS+E4I8?TSC

3+;8 A4@8 B9G;8E<I8E"H54A E86BE7875L8EB7BGHF<A G;8 9BE@ <C4A<F 6B@8F9EB@G;8+NE><6JBE7kuban J;<6;@84AFSSE4:<A:TS SSEHF;<A:TS 2H?<8I4 C3+;8

A4@8B9G;8MBI *84<F9BE@879EB@ G;8+NE><6JBE7azaw 2)47?BI IB? C3

4A7 <AG;8LM4AG<A8 FBHE68FG;<FF84 J4F64??87"4E<C4?H> J;<6;<A+NE><6 @84AFSS6<GLB9

UF;8FTS BESSUF;6<GLTS 2+EH546;8I C3HE<A: G;8$<77?8:8FG;8E<I8E-B?:4

;47 G;8 A4@8 G<? BEG<? G<? 7<?2H7H74??4@ C +* C 5A 47?4A

SS+E4I8?TS C 3 "4@4 J4F 4?FB 64??87 ;H?@4A 2H74:BI C 3

*4@4E4 J4F 64??87 *H>@4E 2H74:BI C 3 4AH58 J4F64??87 +HA4 2H74:BI

C3 4A7G;8A<8FG8EJ4F64??87+HE?4 2H74:BI C3+;8 @BHG;B9G;8

E<I8EBAJ4F64??87"<E?42H74:BIC3+;8E<I8EHC;E4G8F<AG;8$8FBCBG4@<4

;47 4?FB4+NE><6 A4@8 +47:HA2+* C3+;8F84:H?9FBHG;9EB@ A7<4 ;47 G;8A4@8

+HE4A2<EHA<C3

'4:8/



+;8+NE>F64??87G;8?46>F84"4E478A<M8:84AF84>78A<M2)47?BI IB?C

3 4A7E6G<6B684A> G4?4<2)47?BI т C3 +;8 F84 B9G;8 E6G<6 &684A G<??

ABJ<F64??87"4EF*84 4A7<A+NE><6<F64??87"4E78A:<M< @84A<A:SS*ABJ *84TS 214><L8I

C3+;8;<A8F8FBHE68F@8AG<BA87464?DH8B9G;<FA4@8>F;<EL4>J;<6;

4?FB@84AFSS*ABJ *84R2$"" IB? C 3$4ALB9G;8*<58E<4AE<I8EF;4I8+NE><6

A4@8 EG<F;EG<F;2"4F;:4E< IB?CH7H74??4@CH7H74??4@C34A7 *8?8A:4 2H74:BI C3+;8 E<I8E &5J4F4?FB 64??87,@4E2H74:BI

C)47?BI IB? C3A<F8<J4F64??87"8@FH2)47?BI C3

4A7*I<L4:4J4F64??871HL42H74:BI C3+;8 G;68AGHELFBHE68F@8AG<BA <A

G;8 4FG+HE>8FG4AG;8?4>8F*<7<A:>H?0H?7HM>H?<>H? "BEHA:>H?2"4F;:4E< IB? C

3+HM>H?2H7H74??4@ C3 4A74?FBE<I8EF,?H:>8=:4A "<6;<>>8=:4A

M:<E4> F@<G4E<@ >><B>HM +H@HF;:4A&:HM "<MFHI< 2"4F;:4E< IB? C

IB?C 3 "4F;4A7"4E4"4F;B>HM 24?<EHA< C

"4F;:4E< IB? C3J;<6;;4I8>8CGG;8<EA4@8FG<??ABJ+;8;<A8F8FBHE68F@8AG<BA

G;8 E<I8E#B 2"NA8E C3 J;<6;A4@8 <FE86BAFGEH6G87 4F+H:?428< F;H C

3

Oronims

+;84A6<8AG+NE><6GBCBAL@F6BAA86G87J<G;G;8A4@8FB9G;8@BHAG4<AF4E8E<6;8FGG<F

>ABJAG;4G@BHAG4<AFJ8E86BAF<78E87F46E875LG;8+NE>F<AG;8<EI<F<BA<AG;8@BHAG4<AF

?<I87G;8B724EGB?7 аC3+;84A6<8AG+NE>FE8I8E87@BHAG4<AF4?BA:J<G;G;8

F>LFHA4A7BG;8EA4GHE4?B5=86GF 4A7G;8E89BE84??G;8G8EE<GBELB9G;88AGE4?F<4<F6BI8E87

J<G; G;BHF4A7FB9 F46E87 @BHAG4<AF 2$HEM48I C %494FBI C 3

$4;@H7 "4F;:4E< JEBG8 G;4G G;8 <AU78? +NE>F 8I8ELG;<A: ?4E:8 G;8L F4J G;8 F>L 5<:

