sexual economics: sex as female resource for social exchange in heterosexual interactions
TRANSCRIPT
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8/3/2019 Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions
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Zn|~`a Njgcgodjz9 Zn| `z Eno`an Rnzg~rjn egr Zgjd`a N|jl`chn
dc Lnvnrgzn|~`a Dcvnr`jvdgcz
Rgt E# B`~ondzvnrFn{`rvoncv ge [ztjlgaght
Eagrdf` Zv`vn ^cdunrzdvt
M`vlannc F# UglzE`j~avt ge Jgoonrjn! O`rmnvdch Fdudzdgc
^cdunrzdvt ge Brdvdzl Jga~obd`
@ lnvnrgzn|~`a jgoo~cdvt j`c bn `c`atynf `z ` o`rmnv{a`jn dc xldjl onc znnm vg `j/
p~drnzn| ergo xgonc bt geenrdch gvlnr rnzg~rjnz dc n|jl`chn# Zgjdnvdnz xdaa vlnrnegrn
fnedcn hncfnr rganz `z de xgonc `rn znaanrz `cf onc b~tnrz ge zn|# Zgjdnvdnz xdaa nc/
fgx eno`an zn|~`advt! b~v cgv o`an zn|~`advt! xdvl u`a~n ,`z dc udrhdcdvt! edfnadvt! jl`z/
vdvt$# Vln zn|~`a `jvdudvdnz ge fdeenrncv jg~{anz `rn aggznat dcvnrrna`vnf bt ` o`rmnv/
{a`jn! dczvn`f ge bndch e~aat zn{`r`vn gr {rdu`vn! `cf n`jl jg~{anz fnjdzdgcz o`t bndcea~ncjnf bt o`rmnv jgcfdvdgcz# Njgcgodj {rdcjd{anz z~hhnzv vl`v vln {rdjn ge zn|
xdaa fn{ncf gc z~{{at cf fno`cf! jgo{nvdvdgc ogch znaanrz! u`rd`vdgcz dc {rgf~jv!
jgaa~zdgc `ogch znaanrz! `cf gvlnr e`jvgrz# Rnzn`rjl edcfdchz zlgx hncfnr `ztoon/
vrdnz ,rneanjvdch vln jgo{anoncv`rt njgcgodj rganz$ dc {rgzvdv~vdgc! jg~rvzld{! dcedfna/
dvt `cf fdugrjn! eno`an jgo{nvdvdgc! vln zn|~`a rnuga~vdgc `cf jl`chdch cgroz! ~c/
np~`a zv`v~z bnvxnnc {`rvcnrz! j~av~r`a z~{{rnzzdgc ge eno`an zn|~`advt! `b~zdun
rna`vdgczld{z! r`{n! `cf zn|~`a `vvdv~fnz#
Zn|~`a jvdudvt dz gevnc rnh`rfnf z ogch vln ogzv
{rdu`vn ge `jvdudvdnz cnhgvd`vnf bt vxg dcfdudf~`az gc
vln b`zdz ge vlndr gxc dcfdudf~`a fnzdrnz `cf u`a~nz#
Dfn`adzvdj vrn`voncvz fnzjrdbn vln vxg dcfdudf~`az `z
{gvncvd`aat np~`a `cf dcvnrjl`chn`ban# Dc vldz `rvdjanxn {a`jn zn|~ a cnhgvd vdgcz dc vlnjgcvn|v ge ` j~av~r a
ztzvno dc xldjl onc `cf xgonc {a`t fdeenrncv rganz
rnznobadch b~tnr `cf znaanrdc ` o`rmnv{a`jn vl`v dz
dcna~jv`bat `eenjvnf bt vln n|jl`chnz bnvxnnc gvlnr
b~tnrz cf znaanrz#
Dc rnjncv fnj`fnz vxg o`dc vlngrnvdj`a `{{rg`jlnz
l`un fgodc vnf vln ednaf ge zn|~ advt# Gcn ge vlnzn no/
{l`zdynz bdgaghdj`a fnvnrodc`cvz nz{njd`aat z zl`{nf
bt nuga~vdgc`rt{rnzz~rnz# Vln gvlnrno{l zdynz zgjd a
jgczvr~jvdgc nz{njd`aat `z zl`{nf bt {gadvdj`a egrjnz#
Bgvl l`un {rg{gznf vg n|{a`dc fdeenrncjnz bnvxnnc
onc `cf xgonc# Vln nuga~vdgc`rt `{{rg`jl zvrnzznz
vlnfdeenrncv rn{rgf~jvdun zvr vnhdnz ge onc`cfxgonc`cf vlnfdeenrncjn `z vg xl v {`vvnrc ge zn|~ a rnz{gczn
xg~af l`un anf vg vln ldhlnzv p~`advt `cf c~obnr ge
z~jjnzze~a geez{rdch#Vlnzgjd a jgczvr~jvdgcdzv `{{rg`jl
hncnr`aat b`znf gc enodcdzv vlngrt l`z no{l`zdynf
o`an z~bi~h`vdgc ge xgonc `cf lgx xgonc rnz{gcf
vg vlndr g{{rnzznf {gzdvdgc dc zgjdnvt# Vl~z vln fdzjd/
{adcnz ge bdgaght `cf {gadvdjz l`un bnnc ogzv {rgod/cncv dc h~dfdch lgx {ztjlgaghdzvz vldcm `bg~v zn|#
Vldz `rvdjan v~rcz vg ` fdeenrncv fdzjd{adcn c`onat
njgcgodjz vg na~jdf`vn ` vlngrt ge zn|~`a dcvnr`jvdgcz#
@c njgcgodj `{{rg`jl vg l~o`c bnl`udgr x`zfnedcnf
bt ,z~bznp~ncv$ Cgbna a`~rn`vn H`rt Bnjmnr ,0485$ z
l`udch eg~r o`dc `zz~o{vdgcz# Edrzv vln bnl`udgr ge
dcfdudf~ az dz dcvnrjgccnjvnf dc o`rmnv ztzvnoz dc
xldjl dcfdudf~`a jlgdjnz `rnzl`{nfbt jgzvz `cfbncn/
edvz dc vln jgcvn|v ge zv`ban {rnenrncjnz# Znjgcf zj`rjn
b~v fnzdr`ban rnzg~rjnz `rn`aagj vnfbt {rdjn zldevz`cf
gvlnr o`rmnv dcea~ncjnz# Vldrf znaanrz ge hggfz gr znr/
udjnz jgo{nvn xdvl n`jl gvlnr ,`z b~tnrz `azg zgon/
vdonz fg b~v cgv `z o~jl$# Eg~rvl {ng{an znnm vgo`|/
dodyn vlndr g~vjgonz# @avlg~hl njgcgodzvz dcdvd`aat
egj~znf gc o`vnrd`a hggfz `cf o`vnrd`a cnnfz o`ct
l`un bnh~c vg aggm `v cgco`vnrd`a hggfz ,z~jl `z znr/
udjnz$ `cf cgcogcnv`rt onfd` ge n|jl`chn ,z~jl `z
vdon gr nogvdgc$# Dc `fg{vdch z~jl `c `{{rg`jl g~r
vlngrt xdaa vlnrnegrn bn {rdo`rdat j~av~r`a dc vln znczn
vl v dv aggmz `v lgx dcfdudf~`a bnl`udgr dz zl`{nfbt vln
o`rmnv cf gvlnr z{njvz ge vln jgaanjvdun cnvxgrm b~v
i~zv `z njgcgodj n|jl`chn dz b`znf gc xl`v c`v~rn l`z
zl`{nf {ng{an vg x`cv `cf cnnf c`v~r`a ogvdu`vdgcz
::4
[nrzgc`advt `cf Zgjd`a [ztjlgaght Rnudnx
2;;6 Uga# : O`dc L`aa U`cjg~unr Brdvdzl
Jga~obd` U520Y2J`c`f`# N/o`da9 m`vlannc#uglzKz`~fnr#~bj#j`
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8/3/2019 Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions
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`cf vncfncjdnz xdaa {rgudfn eg~cf`vdgc egr vln zn|~`a
njgcgot#
@avlg~hl {{atdch njgcgodj {rdcjd{anz vg zn| o`t
znno cguna {ztjlgaght l`z dcugmnf njgcgodj vlng/
rdnz dc gvlnr jgcvn|vz# Zgjd`a n|jl`chn vlngrt l`z bnnc
~znf vg `c`atyn ` brg`f r`chn ge zgjd`a dcvnr`jvdgcz
,n#h# Ba`~ 0456= Lgo`cz 04>; 0450= Z{rnjlnr
044
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8/3/2019 Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions
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zgcz l~chnr cf admdch egr b`c`c`z b~v azg {`rvat gc
vln zldevdch b`a`cjn bnvxnnc vln agj`a jgoo~cdvtz
z~{{at ge b`c`c`z `cf dvz fno`cf egr vlno#
Vln jncvr`a {gdcv vg g~r zgjd`a n|jl`chn c`atzdz ge
zn| dz vl`v zn| dz nzzncvd`aat eno`an rnzg~rjn# Xlnc
o`c `cf ` xgo`c l`un zn| vlnrnegrn vln xgo`c dz
hdudch zgonvldch ge u a~n vg vln o`c# Dc vl`v znczn vln
dcvnr jvdgc dz gcn/zdfnf~canzz vln o`c hdunz vlnxgo`c zgonvldch nazn ge jgo{`r`ban u`a~n#
@avlg~hl vln zgjd`a n|jl`chn c`atzdz xdaa dcugmn
zgjd`a ztzvno vg n|{a dc zn| `cf dz vlnrnegrnnzzncvd`aat
` j~av~r`a vlngrt drgcdj`aat dvz ogzv e`og~z `fugj`vn
j`on ergo nuga~vdgc`rt vlngrt ,`avlg~hl Jgvv 0484
fnunag{nf ` zdoda r adcn ge `c atzdz dc ` enodcdzv ldzvgr/
dj`a jgcvn|v$# Ztogcz ,0484$ gbznrunf vl`v Nunrt/
xlnrn zn| dz ~cfnrzvggf vg bn zgonvldch eno`anz l`un
vl`v o`anz x`cv ,{# 2>:$# Bt nunrtxlnrn ln on`cv
dc `aa j~av~rnz `cfldzvgrdj a nr z `avlg~hl vg bn z~rn ln
gcat {rnzncvnf gbznru`vdgcz ergo ` l`cfe~a ge vlnzn#
Dcfnnf ln geenrnf rna`vdunat advvan dc vln x`t ge no{drd/
j`a nudfncjn egr ldz vlngrt ` fnedjdncjt vl`v vldz `rvdjanznnmz vg rnonft ,`dfnf bt vln z~bzv`cvd`a `og~cv ge
no{drdj`a f`v` gc zn| vl`v l`un bnnc {rgf~jnf dc vln
fnj`fnz zdcjn Ztogcz bggm x`z {~badzlnf$# Ztogcz
`azg fdf cgv edcf dv ~zne~a vg jgczdfnr lgx njgcgodj
vlngrt odhlv na`bgr`vn ldz b`zdj gbznru`vdgc# Cgcnvln/
anzz ldz xgrm fnznrunz rnjghcdvdgc egr l`udch {~v egrvl
vln gbznru`vdgc vl`v zn| dz nzzncvd`aat zgonvldch vl`v
xgonc {rgudfn `cf onc fnzdrn#
@avlg~hl cgv o`ct gvlnrz l`un n|{adjdvat fdzj~zznf
zn| `z ` eno`an rnzg~rjn xn bnadnun vl`v vl`v udnx dz
do{adjdv vlg~hl gevnc ~czv`vnf dc o`ct xrdvdchz# Egr
n|`o{an Xdazgc ,2;;0$ rnjncvat {~badzlnf ` xdfnat
dcea~ncvd`a zgjdgaghdj`a `c`atzdz ge vln fnjadcn ge o`r/rd`hn dc Xnzvnrc j~av~rnz dc vln jg~rzn ge xldjl ln
eg~cf dv cnjnzz`rt vg dcugmn ~cz~{{grvnf zz~o{vdgcz
z~jl `z De vln j~av~rn geenrz zn|~`a `jjnzz `cf fgnz cgv
rnp~drn dc n|jl`chn{nrzgc`a jgoodvoncv ` agv ge onc
xdaa v`mn vln zn| nunrt vdon ,{# 0>= `avlg~hl cg
zg~rjnz gr nudfncjn xnrn jdvnf vg b`jm ~{ vldz `zznr/
vdgc$# A`vnr ln z{nj~a vnf vl v de vln hgunrconcv
x`cvnf vg o`mn o`rrd`hnz ogrn f~r`ban vln ogzv ne/
enjvdun {gadjt dcvnruncvdgc xg~af bn vg rnp~drn vl`v e`/
vlnrz rnv`dc j~zvgft ge jldafrnc `evnr fdugrjn bnj`~zn
vldz xg~af rnf~jn vln oncz `bdadvt vg `vvr`jv cnx zn|
{`rvcnrzvln do{adjdv `zz~o{vdgc bndch vl`v fdugrjnz
`rn j`~znf bnj`~zn l~zb`cfz b~v cgv xdunz an`un vlndr
z{g~znz vg h`dc `jjnzz vg cnx ogrn n|jdvdch zn| {`rv/
cnrz# Dc neenjv vldz {gadjt xg~af rnf~jn xl`v vln fd/
ugrjdch l~zb`cf jg~af geenr `cgvlnr xgo`c dc n|/
jl`chn egr zn|# Vl~z `h`dc vln udnxge zn| `z ` eno an
rnzg~rjn x`z do{adjdv dc ldz rn`zgcdch b~v ln fdf cgv
l`un `ct zjlga`rat b`zdz egr nu`a~`vdch vl`v udnx# G~r
lg{n dz vl`v `c g{nc zv`vnoncv `cf `{{r`dz`a ge vln en/
o`an rnzg~rjn vlngrt ge zn|~`a njgcgot j`c nc`ban
z~jl `c`atznz vg l`un ` zvrgch n|{adjdv b`zdz dc rn/
zn rjl edcfdchz dcja~fdch er`cm rnjghcdvdgc ge dvz adod/
v`vdgcz`cf xn vldcm vl`v xg~af bn {rnenr`ban vg rnat/
dch gc do{rnzzdgcz `cf zvnrngvt{nz `z o`ct xrdvnrz
j~rrncvat o~zv#
Zn| z Eno`an Rnzg~rjn
