session 14 hydropower
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hydropowerTRANSCRIPT
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Session 14 - Hydropower
Manitoba Hydro’s 1340 MW Limestone Generating Station
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Hydro’s Role in Renewables
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Countries with Most Dams
• China (~24,000 dams, about 45% of total)
• United States (6600)
• India (4300)
• Japan (2700)
• Spain
• Canada
Countries with Most Hydro Generation•China 145 GW•Canada 89•United States 80•Brazil 69•Russia 45•India 34•Japan 27•Norway 27•France 25
Sources: Sustainable Energy, Wikipedia
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Hydroelectric Production
• North America 743,000 GWh/yr1
• Europe 647,000
• Asia 555,000
• South America 471,000
• Africa 59,000
• Australia 39,000
1Sustainable Energy, Tester, p. 522.
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Largesse of Installations
Three Gorges DamYangtze River, China
23,000 MW
Grand Coulee DamColumbia River, US
6,500 MW
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Energy Conversion Principles
Power available from 1 cubic meter of waterfalling through 1 meter every second:
P = Energy per unit of Time
= mgh= 1000 kg X 9.8 m/s2 X 1 m/ 1 s= 9800 Joules/s= 9800 W= 9.8 kW
So, for every cubic meter of water per meter ofDrop per second,
9.8 kW of power is available
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Energy Conversion Principles
Impoundment (e.g. Grand Coulee)
Pond orReservoir
Discharge orTailrace
Z = head = 160 m
1. Cubic meter of Water (ρ= 1000 kg/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3)
2. PE = mghor PE/m3 = ρgZ
3. For Grand Coulee,PE/m3 = 1000 kg/m3
X 9.8 m/s2
X 160 m= 1.6 E 6 J 4. For a flowrate of 5000 m3/s,
Power = Potential Energy X Volume/Time X Efficiency= (1.6 E 6 J) X (5000 m3) X (s-1) X (0.8)= 6.4 E 9 J/s = 6400 MW
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Energy Conversion Principles
Run of River (e.g. Limestone Station, MHEB)
Z = 27.6 m
1. Flow rate through station matches natural flow rate of river (5100 m3/s)
Forebay
2. Minimal static head: PE = 1000 kg/m3X 9.8 m/s2X 27.6 m= 2.7 E 5 J
PowerPE = PE X Flowrate X Eff= 1.1 E 9 J/s = 1100 MW
3. Nameplate capacity= 1340 MW
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Construction Sequence
http://www.hydro.mb.ca/corporate/facilities//build_gen_station/constr_sequence.htm
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Grand Coulee Powerhouse Cross-section
1. Excavation2. Penstock3. Trashracks4. Vert. Axis5. Turbine Runner
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Turbine-Generator
1. Typical clearance of runner to scroll case wall < 1 mm2. Wicket gates3. Stator/Rotor4. Reaction turbine
Source: SustainableEnergy, p 539.
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Manitoba HydroLimestone
Rectifier
Inverter
~AC
AC (EasternInterconnection)
Bipole 1+ 450 kVDC Bipole 2
+ 500 kVDC
1. Length = 900 km2. 18,432 thyristors (BP2)3. 4 cm diameter cable
Source: Manitoba Hydro
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
R&D
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Future in US is Uncertain
T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Hydroelectric in Developing Countries
• Western Uganda: 60 kW run of river system for US$15,000 ($250/kW)
• Uganda planning more microhydros• Primary source today is 200 MW hydro; only 5%
of population served; drought afflicted• Microhydros: <100 kW; $200-$500/kW; impulse
turbines• China has ~ 42,200 microhydros (28 GW)
Source: IEEE Spectrum, May 2007, pp 32-37.