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Severan culture

The Roman empire during the reigns of Septimius Severus and hissuccessors (ad 193–225) enjoyed a remarkably rich and dynamic cul-tural life. It saw the consolidation of the movement known as theSecond Sophistic, which had flourished during the second centuryand promoted the investigation and reassessment of classical Greekculture. It also witnessed the emergence of Christianity on its ownterms, in Greek and in Latin, as a major force extending its influ-ence across literature, philosophy, theology, art and even architecture.This volume offers the first wide-ranging and authoritative survey ofthe culture of this fascinating period when the background of Rome’srulers was for the first time non-Italian. Leading scholars discuss gen-eral trends and specific instances, together producing a vibrant pictureof an extraordinary period of cultural innovation rooted in ancienttradition.

s i m o n s wa i n is Professor of Classics and Ancient History at theUniversity of Warwick. His recent publications include Bilingualism inAncient Society (2002) (with J. N. Adams and M. Janse), ApproachingLate Antiquity (2004) (with M. Edwards) and Seeing the Face, Seeingthe Soul: Polemon’s Physiognomy from Classical Antiquity to MedievalIslam (2007).

ste ph e n h a r r i s o n is Professor of Classical Languages and Lit-erature at the University of Oxford and Fellow and Tutor in Classicsat Corpus Christi College. His numerous publications include A Com-mentary on Vergil, Aeneid 10 (1991), Apuleius: A Latin Sophist (2000),Generic Enrichment in Vergil and Horace (2007) and, as editor, TheCambridge Companion to Horace (2007).

ja s e l s n e r is Humfry Payne Senior Research Fellow in ClassicalArchaeology at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He has edited andco-edited numerous volumes and is the author of Art and the RomanViewer (1995), Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: The Art of theRoman Empire (1998) and Roman Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity inArt and Text (2007).

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Severan culture

Edited bys i m o n s wa i n , s te ph e n h a r r i s o n ,

ja s e l s n e r



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Contents

List of illustrations [page viii]

List of contributors [xvii]

Letter of Philostratus to Longus [xix]

d o na l d ru s s e l l

Preface and Bibliography of Ewen Bowie [xxi]

s te ph e n h a r r i s o n a n d s i m o n s wa i n

Introduction [1]

s i m o n s wa i n

pa rt i l i te r at u re a n d c u lt u re

1 Prose literature and the Severan dynasty [29]

t i m w h i t m a r s h

2 Severan historiography: evidence, patterns, and arguments [52]

h a r ry s i d e b ot to m

3 The worlds of Nestor the poet [83]

j o h n m a

4 Sex lives of the sophists: epigrams by Philostratus

and Fronto [114]

g i d e o n n i s b e t

5 The Cynegetica attributed to Oppian [125]

m a ry w h i t by

6 Greek athletics in the Severan period: literary views [135]

ja s o n k o n i g

7 Heracles, Prometheus, and the play of genres in

[Lucian]’s Amores [146]

j u d i t h m o s s m a n



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vi Contents

8 Allegory and narrative in Heliodorus [160]

g l e n n m o s t

9 Polyphony or Babel? Hosidius Geta’s Medea and the poetics

of the cento [168]

ph i l i p h a rd i e

10 Unfair to Caecilius? Ciceronian dialogue techniques

in Minucius Felix [177]

j o nat h a n p owe l l

11 Cyprian’s Ad Donatum [190]

m i ch a e l w i n te r b ot to m

pa rt i i a rt a n d a rch i te c t u re

12 Art at the crossroads? Themes and styles in Severan art [201]

z a h r a n e w by

13 Landscape, transformation, and divine epiphany [250]

a l ex i a pets a l i s - d i o m i d i s

14 Urban development in the Severan empire [290]

a n d rew w i l s o n

15 Metaphor and identity in Severan architecture: the Septizodium

at Rome between ‘reality’ and ‘fantasy’ [327]

e d m u n d t h o m a s

16 Visibility and viewing on the Severan Marble Plan [368]

j e n n i f e r t r i m b l e

17 Septimius Severus: the Augustan emperor [385]

a l i s o n c o o l ey

pa rt i i i re l i g i o n a n d ph i l o s o phy

18 Severan Christianity [401]

m a r k e dwa rd s

19 Almsgiving for the pure of heart: continuity and change in early

Christian teaching [419]

r i ch a rd f i n n

20 Tertullian on flesh, spirit, and wives [430]

c at h e r i n e c o ny b e a re



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Contents vii

21 Sophists and Rabbis: Jews and their past in the Severan age [440]

j o s e ph g e i g e r

22 Trouble in Snake-Town: interpreting an oracle from

Hierapolis-Pamukkale [449]

i a n ru t h e r f o rd

23 Magic in the Severan period [458]

da n i e l o g d e n

24 Philosophy, scholarship, and the world of learning in the

Severan period [470]

m i ch a e l t r a p p

25 Human autonomy and divine revelation in Origen [489]

g e o rg e b oys - sto n e s

26 Socrates under the Severans [500]

ch r i stoph e r tay l o r

Bibliography [512]

Index [561]



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Illustrations

12.1 Arch of Septimius Severus, Roman Forum. Photo:

Z. Newby [page 202]

12.2 Denarius of Septimius Severus showing the Arch of Septimius

Severus. British Museum. Photo: C© Copyright The Trustees of the

British Museum [203]

12.3 Arch of Septimius Severus, Roman Forum. Detail of northwestern

panel. Photo: Z. Newby [205]

12.4 Severan Arch at Lepcis Magna. Part of the attic frieze showing the

triumphal procession of Septimius Severus. Tripoli Museum.