@ jgczdfnr vdgc ge vlnj~av~r a njgcgot ge zn| hgnz
bntgcf vln zdo{an rnjghcdvdgc vl`v onc x`cv zn| ergoxgonc# Dczge`r z vl`v dz hncnr`aat vr~n vln zgjd`a cnv/
xgrm xdaa rnjghcdyn dv cf grh`cdyn vln bnl`udgr ge dc/
fdudf~`az `cf jg~{anz gc vl`v b`zdz# Vrn`vdch zn| `z `
eno`an rnzg~rjn on`cz vl`v n`jl j~av~rn ,xn fnedcn
j~av~rn z c dcegro`vdgc/b`znf zgjd`a ztzvno$ xdaa nc/
fgx eno`an zn|~`advt xdvl u`a~n ~cadmn o`an zn|~`a/
dvt# Xgonc xdaa rnjndun gvlnr u`a~nf hggfz dc rnv~rc
egr vlndr zn|~`a e`ugrz# O`an zn|~`advt dc jgcvr`zv j`c/
cgv bn n|jl`chnf egr gvlnr hggfz# [~v `cgvlnr x`t
xgonc bnjgon vlnz~{{adnrz ge zn| xlnrn z oncjgc/
zvdv~vn vln fno`cf egr dv `cf {a t vln rgan ge {~rjl`znrz
`cf jgcz~onrz# Nunc vlg~hl dc gcn znczn ` o`c `cf `
xgo`c xlg rn l`udch zn|~`a dcvnrjg~rzn rn bgvl fg/dch zdoda`r vldchz zgjd`aat vlnt `rn fgdch p~dvn fdeenr/
ncv vldchz#
Vl~z vln edrzv {rnfdjvdgc b`znf gc vln zgjd`a n|/
jl`chn vlngrt ge zn| dz vl`v dcvnr{nrzgc`a {rgjnzznz z/
zgjd`vnf xdvl zn|~`a bnl`udgr xdaa rnun`a ` e~cf`onc/
v`a fdeenrncjn dc hncfnr rganz# Onc xdaa geenr xgonc
gvlnr rnzg~rjnz dc n|jl`chn egr zn| b~v xgonc xdaa
cgv hdun onc rnzg~rjnz egr zn| ,n|jn{v {nrl`{z dc
ldhlat ~c~z~`a jdrj~ozv`cjnz$# Dc `ct nuncv vln bgv/
vgo adcn dz vl`v zn|~`a jvdudvt bt xgonc l`z n|jl`chn
u a~n xlnrn z o`an zn|~ advt fgnz cgv# Eno`an udrhdc/
dvt jl`zvdvt edfnadvt udrv~g~z rn{~v`vdgc `cf zdoda`r
dcfdj`vgrz xdaa l`un {gzdvdun u`a~nz vl`v xdaa bn ogzvat`bzncv dc vln o an ,znnV`ban0$# [~v `cgvlnr x`t dv xdaa
o`vvnr ogrn vg vln egro`vdgc `cf jgcvdc~`vdgc ge ` rn/
a`vdgczld{ xlnvlnr vln xgo`c dz udrhdc vl`c xlnvlnr
vln o`c dz= xlnvlnr vln xgo`c nch`hnz dc zn| xdvl `c/
gvlnr {`rvcnr vl`c xlnvlnr vlno`cfgnz `cfzg egrvl#
Xlt ` Eno`an Rnzg~rjn7
Xlt xg~af zn| bn ` eno`an rnzg~rjn7 Ztogczz
,0484$ grdhdc`a `czxnr egj~znf gc rn{rgf~jvdun zvr`v/
nhdnz zl`{nf bt nuga~vdgc `z vln ~avdo`vn j`~zn# Dc
ldz `jjg~cv vln odcdo`a o`an dcunzvoncv dc {`rncv/
lggf dz `aogzv ynrg xlnrn`z egr ` xgo`c dv dz z~b/
zv`cvd`a# Vlnrnegrn ln {rg{gznf zn| egr ` o`c dz `aa
bncnedv xdvl advvan gr cg jgzv xlnrn`z egr ` xgo`c
vln {gvncvd`a jgzv ,{gzzdban {rnhc`cjt xdvl {`dc `cf
{gzzdbat fn`vl `vvncfdch jldafbdrvl$ dz z~bzv cvd a
nunc de vln {an`z~rn dz p~dvn ldhl# Vln rdzm ge ldhl
jgzv xdaa bn `c dcjncvdun egr vln xgo`c vg lgaf b`jm
`cf zg vln o`c o~zv geenr lnr zgon bncnedvz vg geeznv
vldz# Lgxnunr Ztogcz `azg `jmcgxanfhnf ,{# 250$
vl`v l~o`c bndchz fg cgv cnjnzz`rdat j`rn `bg~v vlnzn
~avdo`vn j`~znz `cf zg vln doonfd`vn {ztjlgaghdj`a
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ZN\^@A NJGCGODJZ= ZN\ @Z ENO@AN RNZG^RJN
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8/3/2019 Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions
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e`jvgrz vl`v an`f {ng{an vg vrn`v zn| `z ` onfd~o ge
n|jl`chn rnp~drn e~rvlnr n|{a`c`vdgc#
@ zgonxl`v fdeenrncv n|{a`c`vdgc egr xlt zn| dz `
eno`an rnzg~rjn j`c bn fnf~jnf ergo ogvdu`vdgc`a
fdeenrncjnz# Zgjd`a n|jl`chn vlngrt l`z en v~rnf
vln {rdcjd{an ge an`zv dcvnrnzv ,X`aanr % Ldaa 04:
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8/3/2019 Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions
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~`a jlgdjnz# Vldz rnjd{rgj a/dcea~ncjnz `{{rg`jl dz
zdoda`r vg g~r {nrz{njvdun dc xldjl vln agj`a j~av~r`a
o`rmnv{a jn dcea~ncjnz vln bnl`udgr ge dcfdudf~ az
xldjl dc v~rc jl`chnz agj`a cgroz `cf n|{njv`vdgcz
xldjl jtjan `rg~cf `h`dc vg dcea~ncjn dcfdudf~`az bn/
l`udgr# Lncjn dc g~r ogfna vln agj`a j~av~rn `cf vln
dcfdudf~`az vlnrndc `eenjv gcn `cgvlnr dc ` rnj~rzdun
e`zldgc#Vln zgjd`a n|jl`chn c`atzdz no{l`zdynz vl`v zn| dz
` eno`an rnzg~rjn zg vl`v onc o~zv geenr xgonc gvlnr
rnzg~rjnz dc n|jl`chn egr dv# B~v lgx o~jl7 Vln {rdjn
ge zn| ,zg vg z{n`m$ o`t u`rt xdfnat# Vg jgooncjn `
zn|~`a rna`vdgczld{ xdvl ` {`rvdj~a`r xgo`c ` o`c
o`t l`un vg geenr lnr e`cjt fdccnr gr agch znrdnz ge
jgo{adoncvz gr ` ogcvl ge rnz{njve~a `vvncvdgc gr `
adenvdon {rgodzn vg zl`rn `aa ldz xn`avl `cf n`rcdchz
xdvl lnr n|ja~zdunat# Vldz {rdjn dz cnhgvd`vnf bnvxnnc
vln vxg dcfdudf~`az dc vln jgcvn|v ge vln {rdjnz vl`v
gvlnr zdoda`r jg~{anz znv#
Zn|~`a cgroz vl~z jgczvdv~vn ` mdcf ge agj`a hgdch
r`vn z vg vln {{rg{rd`vn {rdjn egr zn|# @jrgzz j~av~rnz`cf `jrgzz fdeenrncv ldzvgrdj`a {nrdgfz vln hgdch r`vn
o`t u`rt xdfnat# Xdvldc ` hdunc jgoo~cdvt lgxnunr
dv {rgb`bat u rdnz o~jl anzz# O`rmnv egrjnz xdaa vncf vg
zv`bdadyn vldz r`vn xdvldc ` jgoo~cdvt ,b~v cgv cnjnz/
z`rdat `jrgzz jgoo~cdvdnz$# Vg daa~zvr`vn z~{{gzn `
{`rvdj~a`r xgo`c fno`cfz vgg ldhl ` {rdjn egr zn|
z~jl `z de zln rne~znz vg l`un zn| ~cvda vln o`c l`z
{rgodznf vg o`rrt lnr `cf l`z hdunc lnr `c nch`hn/
oncv rdch# Lnr z~dvgr o`t b`cfgc lnr `cf v~rc ldz v/
vncvdgc vg cgvlnr xgo`cb~v gcat de gvlnr xgonc dc
vln jgoo~cdvt xdaa geenr zn| `v ` zdhcdedj`cvat agxnr
{rdjn# De `aa vln xgo`c dc lnr jgoo~cdvt fno`cf `c
nch`hnoncv rdch bnegrn hdudch zn| lgxnunr vln o`cxdaa bn ogrn admnat vg `hrnn#
@ rna`vnf {rnfdjvdgc dz vl`v agx {rdjn ge zn| e`ugrz
onc xlnrn`z ` ldhl {rdjn e`ugrz xgonc# Vlnrnegrn
onc xdaa vncf vg z~{{grv dcdvd`vdunz vl`v agxnr vln {rdjn
ge zn| xlnrn`z xgonc xdaa hncnr`aat vrt vg z~{{grv `
ldhlnr {rdjn# Dfngaghdnz ge ernn agun ,vl`v dz zn| ~c/
`jjgo{`cdnf bt `ct gvlnr gbadh`vdgcz gr n|jl`chnz$
xdaa `{{n`a vg onc ogrn vl`c xgonc#
Vln {rdjn ge zn| dz cgv rnzvrdjvnf vg ogcnt ge
jg~rzn# G~r brg`f jgcjn{v~`ady`vdgc ge rnzg~rjnz ,`z
ogcnt o`vnrd`a hdevz rnz{njv agun vdon eenjvdgc gr
jgoodvoncv$ dz jgczdzvncv xdvl `rh~oncvz vl v xgonc
fg cgv znanjv vlndr zn| {`rvcnrz gc vln b`zdz ge o`vnrd`a
hggfz `agcn# @ rnjncv `c`atzdz ,Odaanr [~vjl` %
[nfnrzgc 2;;2$ cgvnf vl`v f~rdch o~jl ge l~o`cz
nuga~vdgc`rt ldzvgrt {ng{an adunf dc zo`aa hrg~{z#
Vt{dj`aat ` hrg~{ ge onc brg~hlv b`jm on`v egr vln
hrg~{ cf aa vln on`v x`z zl`rnf# Odaanr nv a# `rh~nf
vl`v vldz `rr`chnoncv gbzj~rnf dcfdudf~ a l~cvdch `bda/
dvt `cf vlnrnegrn xgonc jg~af cgv n`zdat ~zn hdevz ge
o`vnrd`a rnzg~rjnz `z ` zdhc ge agch/vnro o`vn {gvnc/
vd`a# Xdvl ` brg`fnr jgcjn{v~`ady`vdgc ge rnzg~rjnz
lgxnunr dv xg~af zvdaa bn {gzzdban egr ` xgo`c vg fn/
vnjv vln fnzdr`bdadvt ge dcfdudf~`a onc xdvldc lnr
jgoo~cdvtbnj`~zn zlnjg~af znn lgx o~jl `vvncvdgc
`eenjvdgc gr vdon n`jl h`un vg lnr#
Dc zlgrv xn o`t rnh`rf ` agj`a zn|~`a o`rmnv{a`jn
`z ` aggzn jgoo~cdvt dc xldjl onc `cf xgonc `jv `z
dcfdudf~`a `hncvz znnmdch vg edcf `c `fu cv hng~z fn a#
Onc xdaa `jv admn b~tnrz xlg x`cv vg hnv hggf zn| gr
{ancvt ge zn| xdvlg~v z{ncfdch vgg o~jl ,dc vnroz gevdon neegrv ogcnt gr jgoodvoncv$# Xgonc xdaa `jv
admn znaanrz xlg x`cv vg hnv ` ldhl {rdjn egr vlndr zn|~`a
e`ugrz# N`jl jg~{an o`t cnhgvd`vn dvz gxc {rdjn b~v
xlnvlnr vldz {rdjn dz bnvvnr fn`a egr vln o`c gr egr vln
xgo`c fn{ncfz gc lgx dv jgo{`rnz vg vln hgdch r`vn
xdvldc vlndr jgoo~cdvt#
Bnj`~zn o~jl zn|~`a `jvdudvt dz jgcf~jvnf dc zn/
jrnv vlnrn dz admnat vg bn jgczdfnr`ban obdh~dvt bg~v
xl`v vln jv~`a cgroz rn# @cgvlnr {rnfdjvdgc dz vlnrn/
egrn vl`v onc `cf xgonc xdaa znnm vg jgcunt fdeenrncv
do{rnzzdgcz# Onc xg~af bn admnat vg vrt vg jrn`vn vln
do{rnzzdgc vl`v o`ct jg~{anz `rn l`udch zn| `v ` agx
{rdjn# Xgonc rn ogrn admnat vg no{l`zdyn vl`v zn| dz~c~z~`a g~vzdfn ge znrdg~z jgoodvvnf rna`vdgczld{z#
O`an jgcunrz`vdgc o`t en`v~rn `cf n|`hhnr`vn zn|~`a
`jvdudvt xlnrn`z eno`an jgcunrz`vdgc zlg~af jgcjn`a
`cf ~cfnrzv`vn zn|#
Z~{{at `cf Fno`cf
Vln a`xz ge z~{{at `cf fno`cf j`c bn z~bzv`cvd/
`vnf dc aa zgrvz ge o`rmnv{a`jnz cf vlnrn dz cg rn`zgc
vl`v zn| zlg~af bn `c n|jn{vdgc# Xdvl zn| vln eno`an
rnzg~rjn lt{gvlnzdz fn{djvz vl`v xgonc jgczvdv~vn vln
z~{{at `cf onc jgczvdv~vn vln fno`cf#
[`vvnrcz ge zn|~ a `jvdudvt zlg~af jl`chn fr`zvdj`aatxdvl vln b`a`cjn bnvxnnc z~{{at `cf fno`cf z~jl `z
vln zn| r`vdg# Xlnc vln {gga ge nadhdban xgonc ,d#n#
tg~ch ~c`vv`jlnf eno`an `f~avz$ dz o~jl a`rhnr vl`c
vln {gga ge nadhdban onc z~{{at j`c bn z`df vg n|jnnf
fno`cf# Vln {rdjn xdaa vlnrnegrn frg{ xldjl on`cz
vl`v onc xdaa bn `ban vg gbv`dc zn| xdvlg~v hdudch gr
{rgodzdcho~jl dc rnv~rc# Dc jgcvr zv ` zlgrv hn ge nad/