@BHAG4<A;H:8GE8864??87Tangri4A7JBEF;<CC872"4F;:4E<IB?C3+;8+NE>F;8?7

G;8+<4A*;4A@BHAG4<AFF46E874A764??87G;8@+4A:E<G4:5864HF8 <AG;8<E58?<89F <AG;8F8

@BHAG4<AF J8E8FC<E<G 4A7;84I8A?LCBJ88E 2";4F4ABI C 3 +;84A6<8AG +NE><6

EHA<9BE@@BAH@8AGF<F@8AG<BA87G;8F46E87@BHAG4<A&GH>4A J;<6;J4F4A4A68FGE4?;B@8

B9 G;8 4A6<8AG +NE>F2'BG4CBI C 3 SS4AF;HTS FG68AGHEL E8?4LF G;4G G;8

64C<G4? B9 8E:4A4 J4F 4 6<GL H<F;4A6;8A G;8 A4@8TF @84A<A: <F SS<GL 4G E8I8E87

@BHAG4<ATS 2BEBI>BI4C3AG;868E4@<6FBEA4@8AGFB9G;8"HF;4AG<@89EB@G;8

F8GG?8@8AG '4LBA>HE:4A ?B64G87 4G G;8 9BBG;<??F B9 G;8 4<FHAG4H CE87B@<A4G8 @BG<I8F

6BAA86G87 J<G; G;8 FL@5B?<F@ B9G;8@BHAG4<AF4A7 ;84I8A?L4E6; J<78FCE847 4@BA: G;8

AB@47<6GE<58F?<I<A:<AG;88KG8AF<I8G8EE<GBE<8F8A6?BF875LG;8@BHAG4<AF257H??48IC3

+;8 BEBA<@F J<G; GBCB9BE@4AG -tag (-dag) BE tau 4E8 7<FGE<5HG87 <A G;8 $<77?8 F<4 G;8

:E84G8FG+;8GBCBAL@F58?BA:<A:G;<F:EBHCJ8E8E86BE787UEFG<AG;84A6<8AGE88>FBHE68F

8EB7BGHF6<G8F4?8:8A7 466BE7<A:GBJ;<6;G;8 G;E88 FBAFB9+4E:<G4< ?<I87<AG;8?GHAG4:

@BHAG4<AF 4A7EB4@87 G;8 C4FGHE8F<A G;8 $4FG4: 4E84 257HE4;@4ABI C 3+;8

UEFG B9G;8F8 GBCBAL@F<F 9BE@879EB@ G;8 +NE><6 JBE7Faltun4A7tag4A7 @84AFSSB?78A

$BHAG4<ATS 4A7 G;8 F86BA7 <F 9BE@87 9EB@ G;8 JBE7F mus 4A7 tag SS 4A7 @84AF 68$BHAG4<ATS 2"4E48I C 3 +;8 GBCBAL@F ?GHAG4: 4A7 $HMG4: 8A7HE87 HAG<?

'4:8/



CE8F8AG <A6?H7<A: G;8 G8EE<GBEL B9 G;8 $<77?8 F<4 257HE4;@4ABI C 3 A G;8

'8;?8I4A6B@CBF<G<BASS*;4;E<FG4A;4<E4ATS <GLB9E4A<F@8AG<BA87G;8@BHAG4<A>G4:

B?78A @BHAG4<A J;8E8 J4F 4 +NE><6 "4:4A ;847DH4EG8EF 2'<:H?8I C 3 +;8

@BHAG4<A>G4:<F4?FB@8AG<BA87<AG;8LM4AG<A8FBHE68F2$BE4I6F<>C3AG;8

"LML?"H@78F8EG4E8E8@A4AG@BHAG4<AF=H@HEG4H J;<6;A4@8<F9BE@879EB@G;84A6<8AG

+NE><6 JBE7 dju ~ mur 4A7 GBCB9BE@4AG Ptau 4A7 GB:8G;8E <G @84AF SSEBHA7@BHAG4<AFTS 2"4E48I C3AG;8ABEG;8EA ";BE8F@<F 4@BHAG4<A"H54G4HJ;<6;

A4@8 <F 9BE@879EB@ G;8 4A6<8AG +NE><6 JBE7 cuba 4A7 @84AF SSV4G @BHAG4<ATS 2"4E48I

C3+BG;8F4@864G8:BEL4?FB58?BA:FG;8BEBA<@?4LG4H2"4F;:4E<IB? C

3

@BA: G;8 +NE><6 C8BC?8F G;8 +<4A*;4A @BHAG4<AF J8E8 64??87 +4A:E<G4: <G @84AF

SS84I8A?L $BHAG4<AFTS 2$HEM48I C $<?;88I C 3 +;8 ;<A8F8

A4@8 +<4A*;4A 4?FB @84AF SS84I8A?L @BHAG4<AFTS 4A7 <F 4 64?DH8 B9 G;8 +NE><6 A4@8

+4A:E<G4: *<@4 (<4A JEBG8 G;4G G;8 HAF 64??87 @BHAG4<AF 4<F;4A < 8 +<4A*;4A

SS84I8A?LTS J;<6; F;BJF G;4G G;8 4A6<8AG HAF4?E847LHF87 G;8 +NE><6 A4@8 +4A:E<G4:

2";4F4ABI C3+;8 A4@84<F;4A?<>8G;8 *N8F;4A*ABJ @BHAG4<AF @4L58

788@87GB58 64?DH8FB9G;8?B64? A4@8 "4E?L>G4:*ABJ@BHAG4<AF2$4?L4I><A C

ABG8F3

+;8 E86BLM4AG<A8 ;<FGBE<4A !BE74A JE<G8F G;4G G;8 E<I8E +4A4<F *LE4EL4

BE<:<A4G8F<ASS@BHAG4<AFB9 HAFTS @BAG<5HF;E<AABEH@2'8GEBI C3+;8+<4A

*;4A@BHAG4<AFJ;8E8*LE4EL4BE<:<A4G8F J4F64??87SS@BHAG4<AFB9+HE>8FG4ATS 4A7G;8

;847J4G8EFB9*LE4EL47BJAGBG;8;F<>4GJ4F64??87G;8SS+HE>6BHAGELTS 24UM<5EH

C3

AG;8 SSI8FG4TS4E8@8AG<BA87G;8 @BHAG4<AF4E48E8M4<G<@ J;<6;4E8<78AG<U87J<G;G;8+<4A*;4A 2"?L4F;GBEAL *H?G4ABI C "H>?<A C 3 BE '4@<EB?4L