Photo: DAIR 61.1695 [208]

12.5 Severan Arch at Lepcis Magna. Attic panel showing concordia

Augustorum (the faces of Caracalla and Geta are restored). Tripoli

Museum. Photo: DAIR 61.1701 [210]

12.6 Severan Arch at Lepcis Magna. Pier relief showing siege of a city.

Tripoli Museum. Photo: DAIR 61.1710 [212]

12.7 Painted tondo showing the Severan family, with the face of Geta

later erased. Berlin, Staatliche Museen, Antikensammlung 31.329.

Photo: DAIR 69.159 [213]

12.8 Theatre at Hierapolis, scaenae frons. Relief showing Septimius

Severus presiding over the local Pythian festival. Photo:

Z. Newby [214]

12.9 Theatre at Sabratha. Relief showing the figures of Roma and

Sabratha accompanied by soldiers and flanked by two scenes of

sacrifice. Photo: DAIR 58.459 [216]

12.10 Detail of fig. 12.9 showing Septimius Severus sacrificing. Photo:

DAIR 61.2125 [217]

12.11 Rome, Gate of the Argentarii. Photo: Z. Newby [219]

12.12 Rome, Gate of the Argentarii. Internal panel showing Septimius

Severus and Julia Domna. Photo: DAIR 70.993 [220]

12.13 Detail of Gate of the Argentarii, internal panel showing Caracalla.

Photo: DAIR 70.1000 [221]

12.14 Detail of Gate of the Argentarii, praetorian standard with bust of

Geta removed. Photo: Z. Newby [223]



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List of illustrations ix

12.15 Detail of the head of Marcus Aurelius, from the sacrifice

relief in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Photo: DAIR

38.377 [225]

12.16 Marble portrait head of Septimius Severus (with restorations).

Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek cat. 721, inv. 802. Photo:

DAIR 63.1756 [226]

12.17 Marble portrait head of Caracalla. Berlin, Staatlichen Museen,

Antikensammlung R96. Photo: DAIR 62.1494 [227]

12.18 Marble portrait head of Alexander Severus. Vatican

Museums, Sala dei Busti 361; inv. 632. Photo: DAIR

33.1767 [228]

12.19 Marble portrait head of Gallienus. Berlin, Staatlichen Museen,

Antikensammlung SK 423. Photo: C© Bildarchiv Preussischer

Kulturbesitz, Berlin [229]

12.20 Marble portrait head of Gallienus. Rome, Museo Nazionale

Romano 644. Photo: DAIR 67.500 [230]

12.21 Marble portrait of a woman. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

cat. 738, inv. 792. Photo: Museum [231]

12.22 Marble portrait of the Empress Tranquillina. London, British

Museum Sc 1923. Photo: C© Copyright The Trustees of the British

Museum [232]

12.23 Achilles and Penthesilea Sarcophagus. Vatican Cortile Belvedere.

Photo: DAIR 72.571 [235]

12.24 Medea Sarcophagus. Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung

Ludwig, inv. BS 203. Photo: Museum, Claire Niggli [236]

12.25 Hunt sarcophagus. Via delle Croce, Rome. Photo: DAIR

60.28 [238]

12.26 Vita privata/hunt sarcophagus. Berlin Staatlichen Museen,

Antikensammlung. Photo: C© Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz,

Berlin [239]

12.27 Pelops Sarcophagus. Villa Albani Rome. Photo: DAIR 31.16 [241]

12.28 Rome, San Callisto Catacomb. Painted ceiling of a cubiculum

showing in the centre the Good Shepherd. Photo: Pontificia

Commissione di Archeologia Sacra [243]

12.29 Adonis Sarcophagus. Vatican, Museo Gregoriano Profano inv.

10409. Photo: DAIR 71.1762 [244]

12.30 Persephone Sarcophagus. Rome, Museo Capitolino. Photo: DAIR

72.688 [246]

12.31 Farnese Hercules statue found in the Baths of Caracalla, Rome.

Naples, Museo Nazionale. Photo: DAIR 80.2908 [248]



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x List of illustrations

13.1 Fragments of the Severan Marble Plan depicting the Septizodium

and the eastern end of the Circus Maximus. Image by David Koller

after Carettoni et al. (1960), fragment photos courtesy of Stanford

Digital Forma Urbis Romae Project [256]

13.2 Marble relief from Lake Fucino depicting city and countryside.

Villa Torlonia, Avezzano. Schwanke, Neg. D-DAI-Rom

1979.2757 [257]

13.3 Fragments of the Severan Marble Plan depicting an aqueduct in

elevation (Aqua Alsietina). Image by David Koller after

Carettoni et al. (1960), Tav. XLII, fr. 223, fragment photos courtesy

of Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Romae Project [258]

13.4 Great panel from northwest side of the Arch of Septimius Severus

in the Forum in Rome (panel iii). Image courtesy of the American

Academy in Rome [260]

13.5 Mosaic of circus scene from Carthage. Musee du Bardo, Tunis.

Koppermann, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1961.0543 [262]

13.6 Fragmentary mosaic of amphitheatre scene with ostriches,

deer, and hunting dogs from Le Kef (Sicca Veneria). Musee

du Bardo, Tunis. Image courtesy of Musee du Bardo,

Tunis [263]

13.7 Detail of Parthia seated in the centre of the triumphal register,

northwest side of the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Forum

in Rome. Image courtesy of the American Academy in

Rome [263]

13.8 Old river god from the left spandrel, northwest arch of the Arch of

Septimius Severus in the Forum in Rome. Image courtesy of the

American Academy in Rome [264]

13.9 Detail of Rome seated at the right end of the triumphal register,

northwest side of the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Forum in

Rome. Image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome [265]

13.10 Victory and season (summer) from the left spandrel, central bay,

west facade of the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Forum in

Rome. Neg. D-DAI-Rom 04325 [266]

13.11 Front panel from a marble sarcophagus depicting a port scene.

Vatican Museums, Museo Pio Clementino, Cortile del Belvedere.

Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1931.1138 [267]

13.12 Engraving of the remains of the Septizodium by Etienne du Perac,

1581. Ashby (1916) f.23, (102) pl.xxii [270]

13.13 Calendar mosaic from the House of the Months at El Djem. Sousse

Museum. Koppermann, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1964.0292 [271]



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List of illustrations xi

13.14 Detail of the months of October and November from the Calendar

mosaic from the House of the Months at El Djem. Sousse Museum.

Koppermann, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1964.0298 [272]

13.15 Plan of the floor mosaic from the mithraeum of the Sette Sfere at

Ostia. Image courtesy of Archivio Fotografico della

Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici di Ostia [274]

13.16 The mithraeum of the Sette Sfere at Ostia, view towards north.

Image courtesy of Archivio Fotografico della Soprintendenza per i

beni archeologici di Ostia [275]

13.17 Mosaic of Diana-Luna in an arch from the left podium of the

mithraeum of the Sette Sfere at Ostia. Image courtesy of Archivio

Fotografico della Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici

di Ostia [276]

13.18 Wall-paintings from the Hypogaeum of the Aurelii (Room C),

Viale Manzoni, Rome. On lower level the Apostles, on the upper

level from left to right the Shepherd with his flock, and the scene of

the rider approaching the city. Image courtesy Alinari

Archives-Florence [278]

13.19 Wall-painting from the Hypogaeum of the Aurelii (Room C), Viale

Manzoni, Rome. The Shepherd with his flock. Singer, Neg.

D-DAI-Rom 1973.0180 [279]


Manzoni, Rome. Rider approaching the city. Wilpert (1923)

pl. xx [280]


Manzoni, Rome. ‘Heavenly Jerusalem’. Wilpert (1923)

pl. xxii [282]


Manzoni, Rome. ‘The return of Odysseus’. Wilpert (1923)

pl. xvi [284]

13.23 Floor mosaic of the arrival of Asklepios on Kos, from the House of

Asklepios, Kos. Archaeological Museum of Kos. Image courtesy

22nd Ephorate of Prehistorical and Classical Antiquities [285]

13.24 Bronze head of Septimius Severus (Serapis-Severus portrait type).

Vatican Museums, Museo Gregoriano Profano. Felbermeyer, Neg.

D-DAI-Rom 1969.0812 [288]

14.1 Plan of Lepcis Magna, showing the Severan building programme

(arch, nymphaeum, forum, basilica, colonnaded street, and

harbour) and other buildings mentioned in the text. MacKendrick

(1980) 144 [296]



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xii List of illustrations

14.2 Lepcis Magna. Severan arch. Photo: A. Wilson [296]

14.3 Lepcis Magna. Severan nymphaeum. Photo: A. Wilson [298]

14.4 Lepcis Magna. Severan forum and basilica from the nymphaeum.

Photo: A. Wilson [298]

14.5 Lepcis Magna. Severan basilica. Photo: A. Wilson [299]

14.6 Lepcis Magna. Hercules pilaster flanking one of the apses in the

Severan basilica. Photo: A. Wilson [300]

14.7 Lepcis Magna. Severan forum partly finished and unfinished

carving of the arcade. Photo: A. Wilson [301]

14.8 Cuicul. Aerial view of Severan forum, Arch of Caracalla, and the

temple to the Gens Septimiana, winter 1962. Photo: E. Stawksi;

Phototheque du Centre Camille Jullian. Neg. 43424 [308]

14.9 Cuicul. Severan temple and forum. Photo: A. Wilson [309]

14.10a & b Denarius of ad 203 or 204, showing Dea Caelestis riding a lion,

running along the waters of a spring. Legend: 10a Obverse: Severus

Pius Aug. 10b Reverse: indulgentia Augg(ustorum) in

Carth(aginem). [310]

14.11 Cirta (Constantine). Arches of the aqueduct bridge. Photo: A.

Wilson [312]

14.12 Timgad. Severan arch and new quarter beyond. Photo:

A. Wilson [314]

14.13 Timgad. Library. Photo: A. Wilson [316]

14.14 Timgad. Library dedicatory inscription. Photo: A. Wilson [317]

14.15 Cyrene. Severan-period relief from the market–theatre complex.

Photo: A. Wilson [319]

14.16a & b Coin of Pergamum, ad 214, showing Temples of Augustus, Trajan,

and Caracalla. Bronze, 43 mm, 36.10 g. Photo: Ashmolean

Museum [321]

15.1 Reconstruction of the area around the Septizodium in Rome. From

Model of Ancient Rome by Paul Bigot, Musees Royaux d’Art et

d’Histoire, Brussels. Photo: C© Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire,

Brussels [330]

15.2 Forma Urbis Romae, frs. 7a, 7b, 8a, and 8b, showing part of the

Septizodium. C© The Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Romae

Project, with permission of the Sovrintendenza Archeologica

di Roma [331]

15.3 Plan of the area around the Porta Capena in antiquity showing

fragments of the Forma Urbis, superimposed on the modern street

plan. The Via Appia at this point, marked by the dashed line, may



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List of illustrations xiii

have taken the name Via Nova. From Gorrie (2001), reproduced

with permission of Latomus [332]

15.4 Detail of pilaster with relief decoration depicting Hercules,

from the south apse of the Severan basilica at Lepcis Magna,

ad c. 209–16. Photo: C© Andrew Wilson [335]

15.5 Detail of pilaster with relief decoration depicting Dionysus, from

the north apse of the Severan basilica at Lepcis Magna. Photo:C© Andrew Wilson [336]

15.6 ‘The Septizonium and Domus Severiana at Rome’. View of the

ruins from the south. Drawing, pen and wash, by Maarten van

Heemskerck, n.d., 19.8 cm × 14.8 cm. Kupferstichkabinett,

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 79 D 2 a, fol. 85 recto. Photo:

Jorg P. Anders. C© Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen

zu Berlin [338]

15.7 ‘The Septizodium at Rome’. View from the south. Drawing by

Francisco d’Ollanda, ‘Libro de las Antigualhas’, fol. 23r, 1539–40.