hdban xgonc rna`vdun vg onc on`cz vl`v fno`cf g~v/
zvrd{z z~{{at `cf zg vln {rdjn dz admnat vg bn ldhl# Vl~z
jgcvr`rt vg `ct zdo{an udnx vl`v {gxnr dc vln o`rmnv/
{a`jn fn{ncfz gc l`udch ` o`igrdvt vln {rdjn ge zn|
xdaa vncf vg e`ugr vln odcgrdvt hncfnr# Ogrn {rnjdznat
onc xdaa hdun xgonc ogrn rnzg~rjnz egr zn| xlnc
onc g~vc~obnr xgonc vl`c xlnc xgonc g~vc~obnr
onc#
@cgvlnr jgoogc rnz~av ge zlgrv hnz ge fnzdrnf
hggfz dz vl`v agx/jgzv z~bzvdv~vnz bnjgon `u`da`ban#
[rgzvdv~vdgc `cf {grcghr`{lt o`t bn rnh`rfnf `z
agx/jgzv z~bzvdv~vnz egr vln {rnenrrnf `avnrc`vdun ge
l`udch zn|~`a rna`vdgcz xdvl ` z{njd`a fnzdrnf {`rvcnr
,n#h# Jgvv 0484$#Vln njgcgodjz ge vln zn|~ a o`rmnv/
{a`jn xg~af z~hhnzv vl`v z~jl agx/jgzv `avnrc`vdunz
xdaa bn v`rhnvnf egr onc cf vg u`rtdch fnhrnnz xdaa bn
:6:
ZN\^@A NJGCGODJZ= ZN\ @Z ENO@AN RNZG^RJN
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xnajgonf bt onc# Dc jgcvr`zv xgonc zlg~af hncnr/
`aat g{{gzn vlno z de vlnt rn{rnzncv vlrn`v vg xgonc
hncnr`aatxldjl vlnt fg dc `c do{grv`cv znczn# [~v
`cgvlnr x`t xlt zlg~af ` xgo`c j rn xlnvlnr onc dc
lnr jgoo~cdvt {~rjl`zn {grcghr`{ldj o`vnrd`az `cf
o`zv~rb`vn7 B~v de {grcghr`{lt z`vdzednz zgon ge vln
o`an fno`cf egr zn| vlnc dv o`t rnf~jn vln vgv`a fn/
o`cf egr lnr gxc zn|~`a e`ugrz `cf `z ` rnz~av vln{rdjn zln j`c gbv`dc xdaa bn agxnr#
@zz~odch vl`v ogzv onc xg~af {rnenr vg l`un zn|
xdvl `eenjvdgc`vn eno`an{`rvcnrz ,`zg{{gznf vg {rgzvd/
v~vnzgr bt o`zv~rb`vdch xldanx`vjldch{grcghr`{lt$
vln xgonc dc ` jgoo~cdvt xg~af {gvncvd`aat l`un `
ogcg{gat de vlnt jg~af b`cf vghnvlnr vg rnf~jn jgo/
{nvdvdgc ogch vlnoznaunz# @ r`vdgc`a njgcgodj zvr`v/
nht vl`v o`ct ogcg{gadnz gr j`rvnaz l`un {~rz~nf dz vg
vrt vg dcjrn`zn vln {rdjn ge vlndr `zznvz bt `rvdedjd aat rn/
zvrdjvdch vln z~{{at# Xdvl zn| vldz xg~af ncv`da l`udch
vln xgonc {~v {rnzz~rn gc n`jl gvlnr vg n|nrjdzn zn|/
~`a rnzvr`dcv `cf lgaf g~v egr ` ldhl {rdjn ,z~jl `z `
jgoodvoncv vg o`rrd`hn$ bnegrn nch`hdch dc zn|# Njg/cgodj ldzvgrt z~hhnzvz vl`v z~jl neegrvz `z dc vln j`zn
ge Grh cdy`vdgc ge [nvrgan~o N|{grvdch Jg~cvrdnz
,G[NJ$ rn gcat dcvnrodvvncvat z~jjnzze~a cf o`t ge/
vncbn ~cfnrodcnf `z dcfdudf~`azznnm vg ~cfnrbdf n`jl
gvlnr# Zvdaa ogcg{gadnz `rn zgonvdonz z~eedjdncvat z~j/
jnzze~a vl`v ogzv fnunag{nf c`vdgcz l`un eg~cf dv cnj/
nzz`rt vg nc`jv a`xz `h`dczv vlno# Dv xg~af vlnrnegrn
cgv bn z~r{rdzdch vl`v njgcgodj znae/dcvnrnzv xg~af gj/
j`zdgc`aat frdun xgonc vg xgrm vghnvlnr vg rnzvr dc vln
`u`da`bdadvt ge zn|#
Jgo{nvdvdgc @ogch XgoncXn l`un z`df vl`v vln zn|~`a o`rmnv{a`jn adcmz vg/
hnvlnr vln cnhgvd`vdgcz `cf zn|~`a `jvdudvdnz ge `aa vln
fdeenrncv jg~{anz `cf xdaa vncf vg zv`bdadyn vln {rdjn ge
zn|# Vldz {rgjnzz ge zv`bdady`vdgc xdaa rno`dc dcjgo/
{anvn lgxnunr n|jn{v dc r`rn gr n|vrnon j`znz# ^z~/
`aat vln {rdjn ge zn| xdaa u`rt zgonxl`v xdvldc jgo/
o~cdvt# Zgon xgonc j`c jgoo`cf ldhlnr {rdjnz vl`c
gvlnrz egr vlndr zn|~`a e`ugrz# Dc vldz znjvdgc xn jgc/
zdfnr zgon ge vln e`jvgrz vl`v xdaa jgcvrdb~vn vg vlnzn
u`rd`vdgcz dc {rdjn#
Vln ogrn onc fnzdrn `ct {`rvdj~a`r xgo`c vln
ldhlnr ` {rdjn zln j`c jgoo`cf# Vldz dz vr~n dc bgvl
zncznz ge vln xgrf ogrn9 ogrn onc cf zvrgchnr fn/
zdrn# Ogzv gbudg~zat lnr zn| `{{n`a xdaa dcea~ncjn lgx
o~jl `cf lgx o`ct onc x`cv lnr# @c `vvr`jvdun
xgo`c j`c jgoo`cf ` ldhlnr {rdjn vl`c gvlnrz# Vg
zgon n|vncv vldz rneanjvz vln drrnugj`ban e`jvz ge {ltzd/
j`a bn`~vt# Zvdaa bn`~vt j`c bn ncl`cjnf bt jagvldch
o`mn~{ fdnvdch `cf gvlnr e`jvgrz fnzdhcnf vg o`mn
lnr aggm hggf# Vlnzn rn `h`dc vdnf vg vln agj`a j~av~rn
`cf jgoo~cdvt z~jl vl`v zvr`vnhdnz egr ncl`cjdch zn|
`{{n`a dc gcnj~av~rn odhlv bn jg~cvnr{rgf~jvdun dc `c/
gvlnr ,Egrf % Bn`jl 04>0$ `cf zg vln dcfdudf~`a
xgo`c xdaa o`|dodyn lnr `vvr`jvduncnzz bt jgcegro/
dch vg agj`a cgroz `cf zv`cf`rfz dc xldjl zln dz
jgo{nvdch egr o`an `vvncvdgc# @ xgo`c dz `c`aghg~z
vg `c ncvrn{rncn~r brdchdch ` cnx {rgf~jv vg o`rmnv
`cf zg ncl`cjdch `{{n`a dz ` r`vdgc`a zvr`vnht# @funr/
vdzdch dz azg ud`ban r`vdgc`a x`t vg dcjrn`zn fno`cf
egrgcnz {rgf~jv# Eadrvdchxn rdch zn|t jagvlnz `cfdc
hncnr a jrn`vdch vln do{rnzzdgc vl v zn| xdvl lnr xg~afbn nz{njd`aat {an`z`cv `cf z`vdzetdch xg~af bn njg/
cgodj`aat znczdban zvr`vnhdnz egr ` xgo`c vg {~rz~n#
Vlndo{grv`cjn ge zvdo~a`vdchfno`cf lna{zrnzgaun
` znnodch {`r`fg| vl`v l`z z{`xcnf ` agch dfngaghd/
j`aatjgo{adj`vnffnb`vn#Enodcdzvzl`unagch gbinjvnf
xdvl jgczdfnr`ban i~zvdedj`vdgc vg vln e`jv vl`v xgonc
xlgxn`r zn|tjagvlnz zgonvdonzbnjgon vlnv`rhnvzge
o`an l`r`zzoncv ,gr xgrzn$# Vlnt `zznrv vl`v xgonc
zlg~af bn {nrodvvnf vg frnzz lgxnunr vlnt {an`zn xdvl/
g~v `vvr`jvdch ~cxnajgon o`an `vvncvdgc# G{{gcncvz
{gdcv g~v vl`v xn`rdch zn|~`aat rnun`adch gr ncvdjdch
jagvlnz o`tjgcunt`c do{rnzzdgc vl v zgon oncodhlv
rn`zgc`batodz{nrjndun`zdcfdj`vdchvl`vzlndzzn|~`aat`u`da`ban# @evnr aa vlnt z`t xlt frnzz dc z~jl zn|~/
`aat rnun adch e`zldgc de zlnfgnz cgvx`cv vg`vvr`jv zn|/
~`a`vvncvdgc7 Vlnzgjd a n|jl`chn`c`atzdzo`mnz dv~c/
fnrzv`cf`ban vl v dv dz e~aat r`vdgc`a egr` xgo`c vg znnm
vg zvdo~a vnogrno`an fnzdrnvl`czlnxdzlnz vg z`vdzet#
Bt `c`aght ` lg~zn znaanr o`t x`cv vg l`un o`ct fde/
enrncv dcvnrnzvnf {`rvdnz vg bdf ~{ vln {rdjn nunc vlg~hl
ln gr zln ~avdo`vnat j`c gcat znaa ` hdunc lg~zn vg gcn
{nrzgc# De oncjg~afbn brg~hlv vg~cfnrzv`cf vldz vlnt
odhlv rnjghcdyn vl`v` xgo`c o`t frnzz dc` zn|to`c/
cnrxdvlg~vdvon`cdchvl`vzlnx`cvzvgl`unzn|xdvl`aa
ge vlno gr nunc xdvl `ct {`rvdj~a`r gcn ge vlno# Hdunc
lnr rgan dc vln zn|~`a o`rmnv{a`jn zln xdaa r`vdgc`aatznnmvghnvo`ctoncvgfnzdrnlnrb~vzlnfgnzcgvx`cv
vg l`un zn| xdvl ogzv ge vlno#
Dc e`jv l`udch zn| xdvl fdeenrncv {`rvcnrz xg~af bn
` {rgbano`vdj zvr`vnht egr ` xgo`c# @z zgjd`a n|/
jl`chn vlngrdzvz no{l`zdyn vln u`a~n ge ct jgoogf/
dvt rdznz cf e`aaz xdvl zj`rjdvt# Nunc z~jl e~aat rncnx/
`ban rnzg~rjnz `z {r`dzn j`c rdzn gr e`aa dc u`a~n `z `
e~cjvdgc ge lgx xdfnat vlnt `rn fdzvrdb~vnf ,Ba`~
0456= Igcnz % Xgrvo`c 048:$# @ jgo{adoncv o`t
l`un gcat ogfnzv u`a~n ergo zgongcn xlg {r`dznz nu/
nrtbgft adbnr`aat xlnrn`z vln n|`jv z`on jgo{adoncv
odhlv l`un o~jl ldhlnr u`a~n de hdunc bt zgongcn
xlg dz {nrjndunf `z r`rnat {r`dzdch `ctgcn# Bt `c`a/
ght zn| xg~af l`un ldhl u`a~n de vln xgo`c l`z l`f
enx agunrz gr dz mcgxc vg bn rna~jv`cv vg hr`cv zn|~`a
e`ugrz xlnrn z vln z`on `jvdudvt odhlv l`un anzz u a~n
de vln xgo`c dz rn{~vnf vg bn aggzn gr vg l`unl`f o`ct
agunrz# Vln `og~cv ` o`c xg~af bn xdaadch vg hdun vg
l`un zn| xdvl vln xgo`c xg~af vlnrnegrn fdeenr `z `
e~cjvdgc ge lnr ,{nrjndunf$ zn|~`a ldzvgrt# Dc vldz rn/
z{njv vln xgo`cz zn|~`a e`ugrz `rn cgv ` e~aat rncnx/
`ban rnzg~rjn cf vln xgo`c xdaa l`un zgon dcjncvdun
vg hr`cv vlno gcat z{`rdchat#
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B@^ONDZVNR @CF UGLZ
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Vl~z ` xgo`cz zn|~ a e`ugrz agzn u a~n`z zln fdz/
vrdb~vnz vlno xdfnat# Dc jgcznp~ncjn zlnl`z`c dcjnc/
vdun vg bn znanjvdun dc lnr zn|~`a {`rvcnrz `cf vg o`dc/
v`dc rn{~v`vdgc egr l`udch rna`vdunat enx {`rvcnrz#
[~v `cgvlnr x`t ` xgo`c l`z vxg rnzg~rjnz vg jgc/
zdfnr# @jv~`a zn|~`a `jvdudvt dz ` e~aat rncnx`ban rn/
zg~rjn dczge`r `z lnr `bdadvt vg nch`hn dc zn| dz cgv
ln`udat fn{ncfncv gc xl`v zln l`z fgcn {rnudg~zat# Dcjgcvr`zv lnr rn{~v`vdgc dz ` cgcrncnx`ban rnzg~rjn# @
e~aat r`vdgc`a `{{rg`jl vg zgjd`a n|jl`chnxg~af vlnrn/
egrn j`~zn vln xgo`c vg j`rn anzz `bg~v xl`v zln jv~/
`aat fgnz vl`c bg~v xl`v zln dz {nrjndunf bt vln jgo/
o~cdvt `z fgdch# Xlncnunr zln nch`hnz dc zn| zln
zlg~afznnm vg mnn{ dv zgonxl`v znjrnv`cffncd`banzg
vl`v lnr rn{~v`vdgc dz vl`v ge zgongcn xlgzn zn|~`a e`/
ugrz rn ldhlat n|ja~zdun cf vlnrnegrn ge ldhl u`a~n#
Onc rn e`r anzz jgczvr`dcnf bt vlnzn jgcjnrcz cf
zg onc xg~af bn ogrn xdaadch vg fodv cf nunc n|`h/
hnr`vn lgx o~jl zn| vlnt l`un l`f# Dc e`jv de agx/jgzv
zn| rn{rnzncvz ` agzz egr vln xgo`c dv o`t bn rnh rfnf
`z ` h`dc egr vln o`c `cf zg vln o`c xlg j`c bg`zvge o~avd{an agunrz xdvlg~v dcj~rrdch z~bzv`cvd`a jgzvz
,z~jl z l`udch l`f vg o`rrt n`jl zn| {`rvcnr$ o`t a`t
ja`do vg ldhl rnz{njv ergo gvlnr onc#