2HF;>BI CB7=48I4C3BJ8I8E<GF88@FG;4GG;<F <78AG<U64G<BA<F

HAC8EFH4F<I8 5864HF8 4?@BFG 4?? GBCBAL@F<A G;8F8 @BHAG4<AF4E8 +NE><6 5864HF8 4A6<8AG

E4A<4A GBCBAL@F G;8E8 4E8 4?@BFG 45F8AG $BE8 6BAI<A6<A: <F G;8 <78AG<U64G<BA B9 G;8

I8FG4A@BHAG4<AFJ<G;@BE8FBHG;8EA@BHAG4<AFB9G;8'4@<EB<A7H>HF;2'H:46;8A>BI4

)GI8?47M8C3J;<6;5E<FG?8J<G;4A6<8AGE4A<4AA4@8FJ;8E84FG;84A6<8AG+NE><6

GBCBAL@F 4E84?@BFG45F8AG8F<78F <AG;8'8;?8I<4AFBHE68SSHA74;<F;ATS G;8F8@BHAG4<AF

4E864??87?5HEM?5BEM2B7=48I4 C3 J;<6;CB<AGFGBG;8?B64G<BA<AG;8?5HEF

@BHAG4<AF<AG;8 ABEG;B9E4A+;8 45F8A68B9G;8E4A<4A64?DH8B9A4@8 +4A:E<G4:4??BJF

GB 787H68 G;4G G;8 +<4A*;4A @BHAG4<AF J8E8 <A<G<4??L >ABJA 5L G;8<E +NE><6 A4@8 9EB@

J;<6;FH5F8DH8AG?LJ4F64?DH87G;8;<A8F8A4@8+<4A*;4A+;8 ;<A8F8FBHE68F64??G;8 +<4A*;4A@BHAG4<AF ?<>8G;8'4@<E@BHAG4<AF+FHA#<A

J;<6; @84AF SS&A<BAF @BHAG4<AFTS A G;8F8 @BHAG4<AF 4?@BFG 8I8ELJ;8E8 :EBJF G;8

@BHAG4<A BA<BAF J<G; 45BHG 4 ;HA7E87 B9 FC86<8F +;8E89BE8 G;8 +<4A*;4A 4A7 '4@<E

@BHAG4<AF 9EB@ 4AG<DH<GL 45BHA7 <A +NE><6 A4@8F B9 I4E<BHF BA<BA FC86<8F +;8 ;<A8F8

6BH?7 64?DH8 G;8F8 BEBA<@F 4A7E8A78E G;8@ <A G;8 :8A8E4?<M87 +FHA?<A < 8 G;8 &A<BAF

$BHAG4<AF2,@HEM4>BI C3*<@4(<4A A4EE4G<A:G;88I8AGFB9G;8G;68AGHEL

@8AG<BAF 4 CBFF8FF<BA 8:HA +FML4A:HA J;<6; <F E86BAFGEH6G87 <A G;8 9BE@ "LE:HA

@84A<A:G;8SSFG8CC8HAFTS2'8GEBIC3

AG;8E45<6FBHE68FG;8?4<E<7:8<F@8AG<BA87HA78E4A4@8?4?4+4H2"4F;:4E< IB?

C3 4A74?FBHGG4@25A4?4><; C4?FG4>;E< C 3 J;<6;<FBA8 B9 G;8 +<58G 4A6<8AG A4@8F 2%<>BABI C 3 A G;8 F4@8 C?468 4E8 @8AG<BA87

'4:8/



@BHAG4<AF?4L<:46;2"4F;:4E<IB?C3EH>GHEH>2"4F;:4E<IB? C34A7

"4E4L4?:4 2"4F;:4E< IB? C 3 <A G;8 8E:4A4 I4??8L +;8 ?5HEF @BHAG4<AF <A G;8

";HE4F4A 7HE<A: G;8 $<77?8 :8F J8E8 64??87 *<L4; "H;?46> 4A7 4G+HE> @BHAG4<AF

2"4?<A<A C 3 +;8 '4@<E @BHAG4<AF 78E<I87 G;8<E A4@8 9EB@ G;8 +NE><6 JBE7

@84A<A: SSFH@@8E C4FGHE8TS 2F>4A74EBI C3 A G;8E45<6 FBHE68F G;8@BHAG4<A

6;4<A 8KG8A7<A:9EB@ G;8 '4@<EGB G;84H64FHFJ4F 64??87 4?"45>25A";BE747;58; C 3BE4?"45;2$4FBH7< IB? C3J<G;8GL@B?B:L9EB@ G;8+NE><6 JBE7kapyk

:4G85864HF8G;8F8@BHAG4<AFF8C4E4G8G;8$<77?8F<49EB@G;8F<4$<ABE2$<M<8I

C3+;8A4@8 B9G;8?4?4G4H@BHAG4<AF2"4F;:4E< IB? C3 9BE@879EB@ G;8

JBE7 ala TS@BG?8LTS SS@H?G<6B?BHE87TS SSFCBGGLTS 2<6G<BA4EL C 3 58?BA:F GB G;8 @BFG

4A6<8AG +NE><6 GBCBAL@F B9 G;8 CE8?G4< C8E<B7 2$HF48I C 3 A G;8 SSH7H7

4?4?4@TS<F@8AG<BA87$4AF$4A4F@BHAG4<AJ<G;G;84?4F4:HA@BHAG4<AF2H7H74?