Biblioteca del Escorial, inv. no. 28-l-20. C© Patrimonio Nacional,

Madrid [340]

15.8 Publicity leaflet for the Karl E. Maison Gallery in Berlin, showing a

drawing of Septizodium, now lost, attributed to Baldassare Peruzzi.

Photo: C© the Rubenianum, Antwerp. Publicity leaflet for the Karl

E. Maison Gallery in Berlin, showing a drawing of Septizodium,

now lost, attributed to Baldassare Peruzzi. Photo: C© the

Rubenianum, Antwerp [341]

15.9 Reconstructed plan of the Septizodium in Rome.

Hulsen (1886) [342]

15.10 Reconstructed elevation of the Septizodium in Rome. Hulsen

(1886) [342]

15.11 Reconstructed plan and elevation of the Septizodium in Rome.

Dombart (1922) [343]

15.12 Stage-building of the Roman theatre at Sabratha, ad c. 190. Photo:C© Andrew Wilson [344]

15.13 ‘The Septizonium of Severus on the Via Appia’. Reconstructed

front elevation in an engraving by Giacomo Lauro, Splendor Urbis

Antiquae (1612). Reproduced by permission of Durham University

Library, Routh Collection 65 cupboard 17 [345]

15.14a, b, Reconstructions of the Septizodium at Rome: 14a and b front

and c elevation and 14c view from the south side. Luigi Canina, Gli

edifizii di Roma antica. Reproduced with permission of the

Bodleian Library, Oxford [346]



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xiv List of illustrations

15.15 Bronze medallion of Septimius Severus from Hadrianopolis

(Thrace), ad 193–211: reverse face depicting a fountain building

with sculptural decoration. By permission of the Departement des

Monnaies, Medailles et Antiques, Bibliotheque Nationale de

France, Paris [349]

15.16 Restored view of the ruins of the Septizodium from the southeast.

Drawing by Andrea Palladio (1508–80), n.d. The British

Architectural Library, RIBA, London. Drawings of Andrea

Palladio, vol. i, fol. 2, verso. Photo: C© RIBA, London [350]

15.17 Ruins of the Septizodium from the east. Drawing by Martin van

Heemskerck. Istituto Nazionale della Grafica, Rome [351]

15.18 Ruins of the Septizodium from the east. Drawing by Martin van

Heemskerck. Istituto Nazionale della Grafica, Rome [352]

15.19 Restored plan of the lower storey of the Septizodium at Rome.

Drawing by Andrea Palladio. The British Architectural Library,

RIBA, London, Drawings of Andrea Palladio, vol. ix, fol. 17, verso.

Photo: C© RIBA, London [353]

15.20 Restored plan of the Septizodium, Codex Coner, n.d., Sir John

Soane’s Museum, London. C© Sir John Soane’s Museum [354]

15.21 Hypothetical reconstruction of the Septizodium as seen on the

Forma Urbis Romae. From Settis (1973) pl. 21. Reproduced with

permission of Salvatore Settis [355]

15.22 Detail of plan of Rome for the area around the Septizodium. From

Rodolfo Lanciani, Forma Urbis Romae (Milan, 1901), pl. 35.

Reproduced by permission of Durham University Library, Special

Collections, shelfmark X++ 912.37 LAN [356]

15.23 Provisional plan of the Septizonium at Henschir Tounga (ancient

Cincari), early third century ad After Picard (1962a) 80 fig. 1.

Reproduced with permission of the Fondation Eugene Piot,

Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris [359]

15.24 Reconstructed plan and elevation of the Septizonium at Lambaesis,

ad 226. Drawing by M. Borely, from Janon (1973) 236 fig. 17.

Reproduced with permission of the Centre Camille Jullian –

MMSH [360]

15.25 Fragment of sculpture probably representing a reclining river deity

and a feline creature, found in 1986 in excavations of an exedra of

the Septizodium at Rome. Palatine Museum, Rome. Photo:C© Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma [361]

15.26 Bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius, ad 160: reverse face, showing

a personified statue of Africa. By permission of the Departement



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List of illustrations xv

des Monnaies, Medailles et Antiques, Bibliotheque Nationale de

France, Paris [362]

15.27 Reconstruction of the Porta Capena, situated within the ‘Servian

Wall’ and straddled by the Aqua Appia. Drawing by John Henry

Parker, 1868, based on his excavations of 1867–8. From Stenuit

(2003) 33 fig. 3. Reproduced with permission of Minerva,

International Review of Ancient Art & Archaeology [364]

15.28 Design for the decoration of ‘Porta Capena’ (actually Porta

S. Paolo), Rome, with ornamental dressing for the triumph of

Emperor Charles V in 1535. Drawing by circle of Peruzzi. Siena,

Biblioteca Comunale, Codice S IV 7, fol. 38r [365]

15.29 Designs by Antonio da Sangallo the younger for the triumph of

Emperor Charles V in 1535 in Rome: (left) a project for the

decoration of Porta S. Sebastiano, and (right) a project for a

temporary triumphal arch near the Septizodium, situated at the

crossroads between Via di Porta S. Sebastiano and Via di S.

Gregorio, Rome. Gabinetto dei Disegni degli Uffizi, Florence, inv.

no. 1014 A [366]

16.1 Fragments of the Severan Marble Plan depicting part of the

Subura. Nos. 10Aab on slab viii-2 at upper left, fragments 10a–i

and 10l–v on slab viii-3 at upper centre, fragments 11a–d on slab

vii-7 at lower centre, and fragment 12 on slab vii-8 at lower right.