@z agch `z fno`cf dz ldhl jgo{nvdvdgc `ogch
xgonc o`tbn jgcedcnf vg zlgxdch gee gcnz bn`~vt vg
bnzv `fu`cv`hn `cf o`dcv`dcdch ` hggf rn{~v`vdgc egr
zn|~`a n|ja~zdudvt# Xlnc z~{{at dz ldhl rna`vdun vg fn/
o`cf lgxnunr gvlnr egroz ge jgo{nvdvdgc o`t bn/
jgon cnjnzz`rt# Fnrgh`vdch rdu`az xg~af bn `c gbud/
g~z zvr`vnht `cf vldz fnrgh`vdgc xg~af admnat egj~z gc
vln vxg o`dc fnvnrodc`cvz ge ` rdu`az zn| `{{n`a
c`onat lnr `vvr`jvduncnzz `cf lnr n|ja~zdudvt# Lncjn
xgonc xlg xdzl vg fnrgh`vn gvlnr xgonc xg~af {gr/vr`t vlno `z ndvlnr ~c`vvr`jvdun gr `z l`udch l`f o`ct
agunrz# Dc jgcvr`zv vln `jj~z`vdgc ge l`udch l`f o`ct
zn| {`rvcnrz xg~af cgv bn `c dcz~av bnvxnnc onc#
Dcfdudf~`a cf J~av~r`a Fdeenrncjnz
N`radnr xn z{nj~a`vnf vl`v zn| odhlv bn eno`an rn/
zg~rjnndvlnr egr rn zgcz ge dcc`vnfdeenrncjnz dc zn|~ a
fnzdrn gr dc vnroz ge j~av~r`a jjnzz vg rnzg~rjnz# Egr
xgo`c xdvl `ct {gzdvdun zn|~`a fnzdrn vg rner`dc ergo
zn| j`c bn rnh`rfnf `z drr`vdgc`a dczge`r `z zln fncdnz
lnrznae zgon {an`z~rn `cf njgcgodj vlngrdnz ag`vln
`zznrvdgcz ge drr`vdgc`advt# Lgxnunr z~jl rner dcdch bn/
jgonz r`vdgc`a de zln j`c h`dc gvlnr rnzg~rjnz bt lgaf/
dch b`jm gc zn| zg `z vg o dcv dc ` ldhl {rdjn# Dc { rvdj/
~a`r de zln a`jmz avnrc`vdun on`cz ge jjnzz vg fnzdrnf
rnzg~rjnz zn| o`t bnjgon `c do{grv`cv rnzg~rjn egr
lnr vg ~zn vg b`rh`dc egr vlno# Dc g~r udnx dv dz admnat
vl`v bgvl vln odafnr eno an zn| frdun `cf vln a`jm ge `j/
jnzz vg gvlnr rnzg~rjnz jgcvrdb~vnf vg jrn`vdch vln o`r/
mnv njgcgot egr zn| b~v jnrv`dcat vlnrn dz `o{an rggo
vg fdz{~vn xldjl e`jvgr zlg~af bn no{l`zdynf#
Vlnzn {rg{gznf b`znz egr zn|~`a n|jl`chn hncnr`vn
jgo{nvdch {rnfdjvdgcz vl`v jg~af {gvncvd`aat bn vnzvnf
`h dczv n`jl gvlnr# De vlnn|jl`chnu a~nge eno`anzn|/
~`advt rdznz o`dcat ergo vln odafnr zn| frdun ge xgo/
nc vlnc vlnrn zlg~af bn e`drat xdfn dcfdudf~`a u`rd`/
vdgcz dc vln {rdjn ge zn| `z zgon xgonc hg `ln`f vg
ncigt vlnoznaunz xdvlg~v `zmdch vgg o~jl dc rnv~rc
ergo zn|~`a e`ugrz xlnrn`z gvlnr xgonc x`cv ` hrn`vfn`a bnegrn vlnt nch`hn dc zn|# Bt vln z`on vgmnc
u`rd`vdgcz dc o`an fnzdrn zlg~af `azg an`f vg xdfn fdz/
jrn{`cjdnz dc lgx o~jl ` o`c dz xdaadch vg dcunzv vg
gbv`dc zn|#
@avlg~hl vlnzn dcfdudf~`a fdeenrncjnz o`t {rgf~jn
u`rd`vdgcz dc vln {rdjn ge zn| gcn zlg~af cgv n|{njv
vlno vg l`un ` a`rhn do{`jv# Vln rn`advt ge vln o`rmnv
zlg~af vncf vg zv`bdadyn vln {rdjn ge zn| `cf zg vln ne/
enjv ge dcfdudf~`a fdeenrncjnz xdaa bn vg {rgf~jn ea~jv~/
`vdgcz `rg~cf vl v zv`cf rf {rdjn#Egrn|`o{an de O`rt
edcfz lnrznae f`vdch Ido cf l`udch ogrn fnzdrn egr zn|
vl`c ln fgnz xn zlg~af cgv n|{njv vldz jg~{an vg rn/
unrzn vln ~z~`a hncfnr rganz zg vl`v zln `zmz ldo g~v{`tz egr ldz eggf `cf ncvnrv`dconcv `cf brdchz ldo
hdevz xldan ln lgafz b`jm `cf de cnjnzz`rt za`{z lnr
l`cf x`t# Vln jgoo~cdvt znvz vln hncfnr rganz b`znf
gc vln vt{dj`a jgcfdvdgcz dc vln o`rmnv dcja~fdch
hrn`vnr o`an fnzdrn# [~v ogrn zdo{at O`rtz hrn`vnr
zn|~`a fnzdrn o`t an`f lnr vg geenr Ido zn| v ` zdhcded/
j`cvat rnf~jnf {rdjn z jgo{`rnf vg vln unr`hn b~v dv
fgnz cgv znno admnat vg rnunrzn vln n|jl`chn zg vl`v zln
ncfz ~{ hdudch rnzg~rjnz vg ldo#
Dcfdudf~`a fdeenrncjnz dc zn|~`a `{{nvdvn `cf gvlnr
e`jvgrz o`t lgxnunr bnjgon ogrn {rgodcncv dc agch/
vnro rna vdgczld{z dc gcnznczn9 Vln rgan ge vln o`rmnv/
{a`jn vl`v ~cdednz vln ncvdrn zn|~`a jgoo~cdvt o`t bno~vnf# @z xn cgvnf n`radnr o`ct e`jvgrz o`t bnjgon
dcvnrvxdcnf dc agch/vnro dcvdo`vn rna`vdgczld{ z vln
jg~{an `jj~o~a`vnz zl`rnf n|{nrdncjnz jgoodvoncvz
igdcvat gxcnf rnzg~rjnz ,xldjl `rn vlnrnegrn doo~cn
vg n|jl`chn$ `cf vln admn# Vlnt {rgb`bat rnat anzz gc
xl`v vln jgoo~cdvt dc hncnr`a dz fgdch `bg~v zn| `cf
ogrn gc vlndr gxc ennadchz `cf fnzdrnz# [~v `cgvlnr
x`t vln fdeenrncjn bnvxnnc O`rtz {nrzgc`a anuna ge
zn|~`a fnzdrn `cf lnr {`rvcnr Idoz o`t l`ungcat` od/
cgr do{`jv xlnc vlnt `rn zv`rvdch g~v bnj`~zn vln
jgoo~cdvt cgroz rn {gxnre~a b~v 0; tn`rz dcvg vlndr
o rrd`hn vl`v fdeenrncjn o`t bn gcn ge vln ogzv z`adncv
fnvnrodc`cvz ge vlndr zn| aden `cf `ct n|jl`chn {rg/
jnzznz jgccnjvnf xdvl dv#
Dc jgcvr`zv de vln o`dc e`jvgr dz xgoncz a`jm ge j/
jnzz vg vln u`a~nf rnzg~rjnz dc vln o`an z{lnrn vlnc
j~av~r`a fdeenrncjnz zlg~af g~vxndhl dcfdudf~`a ,dcvr`/
j~av~r`a$ gcnz# Dc zgon zgjdnvdnz `cf zgon ldzvgrdj`a
{nrdgfz xgonc l`un l`f l`rfat `ct x`t vg h`dc `j/
jnzz vg vlnldhlatu a~nf hggfz jrn`vnf bt onc dcja~f/
dch ogcnt eggf nf~j vdgc vnjlcgaghdj`a fnudjnz`cf
cnx {rgf~jvz# Dc gvlnr zgjdnvdnz nz{njd`aat ogfnrc
Xnzvnrc gcnz xgonc l`un bnnc hdunc `aa gr cn`rat `aa
:6>
ZN\^@A NJGCGODJZ= ZN\ @Z ENO@AN RNZG^RJN
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vln rdhlvz `cf {rdudanhnz vl`v onc l`un zg vlnt fg cgv
cnnf vg vr`fn zn| `z vlndr gcat x`t ge znj~rdch vlnzn rn/
zg~rjnz# Vln {rdjn ge zn| o`t xnaa u`rt z~bzv`cvd`aat
bnvxnnc z~jl j~av~rnz nz{njd`aat dczge`r `z xgonc
j`c xgrm vghnvlnr vg rnzvrdjv oncz `jjnzz vg zn|# Dc
{`rvdj~a`r dc n`rat l~cvnr/h`vlnrnr zgjdnvdnz zn|~`a
njgcgodjz o`t l`un g{nr`vnf dc ` o~jl anzz neenjvdun
o`ccnr zdo{at bnj`~zn vlnrn xnrn rna`vdunat enxnrhggfz `rg~cf egr xgonc vg h`dc bt udrv~n ge zn|#
@avlg~hl xn fg cgv l`un ztzvno`vdj f`v` g~r do/
{rnzzdgc dz vl`v bgvl dcfdudf~`a u`rd`vdgc `cf j~av~r`a
u`rd`vdgcz dc vln {rdjn ge zn| rn z~bzv`cvd`a# Lncjn egr
vln{rnzncv dv znnoz ogzv {a`~zdban vg jgcja~fn vl v zn|
dz ` eno`anrnzg~rjn bgvl bnj`~zn ge vln`unr`hn hncfnr
fdeenrncjn dc zn| frdun `cf bnj`~zn xgonc l`un zgon/
vdonz rnadnf gc zn| `z ` {rdcjd{`a on`cz ge `jjnzz vg `
j~av~rnz rnzg~rjnz#
@ffdvdgc`a Do{adj`vdgcz
Xlnrn`z jgo{nvdvdgc bnvxnnc xgonc dz jgo{ad/j`vnf bt o~avd{an e`jvgrz jgo{nvdvdgc `ogch onc dz
rna`vdunat zvr`dhlvegrx`rf# @z b~tnrz dc vln n|jl`chn
onc jgo{nvn h`dczv n`jl gvlnr zdo{at bt geenrdch vln
fnzdrnf xgo`c ogrn ,d#n# ` ldhlnr {rdjn$ egr zn|#
Zn|~`a fnjdzdgc o`mdch dz admnat vg bn ogrn jgo/
{an| egr vln xgo`c vl`c vln o`c# E`jnf xdvl ` z~dvgr
fnzdrdch zn| zln o`t enna {~aanf dc jgceadjvdch fdrnj/
vdgcz# Lnr gxc zn|~`a fnzdrnz `z xnaa `z vln {gvncvd`a
`fu cv hn vg bn h`dcnf gunr gvlnr xgonc bt ~cfnrbdf/
fdch ,d#n# geenrdchzn| `v ` zadhlvat agxnr {rdjn vg `vvr`jv
vln o`c zln x`cvz$ xg~af ncjg~r`hn lnr vg jgczncv vg
l`udch zn| xdvlg~v `zmdch egr o~jl dc rnv~rc# On`c/
xldan lnr fnzdrn vg hnv ` hggf {rdjn egr lnr zn|~`a e`/ugrz xg~af jg~czna rnzvr`dcv `z xg~af lnr jgcjnrc
gunr fnunag{dch b`f rn{~v`vdgc cf vlnrnbt agxnrdch
lnr gxc dcfdudf~`a o`rmnv u`a~n# Vln o`cz rgan dz cgv
z~binjv vg z~jl jgo{nvdch jgcvr fdjvgrt egrjnz `cf zg
onc o`t bn `ban vg fnjdfn n`zdat p~djmat cf jgczdz/
vncvat xlnvlnr vlnt fnzdrn zn| xdvl {`rvdj~a`r xgo`c
gr cgv#
@v vln brg`fnzv anuna ` {`rvdj~a`r jg~{anz zn|~`a
cnhgvd`vdgcz o`t bn adcmnf cgv gcat vg vln zn|~`a
cgroz ge vln agj`a jgoo~cdvt b~v vg vln zgjdgnjg/
cgodj {gzdvdgc ge xgonc dc zgjdnvt# Dc {rdcjd{an zn| dz
gcat gcn ge znunr`a on`cz bt xldjl dcfdudf~`a xgonc
j`c gbv`dc rnzg~rjnz b~v dc o`ct zgjdnvdnz xgoncz
`avnrc`vdun g{vdgcz l`un bnnc znunrnat adodvnf# Xlnc
xgonc a`jm nf~j`vdgc`a anh`a gjj~{`vdgc`a {gadvdj`a
`cf gvlnr njgcgodj g{{grv~cdvdnz vln{rdjn ge zn| o`t
bn ` o`igr fnvnrodc`cv ge n`jl xgo`cz adenagch
xnaa/bndch# Vldz vgg j`c j~v bgvl x`tz# De zn| dz xgo/
ncz gcat vdjmnv vg vln hggf aden vlnc dv bnjgonz zvr`vn/
hdj`aat do{grv`cv egr xgonc vg o`dcv`dc ` ldhl {rdjn#
Lgxnunr `z dcfdudf~`a xgonc edcf vlnoznaunz dc fnz/
{nr`vn jdrj~ozv`cjnz o`ct ge vlno o`t edcf dv cnjnz/
z`rt vg geenr zn| rna vdunat jln`{at# @avlg~hl vlnzn vxg
vrncfz o`t znno g{{gzdvnz vlnt `rn {rgb`bat zn{`/
r`vnf bt zgjdgnjgcgodj zv v~z# Vln o`igrdvt ge
xgonc xldjl dc ogfnrc zgjdnvdnz xg~af bn dc vln
odffan ja`zz zlg~af an`c vgx`rf rnzvr`dcv vg ncz~rn
vl`v vlnt gbv`dcnf ` hggf u`a~n egr zn| xlnrn`z vln
xgonc v vln bgvvgo ge vln njgcgodj z{njvr~o xg~af
bn vln gcnz xlg xg~af {nrdgfdj`aat edcf vlnoznaunz dc
jdrj~ozv`cjnz xlnrn vlnt jgczdfnrnf dv cnjnzz`rt vgvr`fn zn| egr xl`vnunr vlnt jg~af hnv#
Vln zn|~`a do{grv`cjn ge xgoncz zgjdgnjgcgodj
{gzdvdgc dc zgjdnvt z~hhnzvz c do{grv`cv adcm bnvxnnc
vln zgjd`a n|jl`chn c`atzdz `cf enodcdzv vlngrt# Eno/