?4@C3<AG;8SSI8FG4TS<F@8AG<BA87$4AHF;4<78AG<U87J<G;$4A4FC84><AG;8HCC8E

6BHEF8B9'F>8@<A+8E?4G4HE<7:82HF;>BICB7=48I4C3

+;8 ?4>$BHAG4<A ;B@BAL@BHFJ<G; G;8 E<I8E BE<:<A4G87 G;8E8J4F64??87 <E>< +;8E<I8EVBJ87G;EBH:;G;8J;B?8?4>4A7=B<A87G;8E<I8E4F;*;4F;2"4E48IC3+;8

"45H?<FG4A @BHAG4<AF J;8E8 CE<BE GB G;8 E45 6BADH8FG EH?87 +NE><6 Kabul-shakhs J4F

64??87"4L45<F;2<EHA< C3+;8E84?FBJ4F4 @BHAG4<A64??87H:E4 9EB@J;<6;

466BE7<A: GB G;8 ?8:8A7 78FJ68A787 G;8 CE8@BE7<4? 4A68FGBE "45H? +NE><6 EH?8EF4E4>;

+8:<A2<EHA<C4?<EHA<C3

AG;8@87<8I4?BEBAL@LB9G;8$<77?8F<44E8E86BE787A4@8FB9@BHAG4<A6;4<AF9BE@87

J<G; G;8 4A6<8AG +NE><6 GBCB9BE@4AG art @84A<A: SS@BHAG4<A C4FFTS SS@BHAG4<ATS BE

SS;<:;?4A7S 9BE 8K4@C?8 :E47=4EG !49:H4EG 474?4EG H>46;4EG 14A5<4EG "4I4>4EG

"H@<F;4EG$47=4A>4EG +4AM4:4EG +BEH:4EG 8G62H7H74??4@C"4F;:4E<IB?

C IB?C 3 +;8A4@8FJ<G;G;86B@CBA8AG art 8A7HE87 GBG;<F

74L <AG;8@B78EABEBAL@LB9 G;8 8AGE4? +<4A*;4A <AG;8A4@8FB9 G;8C4FF8F4A7E<I8EF

J<G;FBHE68F8@4A4G<A:9EB@G;8I<6<A<GLB9G;8F8C4FF8F>4EG:46;4EGCL>4EG 4?L:

4EG "4GLA4EG "B>4EG "BEH>4EG "LML?4EG "H:4EG $HM4EG +BEH>4EG 8G6 2";4F4ABI

C "4E48I C"4E48I C3*B@8 A4@8FJ<G; art <A G;8

'4@<E@BHAG4<AF -B74EG BI4EG G;8 1H?H@4EG 2'B>BG<?B C*<7BEBI C

3 *B@8 GBCBAL@F J<G; G;8 6B@CBA8AG art @4<A?L J8E8 CE8F8EI87 <A G;8 G8EE<GBEL B9

"LE:LMFG4A +HI4 $BHAG4<A?G4< 4A7 .8FG8EA "4F;:4E<4 2,@HEM4>BI C 3+;8

F4@8 GBCB9BE@4AG <A G;8 7<4?86G4? 9BE@ alt J<G; @84A<A: SS9BBG;<??FTS J4F CE8F8EI87 <A4:4HM@<6EBGBCBAL@F2EBA "HEB:?B C3+;<FGBCB9BE@4AG64A4?FB589BHA7<A

G;8;L7EBAL@04>F4EGBA8B94A6<8AGA4@8FB9*LE4EL42%<>BABIC3

+;8 A4@8F B9 @4AL @BHAG4<AF 4E8 6BAA86G87 J<G; @<A8E4? 78CBF<GF *B <A G;8 @87<8I4?