Image by David Koller after Carettoni et al. (1960), fragment

photos courtesy of Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Project [369]

16.2 Reconstruction of the Severan Marble Plan. Image: C© Phaeton

Group by David West Reynolds, used with permission [370]

16.3 Reconstruction plan of the imperial Fora in light of the new

excavations. Reproduced by permission of the Sovraintendenza

Comunale di Roma [371]

16.4 Fragments of the Severan Marble Plan depicting the Septizodium

below the southeast corner of the Palatine hill. Nos. 7a–d on slab

ix-6 at upper right, and fragments 8abde on slab viii-5 below.

Image by David Koller after Carettoni et al. (1960), fragment

photos courtesy of Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Project [372]

16.5 Column of Trajan, the lowest three spirals of the frieze from the

southwest. Reproduced by permission of The Art Archive/Dagli

Orti, image AA385210 [374]

16.6 Line drawing of the marble plan fragment found in the Via Anicia

Reproduced by permission of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attivita

Culturali – Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma [379]



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xvi List of illustrations

17.1 Rome, Column of Marcus Aurelius, ‘rain miracle’ scene (xvi/xvii).

Schlechter, Neg. D-DAI-Rom 1989.0206 [388]

17.2 Bacchus and Hercules, RIC IV no. 765a, reverse. By courtesy of the

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, with thanks to Chris Howgego and

Alessia Bolis [392]



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Contributors

George Boys-Stones Senior Lecturer in Classics at the University of Durham

Catherine Conybeare Associate Professor of Greek, Roman, and Classical

Studies at Bryn Mawr College

Alison Cooley Lecturer in Classics at the University of Warwick

Mark Edwards Student of Christ Church and University Lecturer in Patris-

tics, University of Oxford

Jas Elsner Senior Research Fellow in Classical Archaeology at Corpus

Christi College, University of Oxford

Richard Finn Fellow of Blackfriars, University of Oxford

Joseph Geiger Professor of Classics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Philip Hardie Senior Research Fellow, Trinity College, University of

Cambridge

Stephen Harrison Professor of Classical Languages and Literature at Corpus


Jason Konig Lecturer in Classics at the University of St Andrews

John Ma Fellow of Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford

Judith Mossman Professor of Classics at the University of Nottingham

Glenn Most Professor of Classics at the Universities of Pisa and Chicago

Zahra Newby Senior Lecturer in Classics at the University of Warwick

Gideon Nisbet Lecturer in Classics at the University of Birmingham

Daniel Ogden Professor of Classics at the University of Exeter

Alexia Petsalis-Diomidis Lecturer in Classical Archaelogy, Corpus Christi

College, University of Oxford



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xviii Contributors

Jonathan Powell Professor of Latin at Royal Holloway College, University

of London

Donald Russell Emeritus Professor of Classical Languages and Literature,

St John’s College, University of Oxford

Ian Rutherford Professor of Classics at the University of Reading

Harry Sidebottom Member of Lincoln College, University of Oxford

Simon Swain Professor of Classics and Ancient History at the University of

Warwick

Christopher Taylor Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy, Corpus


Edmund Thomas Lecturer in Ancient Visual and Material Culture at the

University of Durham

Michael Trapp Professor of Greek Literature and Thought at King’s College,

University of London

Jennifer Trimble Assistant Professor of Classics at Stanford University

Mary Whitby Member of the Corpus Christi College Centre for the Study

of Greek and Roman Antiquity, University of Oxford

Tim Whitmarsh E. P. Warren Praelector in Classics, Corpus Christi College,

Oxford

Andrew Wilson Professor of Roman Archaeology at All Souls College,

University of Oxford

Michael Winterbottom Emeritus Corpus Christi Professor of Latin,

University of Oxford



´




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Preface

s te ph e n h a r r i s o n a n d s i m o n s wa i n

Ewen Bowie and Corpus Christi College

Ewen Bowie is the third holder of the E. P. Warren Praelectorship in Greek

at Corpus, established under the will of Edward Perry Warren who died

in 1928; legal complications surrounding Warren’s bequest meant that the

post was not occupied until 1954 (by Sir Hugh Lloyd-Jones), and in 1965

Ewen succeeded Gerald Toomer who had become Praelector in 1960 when

Sir Hugh was appointed Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford. Warren’s will

trust placed a number of restrictions on the Praelector intended to make

sure that he had a close relationship to his students; the Praelector was to

live in College, or, if married, he had to live in a College house and be

available to students day and night via a tunnel under Merton Street; he was

also forbidden to teach women (a clear indication of Warren’s own gender

preferences: see Sox (1987)). All these restrictions were gradually removed

by negotiation with the Privy Council; Ewen was the first Praelector to teach

women and was obliged to retain formal living quarters in College until

1989 (see Symonds (2002) 89–96).

Though perhaps not quite in the way that Warren intended, Ewen has

maintained an especially close relationship with his students, and there can

be few who have not appreciated his generous hospitality and cuisine, capac-

ity for useful social and academic introduction, and general interest in their

well-being as well as his dedicated teaching and instruction. His colleagues

can also testify to a wonderfully detailed master-plan for organising teaching

and the most harmonious and supportive of working relationships.

In forty-two years of teaching at Corpus, Ewen has had some level of direct

contact with about five hundred classical students at undergraduate and

graduate level at the College (catalogued below), and also with many more

from other Colleges for whom complete records do not exist, especially his

many graduate students from outside Corpus. Of the 506 classical students

at Corpus from Ewen’s time listed below, 147 (nearly a third) have either

taught classics at school or university or published classical research work.

This is an extraordinary contribution to the profession of classics, not only in

this country but worldwide. Of these 147, at least 90 were directly taught by

Ewen himself as undergraduates: these include many distinguished teachers



´




xxii Preface

at school level as well as current faculty members at Oxford and Cambridge,

Birmingham, Bristol, Durham, Exeter, Glasgow, KCL, Lampeter, Leeds,

Liverpool, Newcastle, Nottingham, Reading, Royal Holloway, St Andrews

and Warwick in the UK; Bryn Mawr, Colorado/Boulder, Columbia, Florida

International, Kansas, Princeton, Reed, Vassar and Washington University St

Louis in the USA; Calgary, Toronto, Waterloo and York University, Toronto

in Canada; and Jerusalem, Pisa and Poznan.