dcdzvz l`un agch vrn`vnf dv `z `|dgo`vdj vl`v onc l`un
zg~hlv vg g{{rnzz `cf z~bi~h`vn xgonc dcja~fdch
fnctdch xgonc g{{grv~cdvdnz vg {`rvdjd{`vn ernnat dc
vln njgcgodj jvdudvdnz ge zgjdnvt# Dcfnnf o`ct enod/
cdzv `c`atznz ge zn|~`a bnl`udgr ,n#h# Brgxcodaanr
048>$ z~eenr ergo rnad`cjn gc vln ldhlat p~nzvdgc`ban
`zz~o{vdgc vl`v oncz vrn`voncv ge xgonc dz ogvd/
u`vnf bt {rdo`rt jgcjnrc xdvl {gxnr xdvl zn| bndch
znjgcf`rt#Dc jgcvr zv vlnn|jl`chn`c atzdz geenrz `c n|{a`c`/
vdgc egr oncz {~rz~dv ge {gxnr gunr xgonc xldan `a/
agxdch vln{gzzdbdadvt vl v xl v oncx`cv ergo xgonc
dz o`dcat zn|# Onc odhlv `zz~on ,xdvl zgon i~zvdedj`/
vdgc$ vl`v mnn{dch xgonc dc c dcenrdgr fn{ncfncv {g/
zdvdgc xdaa agxnr vln {rdjn ge zn|# Xgonc xlg cnnf
ogcnt xg~af {rgb`bat bn ogrn xdaadch vg bnjgon
odzvrnzznz mn{v xgonc j`aa hdraz cf vln admn cf bt
vln z`on vgmnc vlnt odhlv bn ogrn xdaadch vg l`un zn|
vg rnv`dc vln dcvnrnzv ge ` o`c xlg dz hncnrg~z xdvl
hdevz `cf on`az# Vldz zvr`vnht xg~af bn z~eedjdncvat
jgrrnjv vg z~zv`dc dvznae# Lgxnunr vln drgct dz vl`v fn/
{rdudchxgoncge njgcgodjg{{grv~cdvdnz xg~af j`~znvlno`igrdvt ge xgonc `cf vln eno`anjgoo~cdvthnc/
nr aatvg vrt vgz~zv dc` ldhl{rdjnegr zn| `cf zg`v gcn
anuna vln zvr`vnht xg~af b`jmedrn# Onc odhlv cgv rnj/
ghcdyn vldz lgxnunr nz{njd`aat de vln njgcgodj fn{rd/
u`vdgc ge xgonc xg~af rnz~av dc ` zvn`ft zvrn`o ge
{ggr xgonc xdaadch vg geenr j`z~`a zn| `v ` agx {rdjn#
Rnudnx ge No{drdj`a Nudfncjn
L`udch na~jdf`vnf vln vlngrt xn v~rc cgx vg n|`o/
dcn lgx xnaa dv j`c `jjg~cv egr no{drdj`a edcfdchz# Dc
n`jl znjvdgc egaagxdch vln hg`a dz vg n|`odcn {gzzdban
hncfnr ztoonvrdnz dc zn|~`a bnl`udgr# Hncfnr zto/
onvrdnz vl`v dcfdj`vn onc hdudch xgonc rnzg~rjnz dc
n|jl`chn egr zn| xg~af bn jgczdzvncv xdvl vln vlngrt#
Vlgzn vl v dcfdj vn vlnrnunrzn,d#n#xgonc hdudch onc
rnzg~rjnz dc n|jl`chn egr zn|$ gr vln `bzncjn ge hnc/
fnr fdeenrncjnz xg~af e`azdet dv#
Dcnudv`bat zgon edcfdchz j`c z~{{grv ogrn vl`c
gcn dcvnr{rnv`vdgc# Xn rnjghcdyn vl`v zn|~`a bnl`udgr
dz jgo{an| `cf o~avd{at fnvnrodcnf# Vg {rnuncv vldz
`rvdjan ergo bnjgodch ~cxgrm`bat agch cf r`obadch
:65
B@^ONDZVNR @CF UGLZ
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xn fnjdfnf cgv vg {rnzncv nunrt {gzzdban dcvnr{rnv`vdgc
ge nunrt edcfdch `avlg~hl z`adncv `avnrc`vdun n|{a`c`/
vdgcz `rn cgvnf gjj`zdgc`aat# Xn l`un vlnrnegrn rn/
zvr`dcnf g~r {rnzncv`vdgc vg egj~z gc xlnvlnr edcfdchz
edv gr jgcvr`fdjv vln zgjd`an|jl`chn `c atzdz#Vl~z g~r
egj~z dz cgv zg o~jl gc xlnvlnr zgjd`a n|jl`chn vln/
grt j`c bn {rgunf rdhlv xldan gvlnr vlngrdnz rn {rgunf
xrgch b~v r`vlnr xlnvlnr zgjd`a n|jl`chn vlngrt j`c{rgudfn z`vdze`jvgrt n|{a`c`vdgc egr n|dzvdch edcfdchz
`cf j`cz~rudun vnzvz ge dvz e azded ban {rnfdjvdgcz# @azg
gbudg~zat vln dcvnr{rnv`vdgcz {rgudfnf a`vnr rn cnjnz/
z`rdat {gzv lgj bnj`~zn vlnt `{{at ` rna`vdunat cnx
vlngrt vg {rnudg~zat {~badzlnf edcfdchz# De vln njg/
cgodj vlngrt j`c dcvnhr`vn ` a`rhn `cf fdunrzn `zzgrv/
oncv ge edcfdchz dv xg~af fnznrun e~rvlnr zv~ft `cf
ztzvno`vdj vnzvdch#
[rgzvdv~vdgc
Vln ogzv gbudg~z egro ge zn|~ a n|jl`chn dcugaunz
{rgzvdv~vdgc dc xldjl gcn {nrzgc hdunz cgvlnr {nrzgczn| dc rnv~rc egr ogcnt# Vln n|jl`chn dz vl~z gunrv#
Jadncvz ge {rgzvdv~vnz zgonvdonz `zznrv vl`v {`tdch egr
zn| dz zdo{at ogrn zvr`dhlvegrx`rf cf anzz lt{gjrdv/
dj`a unrzdgc ge xl`v l`{{ncz dc jg~rvzld{ `cf o`vdch
,Agnbcnr 044
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zn|~`a rnzvr`dcv `cf udrv~n `cf ogzv jg~{anz fdf cgv
bnhdc l`udch zn| ~cvda vlnt xnrn v an`zv nch`hnf vg bn
o`rrdnf# Lgxnunr `v vln agx ncf ge vln njgcgodj
z{njvr~o o`ct xgonc l`f vg v~rc vg {rgzvdv~vdgc `v
zgon {gdcv# B~aag~hl `cf B~aag~hl ,044. `cf 0>. ge xgonc dc a`vn 04vl gr n`rat 2;vl jnc/
v~rt ~rb`c jncvnrz nch`hnf dc {rgzvdv~vdgc `v zgon{gdcv dc vlndr adunz# Vldz dz ` zlgjmdchat ldhl edh~rn bt
ogfnrc zv`cf`rfz# Nudfncjn z~hhnzvz vl`v ogzv ge
vlnzn xgonc xnrn cgv e~aa/vdon rnh~a`r {rgzvdv~vnz#
Ogrn vt{dj`aat {nrl`{z vlnt l`f agx/{`tdch geedjn gr
e`jvgrt igbz gr xgrmnf `z fgonzvdj znru`cvz `cf vlnt
xg~af gjj`zdgc`aat z~{{anoncv vlndr on`hnr dcjgonz
bt l`udch zn| egr ogcnt#
Zn| `cf Ogcnt G~vzdfn [rgzvdv~vdgc
G~vzdfn ge {rgzvdv~vdgc vln n|jl`chn ge zn| egr
ogcnt dz vt{dj`aat zgonxl`v fdzh~dznf b~v vln dcea~/
ncjn j`c zvdaa bn cgvnf# @ a`rhn zv~ft bt Ba~ozvndc cfZjlx`rvy ,04
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,0442$# Xgonc gbinjvnf ogrn zvrgchat vg vlndr {`rv/
cnrz egrodch `c nogvdgc`a `vv jloncv vg `cgvlnr
xgo`cxlnrn z oncgbinjvnf {rdo`rdat vg zn|~ a dced/
fnadvt# @avlg~hl z~bznp~ncv edcfdchz l`un z~hhnzvnf
zgon ogfdedj`vdgc ge vlnzn edcfdchzonc gevnc `rn
p~dvn ~{znv gunr nogvdgc`a dcedfnadvt `cf xgo`c `azg
znno fdzvrnzznf gunr zn|~`a dcedfnadvt ,B~~cm @c/
handvcnr G~b`df % B~zz 0445= FnZvncg B`rvanvvBr`unro`c % Z`agunt 2;;2= L`rrdz 2;;;$onc
jgcvdc~n vg gbinjv ogrn vl`c xgonc vg zn|~`a dcedfna/
dvt bt vlndr {`rvcnrz xldjl dz jgczdzvncv xdvl vln udnx
vl v eno`an dcedfnadvt hdunz`x`t `c do{grv`cv rnzg~rjn
dc ` znczn vl`v o`an dcedfnadvt fgnz cgv#
Vln eno`an rnzg~rjn `c`atzdz ge dcedfnadvt rnjndunz
jgcunrhdch z~{{grv ergo rnjncv edcfdchz bt Xdnfnr/
o`c `cf A`O`r ,044
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Vl~z vln hdra l`z vg l`un rn`zgc vg bnadnun vl`v vln bgt
agunz lnr bnegrn zln j`c i~zvdet l`udch zn| xdvl ldo#
Cgv`bat Xdazgc eg~cf vl`v dv dz vln gvlnr hdraz ,cgv
bgtz$ xlg ncegrjnf vldz jgfn xdvl hdraz rnh~a`vdch
vlndr zgjd`a dcvnr`jvdgcz vg lndhlvnc vln do{grv`cjn ge
vldz {rgjnzz# Lncjn rnp~drdch agun gr fnja`r`vdgcz ge
agun ergo ` o`c bnegrn ` xgo`c xdaa l`unzn| cgv gcat
x`rfz gee `c ~ce`ugr`ban {nrzgc`a rn{~v`vdgc egr lnrb~v azg ~{lgafz vln zv`cf`rfz ge n|jl`chn jrgzz onc
`cf xgonc ogrn hncnr`aat#
De zn| dz eno`an rnzg~rjn vlnc dv xdaa ~avdo`vnat bn
~{ vg vln xgo`c vg fnjdfn xlnc `cf xlnvlnr zn|~`a rn/
a`vdgcz jgooncjn# Vldz udnx ge xgonc `z zn|~ a h`vn/
mnn{nrz x`z z~{{grvnf bt Jglnc cf Zlgva`cf ,0445$
xlg jgo{~vnf jgrrna`vdgcz bnvxnnc xlnc {ng{an
vlg~hlv zn| zlg~af zv`rv dc ` hdunc rna`vdgczld{ `cf
xlnc vlnt `jv~`aat bnh`c l`udch zn|# Egr vln l`{anzz
onc vln jgrrna`vdgc x`z cgv nunc zdhcdedj`cv ,r? #04$
dcfdj`vdch vl`v vlndr xdzlnz `cf {rnenrncjnz xnrn nz/
zncvd`aat drrnanu cv xlnrn`z egr xgonc vln jgrrna`vdgc
x`z unrt ldhl ,r? #
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`v e`jn u`a~n9 @bgrvdgc `cf do{rgunf jgcvr`jn{vdgc
zlg~af rnf~jn ~cx`cvnf bdrvlz tnv vln r`vn ge ,gevnc
~cx`cvnf$ g~v/ge/xnfagjm bdrvlz jv~`aat dcjrn`znf dc
vln x`mn ge vlnzn `fu`cjnz `cf bt ` z~bzv`cvd`a o`r/
hdc# @mnrage nv `a# ,0448$ n|{a`dcnf vl`v vlrg~hlg~v
ldzvgrt vnjlcgaghdj`a jl`chn l`z jrn`vnf bgvl xdccnrz
`cf agznrz# Vln cnx vnjlcgaght agxnrz jgzvz egr z~{/
{adnrz xlg nobr`jn dv ,dc vldz j`zn vln xgonc xlg~znf vln bdrvl jgcvrga {daa gr anh`a `bgrvdgc$ `cf vlnzn
jgzvz `rn {`zznf `agch vg jgcz~onrz ,dc vldz j`zn onc
bncnedvnf$ xlnrn`z vlgzn z~{{adnrz xlg e`da vg `fg{v
vln cnx vnjlcgaght ncf ~{ bndch zdhcdedj`cvat xgrzn
gee vl`c bnegrn# Rnjghcdvdgc ge vln dcvnradcmnf c`v~rn
ge vlnzn vrncfz dz u a~`banjgcedro vdgc ge vlnudnx vl v
zn| gjj~rz dc ` mdcf ge o rmnv{a jn dc xldjl vln `jvdud/
vdnz ge dcfdudf~`az`cfjg~{anz `rnxdfnat dcvnrrna vnf#
Agzdch gcnz udrhdcdvt dz `c do{grv`cv nuncv dc ogzv
adunz `cf dv dz ldhlat rnanu`cv vg vldz fdzj~zzdgc bn/
j`~zn dv zdhcdednz vln jgooncjnoncv ge `f~av zn|~`a
`jvdudvt `cf vlnrnegrn o`t bn `c nz{njd`aat do{grv`cv
zvn{ cf jlgdjn# Bndch ` udrhdc l`z fdeenrncv on`cdchzegr onc unrz~z xgonc# Vlnrn `rn o~avd{an x`tz vg
udnx gcnz udrhdcdvt `cf zv~fdnz z~hhnzv vl`v xgoncz
udrhdcdvt dz udnxnf `z l`udcho~jl ogrn {gzdvdun u a~n
vl`c oncz udrhdcdvt# Rnzn`rjl bt J`r{ncvnr ,2;;0$
eg~cf vl`v xgonc xnrn vxdjn `z admnat vg vldcm `bg~v
vlndr udrhdcdvt `z ` hdev ge gcnznae vl`v dz hdunc vg ` zdh/
cdedj`cv {`rvcnr xlnrn`z onc xnrn vlrnn vdonz `z
admnat `z xgonc vg udnx udrhdcdvt `z ` zvdho` vl`v
zlg~af bn fdzj`rfnf `z zggc `z {gzzdban# Vl~z xgo/
ncz `vvdv~fnz rneanjvnf vlnudnx vl v vlndr zn|~ advt l`f
u a~n xlnrn z oncfdfcgv l`un vl v znae/udnx ,znn V`/
ban 0$# Ge {`rvdj~a`r dcvnrnzv x`z vln e`jv vl`v vldz {`v/