FBHE68F4E8@8AG<BA87 FH6; BEBA<@F 4F"B@HEG4:B4? $BHAG4<A2+* C3 8@HE

G4:EBA$BHAG4<A24?7E<F<C3?GHAG4:B?7$BHAG4<A2+* C"4E48I

C3?GHA>4A2+*C"4F;:4E< IB? CIB? C34>LE?L:G4:BCC8E

@BHAG4<A 2+* C 3 BF;HA74: #847 @BHAG4<A 2$B??4M478 C 3

"H@HF;>4A2*;B@<LC38G6

'4:8/



+;8 ;<A8F8 FBHE68F@8AG<BAB74 @BHAG4<AF<A G;8 6BHAGEL*H8*HL45 G;8<EA4@84E8

E86BAFGEH6G874F474?878?2$""IB?C3+;8A4@8474?4EG;47J<G;BA8B9

C4FF8F<A G;8 +<4A*;4A @BHAG4<AF2H7H7 4??4@ C "4F;:4E< IB? C 3+;8

A4@8B9G;8 "8G8A@BHAG4<A+FM874A (<4GG4A ?B64G87 GBG;8 ABEG;B9G;8 *H8*HL45

E<I8E2$""IB?C364A586B@C4E87J<G;G;88G;ABAL@"<74A*B@8BEBA<@FB9G;8

!8G<FH @8AG<BA87 5L G;8;<A8F8 FBHE68F 64A58 64?DH8FB9 G;8 ?B64? A4@8FB9G;8+NE><6BE<:<ABE8K4@C?8#<AF;4A68$BHAG4<AF4E8$HM4EGBE$HMG4:4A7G;8;<F;4A)87

$BHAG4<AF4E8"LML?G4:2$""IB? C,@HEM4>BI C"4E<@BI4C

3

+;8 FBHE68F 4E8 4?FB @8AG<BA<A: G;8 +4@:46; @BHAG4<AF A84E 4F*<A (China -

Translator’s Note) 25A4?F<E IB? C3 "4?4F FG8CC8 4A7 *45?L:@BHAG4<AF<A G;8

;46;4E8425A4H>4?C3 "4E46;H>@BHAG4<AF<AG;8*LE4EL4 54F<A2"4F;:4E< IB?

C3+;8@BHAG4<A6;4<AGBG;8FBHG;B9G;84FC<4A*84?5HEFJ4F64??87*<L4;"H;

?46>@BHAG4<AF 4A74G+HE>2"4?<A<A C 3$BHAG4<AF4G G;8 FBHG;84FG 54A>B9

G;8 4FC<4A*84;47G;8A4@84?>;4ABE4?>;4A>H;24<;4>< C

3

HE<A: G;8 $<77?8 :8F <A G;8 *LE4EL4 54F<A <F @8AG<BA87 G;8 6<GL *4<E4@ BE *4E<4@

9BE@879EB@G;8+NE><6JBE7sairam J;<6;@84AFSSF;B4?<A8FFTS 2"4F;:4E< IB? C

IB? C3 .<G;G;<FGBCBAL@<F <78AG<U87G;8@8AG<BA87 <AG;8 SSI8FG4TSA4@8 B9G;8

*4<E<I4AG@BHAG4<A?B64G87<AG;8@BHAG4<AFB9G;8+HE>8FG4A<E<7:82HF;>BIC3

A G;8 +BALH>H> <AF6E<CG<BA 4E8 @8AG<BA87 G;8 "4E4 >H@ F4A7 2$4?BI C 3

J;<6;64A58?B64G87<AG;8E4?4E84&AG;854A>B9G;8";BE8M@E4??4>8G;8FBHE68FB9

G;8G;68AGHEL@8AG<BA;4:LEB:HM=4:<E4:HE24?FG4>;E<C5A4H>4?C3BE

=49E4:HA @BHAG4<A 24?7E<F< C 3 J;<6; A4@8 6B@8F 9EB@ G;8 +NE><6 8G;ABAL@

Chagirak BEChagirat 24EGB?7C3

*B@8 @87<8I4? BEBA<@F 4E8 9BE@87 J<G; G;8 '8EF<4A GBCB9BE@4AG –kuh ?<>8 G;8

<F;54E@4>>H; @BHAG4<A 2$HFG4JU C 3 <A G;8 !8GLFH 4A7 =47:4?>H; @BHAG4<A

2$HFG4JUC3<A8E:4A4

shamsiddin sirojiddin ogly kamoliddin ancient türkic toponyms of the middle asia tashkent, shark,...

Documents