Corpus classicists in Ewen Bowie’s time (1965–2007)

This list is derived from The Corpus Christi College Biographical Register

1880–1974 (1988) and its supplement for 1974–91 (1995), and from the

internal records of the College since 1991. Those for 2006–7 are listed

prospectively at the time of writing (summer 2006). The list begins in 1964

since under the system of that time only first- and second-year undergrad-

uates would have been in Ewen’s charge as Mods tutor. Students are listed

under their year of matriculation, i.e. entry into the College. Every care has

been taken to avoid errors and omissions, but some may remain.

Ewen has also taught a large number of students from other Colleges and

supervised a large number of graduate students, but no substantive records of

these categories exist; those who were graduate students but not undergrad-

uates in classical subjects (broadly defined but not including Byzantinists)

at Corpus in Ewen’s time have been included, nevertheless, with the code

G after their names. Where students changed from the main classics course

[Literae Humaniores] to another field or studied for one of the classical

joint schools (Classics and Modern Languages [CML], Classics and English

[C&E], or Classical Archaeology and Ancient History [CAAH]), their final

degree subject is given in square brackets. Visiting students (one year) are

designated by the code VS. Students in Ancient and Modern History have not

been included since in Corpus these fall under History rather than Classics.

Those in the list who are known by the compiler to have held teaching

posts in classical subjects at schools and universities and/or published at

scholarly level in classical fields are marked by an asterisk (this omits a

number of distinguished modern philosophers and modern historians) :

these form more than a quarter of the total (see above).

1964J. G. A. Avgherinos

M. T. Davies

M. B. Dunlop

M. J. Fell [Theology]

M. J. B. Koppel [Theology]

R. Lomas G

P. M. Rayner

S. F. Ryle* G



´




Preface xxiii

1965H. M. T. Cobbe* G

A. S. Cullen

J. P. Dancy

W. Gillies

R. D. Kent

J. H. Lloyd [Modern Languages]

R. A. Maclean

S. A. Mann

R. W. Mason [PPE]

W. G. Moles

M. N. Sabine

W. A. Waldegrave

M. W. Woodfield [Modern

Languages]

M. H. Wolf [PPE]

1966G. F. W. Allen [PPE]

P. M. Blair

W. S. Dunnett [Oriental Studies]

T. D. Fletcher

W. L. Fletcher

D. A. W. Forbes [English]

P. R. Hall

H. M. Hine*

N. J. MacSween

T. T. B. Mitford* [Oriental Studies]

I. S. Moxon*

R. M. Price

R. J. Tarrant* G

J. C. Yardley* G

1967A. T. J. Cape [History and Modern

Languages]

E. W. Evans

K. S. Fosbrook [PPP]

H. Griffith

H. R. D. Hardy

N. M. Horsfall* G

D. F. Jamieson

R. N. Readman

C. S. Roche

N. C. F. Williams

1968S. L. Bainbridge

R. D. Brown*

N. J. M. Cameron

E. C. Cardale [Theology]

J. A. R. Drysdale

J. Geiger* G

J. S. Graham

G. M. R. Hay

J. L. Moles*

T. H. Wilson

1969G. A. Blair*

S. M. B. S. Bowden

C. C. Bridge [PPE]

L. H. Goldman [PPE/Medicine]

A. Hardie*

M. C. Kulukundis

C. C. Luker

P. J. Pickles

G. Preece [PPE]

J. P. Rawes

T. A. Sinclair [PPE]

A. F. Wallace-Hadrill*

M. K. Williams

N. K. J. Witney

1970M. M. Glass

P. R. Hardie*

J. R. Harris [PPE]

J. M. Holt

C. J. Pitt Lewis



´




xxiv Preface

P. P. Ralli

D. H. Thomas

C. J. Tuplin*

(L.) M. Whitby*

1971B. C. Barker-Benfield*

A. J. Chamberlain [Medicine]

M. H. Coulshed

C. D. Crabbie

J. M. Draisey

R. Freebury G

R. H. A. Jenkyns* G

G. J. L. Lawrence

S. J. McCarthy

A. M. D. McWilliam [Law]

C. E. D. Montague*

G. W. Morton

P. G. Starkey [Oriental Studies]

M. J. Taylor

S. F. Weiskittel*

1972L. K. V. Bazar

R. T. Canton

C. J. Der [PPE]

J. J. M. Hawthorn

P. G. Lennox*

T. J. W. Maxwell

G. W. Most* G

P. Pattenden* G

N. S. Roxan

A. M. Shaw

M. F. A. Simon [CML]

J. L. Vickers

1973N. J. S. Abbot G

R. E. Brinkley

N. C. Denyer*

T. A. Divers

C. S. Johnston [CML]

N. J. Kroll

R. C. Macpherson G

B. Rankov*

P. A. Wareham

1974H. Bodossian

R. J. Hexter* [CML]

R. L. Judson*

N. F. Keegan

P. G. Larrissy

G. Lemos

G. McGuinness

M. Newbrook

S. Turk [Law]

J. D. Welch

1975R. G. Abbey Smith [Law]

J. E. Cubbon [PPE]

D. R. Foster*

S. A. Hall

B. O’Meara [History]

A. G. Onslow

J. E. Painter

M. B. Poliakoff*

J. G. F. Powell*

E. R. Tansley

1976R. A. H. Bett

S. A. Bradbury

R. M. Bradley

D. M. Cranston

P. R. Leckie*

V. Loizides G

D. A. G. Moncur G

G. H. Orentlicher



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Preface xxv

S. J. E. Salem

R. C. Smail*

A. H. W. Smith

M. B. Trapp*

1977Z. Archibald* (formerly

Szymanska) G

P. M. Hellegers

T. E. Hulse [CML]

S. S. Kolka

A. J. Maynard*

C. G. Nugee

I. C. Rutherford*

S. N. S. Sadler

D. R. Shanzer* G

M. J. Vermes*

C. J. White

1978T. S. Hawkins [CML]