vnrc x`z jgcedcnf vg lnvnrgzn|~`a `jvdudvt9 Anzbd`czxnrn anzz admnat vg vldcm ge udrhdcdvt z hdev# Vldz jgc/
edroz vln udnx vl`v vln n|jl`chn u a~n ge zn| dz {rdo`r/
dat agj`vnf dc lnvnrgzn|~`a dcvnr`jvdgcz#
Cgv dcjdfncv`aat J`r{ncvnr ,2;;0$ eg~cf vl`v vln
a`ch~`hn ge n|jl`chn x`z ~znf p~dvn ernp~ncvat xlnc
udrhdcdvtx`zer`onf`z `hdevz~jlvl`vvlnhdunrznnmz
vg edcf ` rnjd{dncv xlg xdaa `{{rnjd`vn vln u`a~n ge
xl v dz bndch n|jl`chnf# @jjgrfdch vg J`r{ncvnr xlg
dcvnrudnxnf onc `cf xgonc `bg~v udrhdcdvt `cf vlndr
{nrjn{vdgcz ge dv vlgzn xlg udnxnf udrhdcdvt `z ` {rn/
jdg~z hdev xnrn jgcjnrcnf {rdo`rdatxdvl edcfdch {`rv/
cnrz xlg xg~af `{{rnjd`vn vln xgrvl ge vlndr hdev `cf
ogrndo{grv`cvrnjd{rgj`vndvxdvl`hdevgezdoda`ru`a~n
,vt{dj`aat vln rnjd{dncvz gxc udrhdcdvt gr dcjrn`znf
jgoodvoncv vg vln rna`vdgczld{$ ,{# 0:5$# Vl~z vln
a`ch~`hn ge n|jl`chn `cf vln er`onxgrm ge hdevdch dz
~znf vg fnzjrdbn xgoncz b~vcgv oncz udrhdcdvt dc vln
jgcvn|v ge lnvnrgzn|~`a jg~rvdch rna`vdgczld{#
R`{n `cf Jgnrjdgc
Ergo ` zgjd`a n|jl`chn {nrz{njvdun r`{n dz `mdc vg
vlnev gr aggvdch dc vl`v dv v`mnz zn| ergo zgongcn
`h`dczv vl`v {nrzgcz xdaa `cf xdvlg~v hdudch vl`v {nr/
zgc `ctvldch dc rnv~rc# R`{n vl~z udga`vnz vln r~anz ge
n|jl`chn# Vl~z zn|~`aat jgnrjdun onc rn ogrn admnat
vl`c gvlnr oncvg udnx o`aneno an dcvnr`jvdgcz `z n|/
{agdv`vdun dc hncnr`a `cf vlnt `{{rg`jl vlno bt znnm/
dch vg hnv `z o~jl egr vlnoznaunz `z vlntj`c xldan hdu/
dch `z advvan dc rnv~rc#
Gvlnr edcfdchz z~hhnzv vl v r`vlnr vl`c zdo{at bndch` udga`vdgc ge e`dr n|jl`chn zgon r`{nz ,nz{njd`aat
jg~rvzld{ `cf f`vn r`{nz$ o`t `rdzn ergo fdzjrn{`cv
{nrjn{vdgcz `z vg xl v dz e drat gxnf# Jgnrjdun oncbn/
adnun vl`v ~zdch egrjn vg gbv`dc zn| j`c bn i~zvdednf dc
o`ct j`znz z~jl z de vln jg~{an l`z bnnc f`vdch egr
{nrdgf ge vdon ,zg vl`v vln xgo`c gxnz vln o`c zn|
dc rnv~rc egr ldz dcunzvoncv$ gr de vln xgo`c l`z anf
vln o`cgc ,M`cdc 04$# @agch vlnzn adcnz c`rjdzzdz/
vdj onc xlg l`un `c dcea`vnf znczn ge fnznrudchcnzz
`cf vlnrnegrn l`un ldhlnr n|{njv`vdgcz vl`v gvlnrz xdaa
hdun vlno xl`v vlnt x`cv `rn ogrn {rgcn vl`c gvlnr
onc vg nch`hn dc zn|~`a jgnrjdgc ,B`~ondzvnr J`v`c/
nzn % X`aa`jn 2;;2= B~zlo`c Bgc`jjd U c Fdim %B`~ondzvnr 2;;:$# Dcfnnf ogzv no{drdj`a edcfdchz
`bg~v r`{n edv ` ogfna vl`v z~hhnzvz vl`v zgon onc rn/
zgrv vg egrjn vg gbv`dc zn| xlnc vlndr n|{njv`vdgcz egr
zn|~`a {an`z~rn l`un bnnc vlx`rvnf ,znn B`~ondzvnr nv
`a# 2;;2 egr rnudnx$# Fnznrudchcnzz jan`rat do{adnz `
znczn ge e`dr n|jl`chn9 Zn|~`aat jgnrjdun onc gevnc
enna vl`v vlnt rn bndch fncdnf xl`v vlnt rdhlve~aat fn/
znrun `cf o`ct vlnrnegrn enna i~zvdednf dc v`mdch zn|#
G~r `c`atzdz zlg~af dc cg x`t bn jgczvr~nf `z n|/
j~zdch zn|~`a jgnrjdgc `cf xn rg~cfat jgcfnoc `ct
z~jl `jvz# Vlnn|jl`chn `c atzdz lna{z o`mn jan`r lgx
z~jl ` lndcg~z `jv j`c gjj~r dc xl`v jg~af gvlnrxdzn
bn ` {gzdvdun rgo`cvdj jgcvn|v#Vlg~hlr`{n rnznobanzzvn`adch dv o`t bn rnh`rfnf bt vln {nr{nvr`vgrgc vln
b`zdz ge fdzvgrvnf `cf ogr`aat rn{~hc`cv b~v z~binj/
vdunat jgo{naadch jghcdvdgcz`z zvn`adch zgonvldch
vl`v dz rdhlve~aat ldz cgv ~cadmn` o`c xlg ~znz ` h~c vg
rgb ` zvgrn vl`v ln ennaz l`z jln`vnf ldo dc ` {rnudg~z
vr`cz`jvdgc#
@z xdvl {rgzvdv~vdgc vlnrn dz ` xnaa mcgxc `ztoon/
vrt bnvxnnc onc `cf xgonc xdvl rnh`rf vg zn|~`a jg/
nrjdgc9 Onc `rn o~jl ogrn admnat vg~zn egrjn vggbv dc
zn|# Vln fdeenrncjn dz ogzv {rgcg~cjnf `v vln ldhlnr
anunaz ge egrjn# Enfnr`a B~rn`~ ge Dcunzvdh`vdgc zv`vdz/
vdjz rnun`a vl`v 44. ge vln `rrnzvz egr r`{n `cf zn|~`a
jgnrjdgc `rn ge onc ,Enfnr`a B~rn`~ ge Dcunzvdh`vdgc
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ogrn admnat vg aggm b`jm gc vln dcjdfncv `z odcgr `cf
~cdo{grv`cv ,nunc de fdzv`zvne~a$ z jgo{`rnf xdvl en/
o`an udjvdoz ge o`an jgnrjdgc# Dc `c do{grv`cv znczn
vln o`an udjvdoz znno anzz {rgcn vl`c eno`an udjvdoz
vg enna vl`v vlnt l`un agzv zgonvldch ge u`a~njgczdz/
vncv xdvl vln udnx vl`v zn| dz cgv ` o`an rnzg~rjn#
Jrgzz/j~av~r`a jgo{`rdzgcz ge r`{n r`vnz vlg~hl
onvlgfgaghdj`aat {rgbano`vdj bnj`~zn ge u`rd`vdgcz dcfnedcdvdgc cf rn{grvdch azg ancf zgon z~{{grv vg vln
`c`atzdz ge r`{n dc vnroz ge zn|~`a njgcgodjz# @z xn
l`un z`df n|jl`chn ge zn| egr gvlnr hggfz dz {rnz~o/
`bat ogzv do{grv cv dc zgjdnvdnzxlnrn xgonc l`un adv/
van nazn vg ~zn egr `jjnzz vg zgjdnvtz hggfz `cf vldz
zlg~af bn ogzv {rgcg~cjnf xlnc xgonc jgcvrdb~vn
advvan vg vln njgcgot# Z~rn ncg~hl z~jl zgjdnvdnz l`un
vln ldhlnzv r`vnz ge r`{n ,Zjlanhna % B`rrt 04
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g~v gvlnr j`~z`a dcvnr{rnv vdgcz z~jl `z vl v zlgrv zmdrvz
j`~zn onc vg fdn gee gr an`un vln jg~cvrt vlnrnbt
jl`chdch vln zn| r`vdgb~v vlnzn znno ` {rdgrd anzz
{a`~zdban vl`c vln udnx vl`v zn| dz ` eno`an rnzg~rjn
vln {rdjn ge xldjl rdznz `cf e`aaz xdvl o`rmnv ea~jv~`/
vdgcz dc z~{{at `cf fno`cf#
Rnzn`rjl dcvg zn| r`vdgz tdnafnf `cgvlnr rnanu`cv
`ztoonvrt# H~vvncv`h `cf Znjgrf ,04
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8/3/2019 Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions
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`cf dv xg~af {rnfdjv vl`v xgonc dc o`ct fdeenrncv nr`z
`cf {a`jnz xg~af l`un vln z`on g{{gzdvdgc vg agx/jgzv
jgo{nvdvdgc ,znn V`ban 0$# Jgczdzvncv xdvl lnr udnxz
04vl/jncv~rt xgonc xnrn o~jl ogrn z~{{grvdun vl`c
onc ge vln zg/j`aanf Zgjd`a [~rdvt ogunoncvz `cf
gvlnr j`o{`dhcz vl`v j`o{`dhcnf h`dczv {rgzvdv~vdgc
z~jl z bt vrtdch vg {nrz~`fn xgonc vg rncg~cjn vlndr
xgrm z {rgzvdv~vnz dc e`ugr ge gvlnr gjj~{`vdgcz ,X`a/mgxdvy 04
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Jgcunrhdch edcfdchz xnrn gbv`dcnf dc f`v` gc jrgzz/
zn| erdncfzld{z# Onc rn{grvnf vl`v l`udch zn|~`a `j/
jnzz gr vln {gvncvd`a egr zn|~`a `jjnzz vg vlndr eno`an
erdncfz x`z ldhl/r`cmdch bncnedv ge l`udch jrgzz/zn|
erdncfzld{z ,Banzmn % B~zz 2;;;$# Xgonc jgc/
unrznat fdf cgv jgczdfnr vln {gzzdbdadvt ge zn|~ a `jvdu/
dvt xdvl ` o`an erdncf jgczvdv~vnf `c do{grv`cv bncnedv
ge jrgzz/zn| erdncfzld{z# E~rvlnrogrn xlnc gcat gcnonobnr ge ` jrgzz/zn| erdncfzld{ bnj`onrgo`cvdj aat
`vvr`jvnf `cf x`z xdaadch vg l`un zn| gcat o`an {`rv/
cnrz vggm `fu`cv`hn ge vldz g{{grv~cdvt vg l`un zn|
jgczdzvncv xdvl vln udnx vl`v vln eno`an geenr ge zn|
x`z dvznae p~dvn `{{n`adch xlnrn`z ` o`an geenr ge zn|
l`z advvan gr cg u`a~n#
Zdoda`r vg vln f`v` gc jrgzz/zn| erdncfzld{z rn/
zn`rjl gc ~crnp~dvnf agun l`z eg~cf vl`v v`rhnvz ge ~c/
rnp~dvnf agun ,d#n# rninjvgrz$ hncnr`aat rn{grvnf `aogzv
cg {gzdvdun `z{njvz vg vln n|{nrdncjn ge bndch agunf
,B`~ondzvnr % Xgvo`c 0442$# Vlnrn xnrn lgxnunr
zgon dcfdj`vdgcz vl`v o`an rninjvgrz xg~af zgonvdonz
nch`hn dc zn|~`a `jvdudvt xdvl vln xgonc xlg agunfvlno nunc de vln onc fdf cgv x`cv vg {~rz~n ` rna vdgc/
zld{ `ct e~rvlnr# Dc jgcvr`zv eno`an rninjvgrz fdf cgv
znno vg {nrjndun bndch agunf `z `c g{{grv~cdvt vg nc/
h`hn dc zn|# Vldz `ztoonvrt dz `h`dc jgczdzvncv xdvl
vln udnx ge zn| z eno`an rnzg~rjn bnj`~zn vln u`da/
`bdadvt ge ` zn|~`aat xdaadch b~v gvlnrxdzn ~cfnzdrnf
{`rvcnr l`z ztoonvrdj`a {{n`a9 Onc xdaa zgonvdonz
n|{agdv dv vg gbv`dc zn| ergo xgonc b~v xgonc fg cgv
`jv z de vlnt xg~af h`dc ctvldch bt l`udch zn| ~cfnr
vln z`on jdrj~ozv`cjnz#
Zn|~`a N|{nrdncjnz `z Zg~rjnge [rnzvdhn gr Fdzhr`jn
@jjgrfdch vg vln zgjd`a n|jl`chn `c`atzdz vln
xgo`c hdunz zn| `cf vln o`c hnvz dv# @jj~o~a`vdch `
a`rhn c~obnr ge zn|~`a n|{nrdncjnz o`t vlnrnegrn
`og~cv vg ` {gzdvdun do{rnzzdun v`aat ge h`dcz egr vln
o`c xlnrn`z egr vln xgo`c dv a`jmz vl`v fdonczdgc#
Egr ` xgo`c dv o`t nunc jgon vg znno ~c`{{n`adch vg
l`un l`f o`ct {`rvcnrz# Zgjd`a n|jl`chn vlngrdzvz
l`un no{l`zdynf vl`v zgjd`a rnx`rfz vncf vg agzn u`a~n
`z vlnt `rn hdunc g~v ogrn xdfnat ,Ba`~ 0456$# Egr n|/
`o{an {r`dzn l`z rna`vdunat advvan u`a~n jgodch ergo `
{nrzgcxlg {r dznz nunrtgcn ernp~ncvat xlnrn z dfnc/
vdj`a {r`dzn ergo zgongcn xlg r`rnat hdunz {r`dzn
xg~af l`un o~jl ogrn do{`jv# Lncjn vg o`|dodyn
vln u`a~n ge gcnz {r`dzn gcn zlg~af hdun dv gcat z{`r/
dchat# Bt vln z`on vgmnc ` xgo`c xg~af l`un `c dc/
jncvdun vg o`dcv`dc vln ldhl u`a~n ge lnr zn|~`a e`ugrz
bt fdzvrdb~vdch vlno gcat z{`rdchat#
