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Sex and Gender Chapter 11
Sex vs. Gender
Sex Biological
Male or female
Gender Social
Masculine or Feminine
Gender differences: biology or
culture?
Gender
Gender Stratification: males’ and females’ unequal access to property, power,
and prestige.
Gender is a social construction
Gender is a process of socialization (family, media, religion, peers, school, etc)
Gender Roles: expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and
activities of males and females.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VqsbvG40Ww
Gender Socialization
Gender Roles and Toys
Male (Masculine) Female (Feminine)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZn_lJoN6PI
0:42-3:37
What toys were your favorites?
(Class Discussion)
How did your favorite toys promote a specific type of gendered behavior?
Did you have any toys that challenged gender stereotypes?
How did your family influence your toys? For example, who primarily bought your toys (mom, dad, grandparent, etc.)? Did you have an older sibling that influenced your toys (maybe you played together r you got their hand-me-down toys)?
What are the long-term implications of gendered toys? For example, do you feel that toys have an influence on what children want to be when they grow up?
Gender Inequality
Around the world, gender is the primary division between people.
In regards to gender inequality, women are considered to be a minority group
There are two proposed explanations to the origin of patriarchy.
Human Reproduction vs. Hand-to-Hand Combat
Regardless of the origins of patriarchy, a circular system of thinking evolved in
which men came to think of themselves inherently superior.
Gender Inequality in Everyday Life
In general, with masculinity symbolizing strength and success, a higher value
is placed on things considered masculine. Femininity, in contrast, is often
perceived as weakness and lack of accomplishment.
What are some terms that are feminine and used as insults?
Gender Inequality in the Workplace
Sex typed work
Every society associates certain
work with one sex or another.
Universally, greater prestige is
given to male activities, regardless
of what the activities are.
Gender Inequality in the Workplace
cont.
The pay gap
Glass ceiling: the mostly invisible
barrier that keeps women from
advancing to the top levels at work
Women are Teachers, Men are
Professors: A Study of Student
Perceptions
Women are Teachers, Men are Professors
“This study shows a pattern of gender bias. Students taking sociology
courses in a research university are much more likely to attribute
the Ph.D. achievement to a man, including the male graduate
instructor, than to a woman who is a faculty member, even a full
professor. Students are less likely to attribute the educational
credentials actually achieved by a woman to a woman. We suggest
this indicates that female faculty members are devalued, or their
credentials and status are at least discounted, by male and female
undergraduate students. Women are more likely than men to be
perceived as marginalized "teachers" in the research university
where this study was conducted. The "professor" is a status that,
for many students, is reserved for the male classroom instructor.”
Miller and Chamberlin
Feminism
Feminism: the view that biology is not destiny, that stratification by gender is wrong and should be resisted, and that men and women should be equal.
Occurred in three waves:
First Wave: Radical branch and Conservative branch (early 1900s)
Second Wave: protest against gender inequalities (1960-80s) The goals of this second wave (which continues today) were broad, ranging from raising women’s pay to changing policies on violence against women and legalizing abortion.
Third Wave: About 1990, the second wave gradually merged into a third wave. It ventured into the cultural sphere to embrace a multiplicity of voices, expressions, and experiences.
Gender Equality
https://www.ted.com/talks/michael_kimmel_why_gender_equality_is_good_
for_everyone_men_included