J. M. Hingley

G. P. Jones

R. Jones

J. H. Kagan*

B. L. Skinner

P. G. W. Smart

M. S. Spurr*

G. M. R. Wilsdon*

1979A. M. Bicket* G

M. J. Brooke*

S. R. Everson*

A. S. Mason

R. G. Peden*

P. Scott G

I. T. Tower

1980R. D. Clark

M. J. Edwards*

I. F. M. Fraser

I. R. Lane*

H. F. Monkhouse

S. L. Ramsay

R. J. Song

1981A. M. Behan* (formerly

Collinge) G

J. J. Cox

J. Frecknall

R. M. Gosling

H. R. Kempshall

F. C. Mann

A. Melnyk

J. M. Mossman*

O. L. Segal

E. J. Stell

M. H. Wheatley

1982S. L. C. Duggan (formerly Brown)

D. P. A. Happe

P. A. Hibbert

C. Klodt* VS

P. W. Murphy

D. Ogden*

H. Sidebottom* G

J. C. Trevett*

J. J. Ward*

J. H. Whyte

N. M. Young

1983M. Demos*

H. L. P. Kaye

R. G. Long

B. G. C. Mandry

J. S. Petty

J. M. Vessey* G



´




xxvi Preface

R. P. Walker

R. D. Wells* G

M. E. Williams

1984W. H. Bernstein

D. M. J. Gilbert

G. P. Page

C. Rapp* VS

D. M. Themistocleous*

M. T. Wilmore*

N. C. Winfield

1985M. A. Beken [CML]

M. N. R. Bowie G

C. M. Conybeare*

J. B. Griffin G

J. Healey

G. E. Herbert-Brown* (formerly

Herbert) G

G. H. Huber-Rebenich* (formerly

Huber) VS

C. R. Hurley

P. J. Kirby

D. W. Mackie*

H. C. P. Purcell [Mod.Lang.]

E. V. Thomas*

S. J. Tiplady

P. R. J. Warrell G

U. Wartenberg Kagan* (formerly

Wartenberg)VS & G

1986M. Diaz G

E. C. Millender* (formerly

Greenstein)

L. W. G. Morgan*

S. H. Prince*

J. P. Rogers

A. J. N. Roxburgh

R. H. Smith

S. J. Speight

V. E. Vaughan

C. M. Wells

1987M. Braun* VS

J. P. Hesk*

G.-M. Lapsley (formerly Power)

C. M. Selzer* VS G

M. L. Sharp*

J. E. Sherwood*

R. D. Steadman-Jones

R. M. R. Hollier* (formerly Tarnoy)

A. I. Wilson*

1988K. Bartol* VS

U. Coope*

A. J. Grant

A. N. Henry

M. Hiscock

S. Margetts

H. J. Morrison*

G. Nisbet*

V. J. Wohl* G

R. Yudkin

1989A. (formerly D.) P. Bitel*

D. J. Causebrook

P. D. Elbourne*

N. C. Fagge

D. W. Goodhew*

K. N. Gruneberg

L. Hollis

C. F. Muller

E. J. Potter*

M. J. Spencer



´




Preface xxvii

E. Sheehan* (formerly Haan) G

S. H. Theunissen [C&E]

W. W. West

1990R. K. Balot*

T. J. Darke [C&E]

E. K. Dugdale*

R. D. Finn*

M. J. H. Fysh [C&E]

Georg, Graf von Gries* (formerly

Korzeniowski) VS

M. V. Lodwick G

Z. L. Newby*

M. Revermann* VS G

I. A. Ruffell*

E. M. Thornhill

T. M. Welch* (formerly Silvestri)

1991H. T. Boyd-Carpenter

R. H. Foxley

K. B. Grant

B. Graziosi*

D. J. Hill

E. K. Irwin*

K. M. McNab

A. I. Petsalis-Diomidis*

J. Z. Mandel [C&E, English]

G. I. C. Robertson* G

N. I. Stagi [CML]

C. E. Steel*

1992E. R. Ellis*

L. B. Fitzgeorge-Parker

A. Fuchs* VS

A. Glazier

J. Konig*

S. Koroliov

P. McGladdery [CML]

C. K. Parsons [CML]

H. M. Rendell* G

L. L. St Louis* G

C. H. Stewart [C&E]

1993A. E. Bendlin* G

G. E. Bennett*

K. A. Dugdale

G. C. D. Hoare

M. Lipka* G

P. A. Low*

A. D. Macleod [C&E]

N. H. Rusch G

S. A. Salimi

T. J. Venning [C&E]

C. E. Wells

1994B. W. Akrigg*

G. K. L. Chum

B. E. Cody*

D. P. Cole

C. L. Cooper*

E. A. Hebditch

A. M. Master

T. R. M. Nelson* G

A. D. Nikolopoulos* G

M. Pazdera VS

J. R. W. Prag*

J. E. Reeson* G

I. D. Repath*

M. Rosado*

1995F. Ahmed

S. F. Bennett

L. M. Boone*

T. C. Carey



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xxviii Preface

R. G. Gerschner* G

J. H. Hordern* G

K. G. Lorenz* VS

K. S. Luchner* VS

R. J. Murray-West [C&E]

A. C. Richardson* [C&E]

R. A. Rist

G. J. Salmon

A. B. Thornton

E. R. C. Wilson* G

A. M. Wright

J. R. Zerdin G

1996D. G. H. Beer

W. M. B. Brockliss*

H. E. Eastman* [C&E]

E. Friend-Smith

R. M. Hillier [C&E]

M. Just [C&E, VS]

C. E. Long

H. T. Lorenz* G

M. R. Matz G

D. G. Murphy*

T. E. O’Shea

T. J. D. Robinson

T. L. Simmons* G

S. T. Topsfield

K. A. Woodgett* G

1997K. Aise [C&E]