Jgczdzvncv xdvl vldz `c`atzdz ` o~avd{adjdvt ge zn|/
~`a n|{nrdncjnz l`z agch l`f fdeenrncv do{adj`vdgcz egr
onc `cf xgonc# Onc xlg l`un l`f zn| xdvl o`ct
xgonc l`un h`dcnf zv`v~z `cf xnrn `fodrnf bt gvlnr
onc# Xgonc xlg l`f zn| xdvl o`ct onc vt{dj`aat
agzv zv`v~z `cf xnrn fnrgh`vnf nunc fnz{dznf bt gvlnr
xgonc ,znn V`ban 0$# Dc o`ct j~av~rnz xgonc zg~hlv
vg {rnznrun vlndrudrhdcdvt~cvdao`rrd`hn `cf cgcudrhdc
xgonc xnrn {nrjndunf `z anzz fnzdr`ban o`vnz gr nunc
`z ~cxgrvlt ge o`rrd`hn ,Bnvydh 04
ZN\^@A NJGCGODJZ= ZN\ @Z ENO@AN RNZG^RJN
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~cr`una vl`v {`r`fg| l`un jgcja~fnf vl`v onc `cf
xgonc jg~cv fdeenrncvat9 Onc nzvdo`vn `cf rg~cf ~{
xlnrn`z xgonc nc~onr`vn `cf godv zgon ,Brgxc %
Zdcja`dr 0444= Xdnfnro`c 0448$ `cf onc `rn ogrn
admnat vg jg~cv bgrfnradcn j`znz z~jl `z gr`a zn| ,Z`c/
fnrz % Rndcdzjl 0444$# Vlnzn fdeenrncv zvr vnhdnz
{rgb`bat rneanjv fdeenrncv ogvdu`vdgcz dczge`r `z onc
fnzdrn vg rn{grv ldhl v`aat cf xgonc fnzdrn vg rn{grv` agx gcn cf zg n`jl hncfnr znanjvz ogfn ge jg~cv/
dch vl`v hdunz dv vln zgrv ge rnz~av dv {rnenrz# Dc zlgrv
onc x`cv vg rn{grv ` ldhlnr c~obnr vl`c xgonc
xldjl edvz vln udnxvl`v ` ldhlc~obnr ge zn|~`a n|{nrd/
ncjnz l`z ogrn {gzdvdun do{adj vdgcz egr o`cz zv`v~z
vl`c egr ` xgo`cz#
@hhrnzzdgc Bnvxnnc Xgonc
Vln zn|~`a n|jl`chn `c`atzdz no{l`zdynz vl`v vln
u`a~n ge ` xgo`cz zn|~`a e`ugrz rna`vdun vg lnr rdu`az
fn{ncfz gc vxge`jvgrz c`onatlnr {ltzdj`a `vvr`jvdun/
cnzz ,gr gvlnr zdhcz vl`v zln xg~af bn ` z`vdzetdch zn|{`rvcnr$ cf lgx xdfnat zln l`z fdzvrdb~vnf vlno# Vln
ldhlnzv u`a~n xg~af bn jgoo`cfnf bt ` unrt `vvr`j/
vdun xgo`c xdvl odcdo`a zn|~`a n|{nrdncjn# Ogrn/
gunr xgonc jgo{nvn `h`dczv n`jl gvlnr `cf de `
xgo`c j`ccgv do{rgun lnr gxc `vvr`jvduncnzz gr rn{~/
v`vdgc zln j`c fdz{`r`hn vlgzn ge lnr rdu`az#
@ogch onc jgo{nvdvdgc egr xgonc zgonvdonz
an`fz vg gunrv{ltzdj`a `hhrnzzdgc b~v dcfdrnjv egroz ge
`hhrnzzdgc `rn ogrn jgoogc `ogch xgonc# Jldne
`ogch vlnzn `rnneegrvz vg fnrgh vn ` rdu a bt z{rn`fdch
r~ogrz `cf hgzzd{ `bg~v lnr# Vln ogzv jgoogc jgc/
vncv ge vlnzn `hhrnzzdun fnrgh`vgrt r~ogrz jgczdzvz ge
vln vxg fdonczdgcz xn l`un dfncvdednf c`onat fnrg/h`vdchvlnrdu az `{{n`r cjn `cf`zznrvdchvl v vlnrdu a
l`z l`f o`ct zn|~`a {`rvcnrz# Dc e`jv xlnc `cv`hg/
cdzo `ogch xgonc fgnz an`f vg {ltzdj`a `hhrnzzdgc
dv dz ogzv gevnc {rnjnfnf bt z~jl jgooncvz xdvl vln
ogzv jgoogc dcz~av bndch c jj~z`vdgc ge zn|~`a do/
{rg{rdnvt `cf `cgvlnr jgoogc gcn dcugaudch fnrgh`/
vdgc ge vln rdu`az {ltzdj`a `vvr`jvduncnzz ,J`o{bnaa
044>$# Dc jgcvr`zv edhlvz bnvxnnc tg~ch onc `rn `a/
ogzv cnunr {rnjnfnf bt `jj~z`vdgcz ge {rgodzj~dvt#
Ogrngunr vln jgo{nvdvdun do{nv~z egr z~jl `hhrnzzdgc
dz nudfncv ergo vln edcfdch vl`v eno`aneno`an hhrnz/
zdgc dz ogrn jgoogc xlnc vlnrn dz ` rna`vdun zlgrv`hn
ge `u`da`ban onc ,J`o{bnaa 044>$ `cf dc jgcfdvdgcz
~cfnr xldjl xgonc `rn njgcgodj`aat fdz`fu`cv`hnf
,J`o{bnaa O~cjnr % Bdbna 044
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zv`r Xdav Jl`obnra`dc ja`donf vl`v ln l`f zn| xdvl
2;;;; xgonc ,znn B`~ondzvnr % Vdjn 2;;;$ `cf
nunc de vl`v edh~rn dz zgonxl`v dcea`vnf dv dz `{{`rncv
vl`v ln x`z e`r anzz jlggzt vl`c Mg~rcdmgu #
Mg~rcdmgu`z `cnjfgvn brdchz ~{ vln brg`fnr dzz~n
ge zn| xdvl `vlanvdj zv`rz# @c LBG z{njd`a {rghr`o
j`aanf [a`tdch vln Ednaf9 Z{grvz `cf Zn| ,Fnjnobnr
25 2;;;$ o`fn jan`r vl`v bndch ` zn| ztobga dz ` jnc/vr`a {`rv ge z{grvz zv`rfgo egr bgvl onc `cf xgonc#
Vln `vlanvnz `vvdv~fnz fdeenrnf bt hncfnr lgxnunr#
Vln eno`an `vlanvnz gbinjvnf vg zn|~`a `vvncvdgc# Vlnt
rnzncvnf vl`v o`an e`cz j`on vg h`onz vg aggm `v vlndr
anhz `cf vl`v zgon {rgogvnrz x`cvnf vlno vg xn`r
zn|t g~vedvz# Vlnt jgo{a`dcnf `bg~v lgx vln {rnvvt
`vlanvnz `vvr`jvnf ogrn `vvncvdgc nunc de vlnt fdf cgv
xdc vln jgo{nvdvdgc# Vlnt vlg~hlv vl`v Br`cfd Jl`z/
v`dcz jnanbr vgrt rd{{dch gee lnr zldrv `evnr xdccdch vln
Xgraf J~{ zgjjnr zlggvg~v zlg~af cgv l`un bnnc jgc/
zdfnrnf zn|~`a# Dc jgcvr`zv o`an `vlanvnz xnrn p~dvn
jgoegrv`ban xdvl vlndr zn| `{{n`a zv`v~z# Vlnt z{gmn
xdvl {an`z~rn `bg~v lgx xgonc zncv vlno eagxnrzxdvl eno`an ~cfnrh`roncvz ncvxdcnf dc vln bg~p~nv
lgx xgonc xnrn `ax`tz `u`da`ban lgx `c `vlanvn
jg~af l`un zn| bnegrn cf `evnr nunrt h`on# Dczvn`f ge
gbinjvdch vg bndch znnc `z zn| gbinjvz vlnt znnonf
p~dvn l`{{t `bg~v xl`v vlnt {grvr`tnf `z ` {nro`cncv
agx/mnt zn| grht vlrg~hlg~v vlndr j`rnnrz#
@avlg~hl vln LBG rn{grv dz ig~rc`adzo r`vlnr vl`c
zjdncjn dvz edcfdchzz~hhnzv vl v vln z`on {lncgoncgc
,`vlanvdj z~jjnzz brdchdch zn|~`a `vvncvdgc$ nadjdvz g{/
{gzdvn rn`jvdgcz ergo onc `cf xgonc# Bgvl {`vvnrcz
`cf vlndr g{{gzdvncnzz o`mn znczn de gcn `zz~onz vl`v
zn| dz ` rnzg~rjn vl`v xgonc hdun vg onc# Vln z{grvz
zv`rz {nrjndun vl`v vlnt jgcvrdb~vn vg vln e`cz bt vlndrneegrvz gc vln {a`tdch ednaf# Egr onc vg bn geenrnf zn|
dc rnv~rc znnoz c {{rg{rd`vn rnx`rf# Egr xgonc bn/
dch `zmnf egr zn| dc `ffdvdgc vg `vlanvdj {nregro`cjn
znnoz admn c ~ce`dr cf n|jnzzdun do{gzdvdgc#
Z`fgo`zgjldzvdj rna`vdgczld{z {rgudfn e~rvlnr jgc/
unrhdch nudfncjn ge zn| dc vln jgcvn|v ge ~cnp~`a zv`/
v~z# Bgvl onc `cf xgonc nch`hn dc rna`vdgczld{z
jl`r`jvnrdynf bt nc`jvdch zjncnz ge ~cnp~`a {gxnr
xdvl gcn {nrzgc fgodc`vdch vln gvlnr bt on`cz ge
ztobgadj jvdgcz z{nnjl bgcf`hn cf {ltzdj`a jl`z/
vdznoncv# Dc ` jgo{`rdzgc ge o`an unrz~z eno`an o`z/
gjldzo B`~ondzvnr ,04
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o`dcat ogch vln eno`an {nnr hrg~{# Dcfnnf vln gcat
o`an xlg l`z ct zdhcdedj`cv dcea~ncjn gc eno`an fg/
anzjncv zn|~`a bnl`udgr dz vln bgterdncf `cf ln vt{d/
j`aat {~zlnz egr ogrn zn| r`vlnr vl`c anzz# Dc `f~av/
lggf `h`dc xgonc r`vlnr vl`c onc `rn vln o`dc
zg~rjnz ge {rnzz~rn gc xgonc vg rner`dc ergo zn|#
Xgonc jgczdzvncvat n|{rnzz ogrn fdz`{{rgu`a vl`c
onc ge xgonc xlg nch`hn dc {rno`rdv`a zn|~`a jvdu/dvt# Vln zg/j`aanf fg~ban zv`cf`rf vl`v rnjghcdynz {rn/
o`rdv`a `cf gvlnr zn|~`a `jvdudvdnz `z `jjn{v`ban egr
onc b~v cgv egr xgonc dz z~{{grvnf ogrn bt xgonc
vl`c bt onc ,Gadunr % Ltfn 044:$# Nunc ogfnrc
xgonc xlg fg cgv ncfgrzn vln fg~ban zv`cf`rf vlno/
znaunz bnadnun vl`v dv zvdaa n|dzvz `cf {nrjndun gvlnr
xgonc `z ogrn admnat vl`c onc vg ncegrjn dv bt jgc/
fnocdch xgonc egr zn|~`a `jvdudvdnz vl`v `rn `jjn{v/
`ban `ogch onc ,Odaal`~znc % Lnrgaf 0444$#
Dc gvlnr j~av~rnz z~rhdj`a dcvnruncvdgcz vl`v j~rv`da
xgoncz j`{`jdvt egr zn|~`a {an`z~rn `rn z~{{grvnf
{nregronf `cf dcdvd`vnf bt xgonc r`vlnr vl`c onc
,n#h# Bgfft 04
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onv`/`c`atzdz bt @rjlnr ,2;;;$ eg~cf vl`v onc `cf
xgonc dcdvd`vn z~jl udgancjn v aogzv np~`a r`vnz ,`j/
v~`aat xgonc `rn zadhlvat ogrn admnat vg fg zg$ `a/
vlg~hl onc j`~znf ogrn znrdg~z dci~rdnz# Dv dz vlnrn/
egrn {gzzdban vg n|`odcn {gzzdban adcmz bnvxnnc zn|~`a
`jvdudvt `cf o`an eno`an gr rnjd{rgj`a `b~zn# Vln
zn|~`a bnl`udgr ge udgancv jg~{anz x`z zv~fdnf bt
FnO`rdz ,0448$# @avlg~hl zn| x`z rna`vdunat r`rn f~r/dch vln udgancv n{dzgfnz gunr`aa ln eg~cf vl`v vlnzn
jg~{anz l`f ogrn ernp~ncv zn| vl`c cgcudgancv jg~/
{anz# FnO`rdz jgcja~fnf vl`v vldz ldhl r`vn ge zn|
rneanjvnf ` {`vvnrc dc xldjl vln udjvdo xg~af `vvno{v
vg `{{n`zn gr {a`j`vn vln udgancv {`rvcnr bt geenrdch
zn| ,`z g{{gznf vg o`mdch ~{ evnr edhlvz gr gvlnr {gz/
zdban n|{a`c`vdgcz$# Vlnrn x`z lgxnunr c do{grv`cv
`ztoonvrt dc vln {`vvnrcz ge zn|~`a `{{n`znoncv dc
FnO`rdzz edcfdchz# Xlnc ln brgmn ldz z`o{an fgxc
`jjgrfdch vg xldjl {nrzgc x`z udgancv ln eg~cf vl`v
vln nanu`vnf zn|~`advt x`z gcat gbznrunf dc j`znz dc
xldjl vln l~zb`cf x`z udgancv# O`rrd`hnz xdvl udgancv
xdunz fdf cgv l`un nanu`vnf r`vnz ge zn|#Vldz `ztoonvrt edvz xnaa xdvl vln udnx vl`v zn| dz
zgonvldch vl`v xgonc hdun vg onc# @ eno an udjvdo ge
udgancjn j`c zgonvdonz {a`j`vn gr `{{n`zn lnr b~zdun
l~zb`cf bt geenrdch ldo n|vr` zn|# Dc jgcvr`zv ` o`an
udjvdo j`ccgv nzj`{nudgancjn bt geenrdch ldz xden zn|/
~`a e`ugrz# Vl~z nunc dc vln jgcvn|v ge fn{agr`ban `j/
vdgcz z~jl `z fgonzvdj udgancjn eno`an zn|~`advt l`z
u`a~n egr zgjd`a n|jl`chn xlnrn`z o`an zn|~`advt fgnz
cgv#
@ zo`vvnrdch ge gvlnr gbznru`vdgcz l`un {gdcvnf vg