A. Andrews

E. M. M. Aston*

D. J. Bloch*

K. L. Brown

A. M. Dondi

R. M. Finch

D. Kiss* [Oriental Studies]

T. Landau*

C. MacDonald

C. Mulke* VS

P. E. Pormann* G

T. Reinhardt* G

1998D. Anderson Burley [C&E]

A. J. Dowler*

J. F. Gaertner* G

M. A. C. Harrison

J. D. Harvey

D. M. Johnson

D. A. Krasne*

R. May* G

M. M. Powers G

J. D. Rice

L. V. Saunders

C. Strobel* VS G

C. C. S. Talbot

A. J. Willi* G

1999C. F. Banks

M. A. Carter* G

J. W. Clift

W. D. C. De Melo* G

D. G. Hayes

H. C. Kelly

B. P. Macintyre

E. Pooley

H. J. Reynolds

S. Rishoj Christensen* G

M. W. Thompson G

L. S. Walby

2000R. J. Blackburn

R. R. Chenault

D. Goldstein G

J. Hilliard



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Preface xxix

C. E. Hole

J. E. Johnson

C. Kaesser* VS G

R. J. Ludlam

C. Luz* G

A. Rotstein* VS

A. Schofield [C&E]

N. J. Sewell-Rutter* G

D. J. Tober

G. C. Trimble

N. C. E. Walter

2001H. M. H. Al-Damluji [Oriental

Studies]

L. Calder [CAAH]

E. R. Franses [C&E,

English]

P. L. Harper

S. J. H. Linehan

K. Riley* G

R. G. F. Smith

R. N. V. Stone

2002A. Browne

H. M. Damon

H. M. S. Drew [C&E]

L. G. Dunbar G

J. Gabbarelli

J. P. Goldstein G

R. R. Kamins G

J. C. Kierstead

S. Mussfeldt VS

C. C. Nussey

K. A. Nye

L. Shahbazian [CAAH]

A. Tomatsuri G

C. S. Watson

[M.]A. Wishart

2003K. Barkowski VS

J. S. Boparai

F. Brinkley

J.-M. Carbon* G

J. A. F. Cole

L. Delfs G

[M]. L. O’ Donovan [CAAH]

C. M. Powell

A. E. Reid

B. L. Reitz

Y. W. Staton

J. Stoop

A. Sulzer G

H. E. Topham

B. Vetter VS G

2004J. M. Burbach [C&E]

C. Bachmann

M. E. Frazer

A. Fries G

L. Hansell

F. MacGoraın G

W. Mack

A. McDermid

A. Pinkepank VS

K. Piller VS

L. Schwartzman

C. Tubb [CAAH]

L. N. Woolley

2005T. L. Corcoran

L. A. C. Easton G

T. G. L. Guest

N. Hardy [C&E]

G. M. Longley G

E. M. Munro G

K. Papanek VS



´




xxx Preface

T. J. Peterson

S. Pohl VS

S. M. D. Rees

E. M. Rix

T. Rudkin

M. Soufl VS

O. A. L. Scriven [C&E]

J. D. Smart

2006K. Bayliss

W. Byrne

E. van Emde Boas G

S. Finkmann VS

M. Hamid [CAAH]

E. Lee

A. Lefteratou G

F. Mather

S. Olsen VS

E. Park G

M. Park

E.-L. Pinchbeck [C&E]

A. Smith

B. Staniland [C&E]

M. Wright

Z. Zammit

Publications by E. L. Bowie

Note: this list is correct to 2006. It does not include Bowie’s contributions

to the Oxford Classical Dictionary (2nd edn, Oxford 1970; 3rd edn, Oxford

1996) or to Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopadie der Antike (Stuttgart, 1996–2003).

Literature and society in the Second Sophistic

(1970) ‘Greeks and their past in the second sophistic’, P&P 46: 3–41. Repr. with

corrections in M. I. Finley (ed.), Studies in Ancient Society (London 1974), 166–209

(1971) ‘The temple of Hadrian at Ephesus’, ZPE 8: 137–41

(1978a) ‘Apollonius of Tyana: tradition and reality’, ANRW ii, 16.2: 1652–99

(1978b) ‘The Vedii Antonini and the temple of Hadrian at Ephesus, II’, Proc. Xth

Int. Congr. Class. Arch. (Ankara), 867–74

(1980a) ‘Lucian at Philippopolis’, Mitteilungen des bulgarischen Forschungsinsti-

tutes in Osterreich, Jg. 3. 1 (Vienna), 53–60

(1980b) ‘Greek literature after 50 bc’, in K. J. Dover, E. L. Bowie, J. Griffin, and

M. L. West (eds.), Ancient Greek Literature (Oxford), 155–76

(1982) ‘The importance of sophists’, YCS 27: 29–59

(1985) ‘Theocritus’ seventh Idyll, Philetas and Longus’, CQ 35: 67–91

(1989a) ‘Between philosophy and rhetoric (Dio of Prusa, Maximus, Lucian, Alci-

phron, Aelian, Athenaeus)’, ‘The Greek novel’, and ‘Historical writing of the High

Empire’, in P. E. Easterling and E. J. Kenney (eds.), The Cambridge History of Classical

Literature I. 4: The Hellenistic Period and the Empire (Cambridge), 109–39, 143–9.

Originally published 1985 in The Cambridge History of Classical Literature I. Greek

Literature

(1989b) ‘Poetry and poets in Asia and Achaia’, in S. Walker and A. Cameron (eds.),

The Greek Renaissance in the Roman Empire (BICS Suppl. 55) (London) 198–205



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