dczvdv~vdgc`adynf unrzdgcz ge vln n|jl`chn ge zn| egr rn/
f~jdch udgancv udjvdody`vdgc# @~zvr`ad` x`z egr o`ct
tn`rz {rdo`rdat ` {nc`a jgagct dc xldjl ` zo`aa egrjnge h~`rfz `vvno{vnf vg {rnzdfn gunr ` a`rhn c~obnr ge
jgcudjvz `cf rnan`znf jgcudjvz# @jjgrfdch vg L~hlnz
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fdeenrncjnz xdaa grh`cdyn vln bnl`udgr ge ogzv dcfdudf/
~`az dc vln zgjdnvt#
Vln znjgcf {`rv ge vln `rvdjan {rnzncvnf ` brg`f
r`chn ge no{drdj`a edcfdchz `cf vlnt xnrn hncnr`aat
jgczdzvncv xdvl o`ct `z{njvz ge vln n|jl`chn vlngrt
vlg~hl zgon `z{njvz ge vln vlngrt rno`dc nzzncvd`aat
~cvnzvnf# Xn dfncvdednf hncfnr ztoonvrdnz jgczdzvncv
xdvl vln udnx vl`v zn| dz ` eno`an rnzg~rjn# Vl~z dc{rgzvdv~vdgc onc {`t xgonc egr zn| b~v xgonc r`rn/
at {`t onc egr zn|# Dc jg~rvzld{ onc geenr xgonc
jgoodvoncv cf fdz{a`t gr n|{ncf o`vnrd`a rnzg~rjnz
gc vlno b~v vln rnunrzn dz r`rn# Xgonc vt{dj`aat `rn
`ban vg `vvr`jv zn| {`rvcnrz xlg l`un zadhlvat ldhlnr
anunaz ge zgjd`a zv`v~z vl`c vln xgoncz gxc z~hhnzv/
dch vl`v vln zv`v~z dcjrnoncv rneanjvz ` o`an jgcvrdb~/
vdgc vg geeznv vln eno`an jgcvrdb~vdgc ge zn|# O`rdv`a
dcedfnadvt bt vln xden dz vrn`vnf `z de dv xnrn ` odz/
`{{rg{rd`vdgc ge ` u`a~`ban rnzg~rjn xlnrn`z dcedfna/
dvt bt vln l~zb`cf dz o`dcat jgcfnocnf de gvlnr ,nz{n/
jd`aat o`vnrd`a$ rnzg~rjnz `jjgo{`ct dv# Vln {rdjn
ge zn| rdznz xlnc xgonc `rn zj`rjn b~v e`aaz xlncxgonc `rn `b~cf`cv rna`vdun vg onc jgczdzvncv xdvl
vln jl`r`jvnrdy`vdgc ge xgonc `z z~{{at `cf onc `z
fno`cf ,znn V`ban 0$# Vln j~av~r`a z~{{rnzzdgc ge en/
o`an zn|~`advt `{{n`rz vg bn onfd`vnf bt xgonc jga/
anjvdunat `cf dv dz ogzv jgoogc dc zgjdnvdnz xlnrn
xgonc `rn ogzv fn{ncfncv gc vln {rdjn ge zn| vg gb/
v`dc g{{grv~cdvdnz `cf rnzg~rjnz `aa ge xldjl jgrrn/
z{gcfz vg lgx gadhg{gadnz vrt vg frdun ~{ o`rmnv {rdjnz
bt rnzvrdjvdch vln z~{{at# Xdfnz{rn`f aggzncdch ge zn|/
~`a cgroz ,ogzv cgv`bat vln Zn|~`a Rnuga~vdgc$ `rn
ogzv admnat xlnc xgonc gbv`dc gvlnr `unc~nz vg z~{/
{grv vlnoznaunz `cf vlnrnegrn fg cgv cnnf vg o`dcv`dc
`c `rvdedjd`aat ldhl {rdjn ge zn|# Zn|~`a e`ugrz j`c bnb`rvnrnf vg {a`j`vn c `b~zdun l~zb`cf b~v cgv c b~/
zdun xden#
Dc hncnr`a vln f`v` z~hhnzv vl`v o`an zn|~`advt l`z
advvan gr cg n|jl`chn u`a~n xlnrn`z eno`an zn|~`advt
jgoo`cfz ` zdhcdedj`cv b~v ea~jv~`vdch {rdjn# Ogzv ge
vln edcfdchz {nrv`dc vg vln bnhdccdch ge ` zn|~`a rna`/
vdgczld{ `cf dv znnoz rn`zgc`ban vg jgcja~fn vl`v vl`v
zgjd`an|jl`chn{rgjnzznzfg g{nr`vn xdvl rnh`rf vg vln
fnjdzdgc `bg~v xlnvlnr vg bnhdc l`udch zn|# Vlnrn dz
e`r anzz nudfncjn vg dcfdj`vn vl`v zgjd`a n|jl`chn {rg/
jnzznz jgcvdc~n vg bn rnanu cv vg zn|~`a fnjdzdgcz xdvl/
dc `c nzv`badzlnf rna`vdgczld{ vlg~hl zgon edcfdchz
,z~jl z dcugaudch dcedfnadvt cf a`jm ge zn| z hrg~cfz
egr fdugrjn$ fg z~hhnzv vl`v vln njgcgodj rganz rn zvdaa
rnanu`cv dco rrd`hn nunc de o~vnf# Dc` znczn vln o r/
rd`hn jgcvr`jv z{njdednz n|ja~zdun zn|~`a gbadh`vdgcz
`cf zl`rdch ge rnzg~rjnz cf vln o`rrdnf jg~{an dz nz/
zncvd aat rnogunf ergo vln brg`fnr zn|~`a o`rmnv/
{a`jn zg vln njgcgodj {rgjnzznz ge vl`v o`rmnv{a`jn
`rn zgonxl`v anzz rnanu`cv vg o`rrdnf vl`c ~co`rrdnf
{ng{an#
[nrl`{z vln ogzv dcvnrnzvdch p~nzvdgc vg nonrhn
ergo vln rnudnx {rgjnzz egr vldz `rvdjan x`z xlt de vln
njgcgodj `c`atzdz dz jgrrnjv {ng{an `rn rna~jv`cv vg
`jmcgxanfhn vln n|jl`chn {rgjnzznz gunrvat7 Vldz rn/
a~jv`cjn n|vncfz ergo vln rne~z`a ge f`vdch {`rvcnrz vg
v`am z{njdedj aat`bg~v lgx o~jl vlno`czlg~afz{ncf
vg l`un lgx o~jl zn| vg vln agx {rnzvdhn `jjgrfnf
{rgzvdv~vnz ,xlg n|{adjdvat vr`fn zn| egr ogcnt$ dc
cn`rat `aa j~av~rnz `cf nunc vg `ct xdfnz{rn`f rna~j/
v`cjn vg ncvnrv`dc vln vlngrt cf c`atzdz xn l`un {rg/{gznf# Nunc vln ogzv gbudg~z n|`o{anz rn jgcjn`anf9
Egr n|`o{an vlnzn f`tz ogzv zdchan {ng{an `rn `x`rn
ge ` z~{{gznf gbadh`vdgc vl`v ` xnffdch nch`hnoncv
zlg~af bn o`rmnf bt vln o`c hdudch vln xgo`c rdch
jgzvdch 2 ogcvlz xgrvl ge ldz z`a`rt xdvl cg jgrrn/
z{gcfdch hdev ergo lnr vg ldo# Bnadnunrz dc hncfnr
np~`advt `rn rdhlvat geencfnfbt vldz {r`jvdjn b~v dc g~r
udnx dv zdo{at dcfdj`vnz v`jdv `jjn{v`cjn vl`v ~cfnrat/
dch aa vln e`cjt rlnvgrdj bg~v adbnr`vdgc cf np~`advt
vln o`c dz zvdaa nzzncvd`aat {`tdch egr zn|~`a jjnzz# Cg
gcn x`cvz vg `jmcgxanfhn vldz lgxnunr#
Gcn odhlv zdo{at z`t vl`v j~av~r`a dfn`az ge agun
`cf rgo`cjn `rn dcjgo{`vdban xdvl n|jl`chn`c`atznzlncjn vln rna~jv`cjn b~v vl`v rnz{gczn e`daz vg dcfdj`vn
xlt j~av~r`a dfn`az zlg~af e`ugr ldhl/eagxc jgcjn{vz
ge rgo`cvdj agun gunr {r`jvdj`a `cf jgcjrnvn fdzj~z/
zdgcz ge zn|~`a n|jl`chn# Lgxnunr dcjgo{`vdbdadvt
odhlv `rdzn bnj`~zn `cv`hgcdzvdj n|jl`chn rna`vdgc/
zld{z `rn fdudzdun xlnrn`z zn|~`a rna`vdgczld{z `rn ge/
vnc zg~hlv z {gzdvdun nunc jgoo~c`a bgcfz# N|{adjdv
`jmcgxanfhoncv ge n|jl`chn {rgjnzznz dc zn|~`advt
xg~af jnrv`dcatr`dzn ` znvge fdeedj~avdnz vl v jg~af xnaa
o`mn {ng{an rnvdjncv# Enx jg~{anz xdaa n|`jvat o`vjl
vln unr`hn hgdch r`vn egr zn|~`a n|jl`chn cf zg gcn
gr vln gvlnr ge vlno dz hnvvdch {ggr fn`a# Vg jmcgxa/
nfhn vl`v xg~af rnun`a vln o`c `cf xgo`c `z l`udch`c nzzncvd`aat cv`hgcdzvdj rna`vdgczld{ v {rnjdznat vln
ogoncv xlnc vlnt `rn {rnz~o`bat vrtdch vg egro `
~cdvnf {`rvcnrzld{ `cf zg fgxc{a`tdch vln n|jl`chn
{rgjnzz xg~af bn u`a~`ban egr `ugdfdch vln fdudzdun
rnjghcdvdgc ge n|jl`chn# @ vgg/{rnjdzn cnhgvd`vdgc ge
lgx o~jl vln o`c zlg~af jgcvrdb~vn odhlv `azg egrjn
vln xgo`c vg `jmcgxanfhn vl`v zln xdaa jl`rhn gcn
o`c ogrn vl`c `cgvlnr ogrn `vvr`jvdun o`c vlnrnbt
zvrdmdch bagx vg ldz nhg# Lnr {rnzvdhn jg~af azg bn v
zv`mn nz{njd`aat de vg o`mn n|{adjdv cnhgvd`vdgcz zln
j`on ~cfnr {rnzz~rn ,jgo{ r`ban vg vlnfdzjagz~rnz rn/
p~drnf ge lg~zn znaanrz$ vg rnun`a xl v zln x`z geenrdch
dc vnroz ge xdaadchcnzz vg {nregro u`rdg~z `jvz `jv~`a
{ltzdj`a vr`dvz ~cfdzh~dznf bt jagvldch `cf o`mn~{
`cf n|vncv ge {rdgr zn|~`a `jvdudvt# Dc `ct j`zn lgx/
nunr vln rna~jv cjn vg `jmcgxanfhn zn|~ a n|jl`chn dz
dvznae c dcvrdh~dch jl`aanchn egr e~rvlnr rnzn`rjl#
@ adodv vdgc ge vldz {rginjv x`z vl`v dv fdf cgv z{njde/
dj`aat ~cfnrv`mn vg {dv zgjd`a n|jl`chn vlngrt `h`dczv
gvlnr vlngrdnz# Dcfnnf xn l`un {rg{gznf vl`v dc ogzv
rnz{njvz vln zgjd`a n|jl`chn `c`atzdz dz jgo{`vdban
xdvl gvlnr vlngrdnz z~jl `z zgjd`a jgczvr~jvdgcdzv `{/
{rg`jlnz `cf nuga~vdgc`rt vlngrt# Xn o`t jgcja~fn
:5;
B@^ONDZVNR @CF UGLZ
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vl`v zgjd`a n|jl`chn o`t jjg~cv egr hrn`v o`ct no/
{drdj`a edcfdchz cf vl`v dv l`z z~rudunf o`ct vnzvz vl`v
jg~af l`un e`azdednf dv b~v xn j`ccgv ja`do vl`v vln zg/
jd`a n|jl`chn vlngrt l`z bnnc {rgunc vg bn jgrrnjv gr
nunc ogrn jgrrnjv vl`c gvlnr vlngrdnz# Vldz `rvdjan
zlg~af bn znnc `z ogrn ge ` bnhdccdch vl`c `c ncf#
Zn| dz ` {rnjdg~z hggf egr xldjl fno`cf hncnr`aat
n|jnnfz z~{{at `cf zg dv xg~af bn z~r{rdzdch de o rmnv/{a`jn ftc`odjz `cf njgcgodj {rdcjd{anz xnrn ~vvnrat
`bzncv# Xn fg cgv znnm vg rn{a`jn `aa gvlnr vlngrdnz ge
zn|~ a bnl`udgrxdvl vldz njgcgodj gcn `cf dcfnnfxn
l`un cgvnf vl`v vln njgcgodj `c`atzdz fgnz cgv `{{at
np~`aat xnaa vg `aa zn|~`a bnl`udgr# Xn {rg{gzn gcat
vl`v vln njgcgodj `c`atzdz fnznrunz vg bn dcja~fnf `z
gcn do{grv`cv fdonczdgc ge zn|~`a `jvdudvt `cf gcn
~zne~a `{{rg`jl egr ~cfnrzv`cfdch vln dcvnr{nrzgc`a
`cf jgaanjvdun `z{njvz ge zn|~`advtnz{njd aat vln
a`rhn/zj`an j~av~r`a grh`cdy`vdgc ge zn|# Dc udnx ge
lgx xnaa vln zgjd`a n|jl`chn vlngrt l`z e`rnf dc vldz
rnudnx xn vldcm dv `{{rg{rd vn vl v rnzn`rjlnrz xlg `rn
dcvnrnzvnf dc vln j~av~r`a z{njvz ge zn|~`advt j`c bnhdcjgcf~jvdch ogrn {rgz{njvdun cf n|{adjdv vnzvz ge dv#
Rnenrncjnz
@mnrage H# @# Tnaanc I# A# % M`vy O# A# ,0448$# @c `c`atzdz ge
g~v/ge/xnfagjm jldafbn`rdch dc vln ^cdvnf Zv`vnz# Vln P~`r/
vnrat Ig~rc`a ge Njgcgodjz! 000! 288:08#
@cfnrzgc [# B# % Zvr~jmo`c/Iglczgc J# ,Nfz#$# ,044054:5:#
B~~cm B# [# % U`c Frdna B# ,04
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@ lnrdv`hn ge lnr gxc ,{{# 0520
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8/3/2019 Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions
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V`cc`ldaa R# ,04