sesi 5 teokom rev#commtheo
TRANSCRIPT
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Session 5
Communication
Theory
Prepared by Drs. Rendro Dhani, MSi.
Edited by Hersinta, M.Si
The London School of Public Relations
LSPR Jakarta – 2011
© rendro2009
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1. Uncertainty Reduction Theory - URT: Makna & Asumsi
- Seven axioms/concepts in URT
2. Social Information Processing - Pengertian & Asumsi
- Tahapan Proses
- Karakteristik CMC
- Hyperpersonal
© rendro2009
Next...
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Makna URT
• Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT) dikemukakan
oleh Charles Berger & Richard Calabrese (1975).
Dikenal juga sebagai Initial Interaction Theory.
• Berger & Calabrese berteori bahwa komunikasi
digunakan untuk mengurangi ketidakpastian antar
orang asing yang berhubungan dalam
pembicaraan untuk pertama kalinya.
• Sebaliknya, pengurangan ketidakpastian
menciptakan kondisi yang sangat baik untuk
pengembangan hubungan interpersonal
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• Berger & Calabrese yakin bahwa ketika orang asing
bertemu pertama kalinya, mereka terutama tertarik
pada meningkatkan prediktabilitas sebagai upaya
memahami pengalaman komunikasi mereka.
• Versi terbaru dari URT: ada 2 tipe ketidakpastian yaitu
• Ketidakpastian kognitif: merujuk pada tingkatketidakpastian yang dihubungkan dengan keyakinandan sikap yang kita pegang.
• Ketidakpastian prilaku: tingkat ketidakpastian yang berhubungan dengan prilaku.
Makna URT
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Asumsi Teori
• Orang mengalami ketidakpastian dlm latar interpersonal
• Ketidakpastian tidak mengenakan, menimbulkan stress
• Untuk mengurangi ketidakpastian, orang asing yang bertemu meningkatkan prediktabilitas
• Komunikasi interpersonal adalah proses yang bertahap
• Kom interpersonal: alat utama mengurangi ketidakpastian
• Kuantitas & sifat informasi yang dibagi orang akan berubahseiring perjalanan waktu
• Memprediksi prilaku orang dapat dimungkinkan denganmenggunakan pendekatan hukum (law-governed approach) URT follow the “If…then…” statement. For example: “If uncertainty levels are high, the amount of verbal communication between strangers will decrease.”
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• Prediction: adalah kemampuan untuk memperkira-kan pilihan-pilihan prilaku yang mungkin dipilih darisejumlah kemungkinan pilihan yang tersedia padaseseorang atau rekannya.
• Explanation: upaya untuk menerjemahkan makna daritindakan-tindakan masa lalu dalam suatu hubungan. Prediction & Explanation inilah yang membentukdua sub-proses utama dalam mengurangiketidakpastian.
• Cognitive uncertainty: tingkat ketidakpastian yang berhubungan dengan kognitif
• Behavioral uncertainty: tingkat ketidakpastian yang berhubungan dengan perilaku
Beberapa Istilah dalam URT
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When strangers meet, their primary focus is on reducing their level of uncertainty in the situation because uncertainty is uncomfortable. People can be uncertain on two different levels: behavioral and cognitive. They may be unsure of how to behave, and they may also be unsure of what they think of the other person and what the other person think of them. High level of uncertainty are related to a variety of verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
Berger & Calabrese
“
”
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Berger & Calabrese mengatakan bahwa uncertainty berhubungan dengan 7 aksioma/konsep yang berakar dalam komunikasi dan pembangunanhubungan:
– Verbal output
– Nonverbal warmth (such as pleasant vocal tone, & leaning forward)
– Information seeking (asking question)
– Self-disclosure
– Reciprocity of disclosure
– Similarity
– Liking
Seven Axioms
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1. Uncertainty Reduction Theory - URT: Makna & Asumsi
- Seven axioms/concepts in URT
2. Social Information Processing - Pengertian & Asumsi
- Tahapan Proses
- Karakteristik CMC
- Hyperpersonal
© rendro2009
Next...
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We’ve learned about interpersonal communication which happen face to face, but what happened with
interpersonal communication mediated by computer?• face
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CMC is a process of human communication via computers, involving people, situated in particular contexts, engaging in processes to shape media for a variety of purposes
John December, 1997
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CMC is a communication that takes place between human beings via the instrumentality of via computers
Susan Herring, 1996
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Media Characteristics
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Asynchronous vsSynchronous
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Low vs High Interactivity
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Low vs High Social Presence
Communication Mode Social Presence Rating*
Face-to face 0,81
Television 0.24
Multispeaker Audio -0,18
Telephone Audio -0,52
Business Letter -0,85
*Social presence scores range from +0.90 to -0,9
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Mediated communication is a mixed blessing…
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Limited communication modes
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Anonimity and Depersonalization
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Decreased sense of place
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In Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), nonverbal cues such as facial expression, appearance, gestures, tone of voice, interpersonal distance, smell and touch are all missing.
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Let’s look at the Social Information Processing Theory which could explain the relationship development in CMC
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Social Information Processing
• Joseph Walther (1992), claimed that CMC users could adapt and use computer effectively to develop close relationship.
• He believes that relationships grow only to the extent that parties first gain information about each other and use that information to form interpersonal impressions of who they are.
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Both interacting parties draw closer if they both like the image of the other they
formed
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InterpersonalInformation
ImpressionFormation
RelationshipDevelopmen
t
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Two Features of CMC
• Verbal Cues
When motivated to form impressions and develop relationships, we could use verbal/linguistic content of computer-mediated messages
• Extended Time
The exchange of social information through CMC is much more slower than face to face communication
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CMC vs Face
to Face
Face to face communication is like drinking a big gulp of water-the flood of verbal and non verbal information makes it possible to form a quick interpersonal impression
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But when we communicate through
computer, it’s like drinking through straw-
one sip at a time.
The relationship could developed, but it would take much longer time.
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CMC
Relationship is
hyperpersonal
Sender: Selective Self-Presentation (Looking good! : Anonimity, optimize our self-presentation
Receiver: Overattribution of Similarity (Birds of a feather: Thinking that people are more similar than the fact may be
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CMC is
hyperpersonal
Channel: Communicating on Your Own Time (You’re all mine: Giving time to compose our messages more thoughtfully)
Feedback: Self-fulfillngProphecy
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In 1998, the movie
You’ve Got Mail could
portray how an
Internet romance was
built and developed.
The film stars Meg Ryan as Kathleen Kelly, the owner of a small children’s bookstore, and Tom Hanks as Joe Fox, the head of Fox Books- a Barnes & Noble- type superstore. They meet online in an over 30 chatroom as “Shopgirl” and “NY152”.
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Discovering a common love of books, music and New York City, they exit chat and pursue their friendship through e-mails. They decide not to reveal their real identities or life
stories, and they didn’t know that in real life, they both are enemies.
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You’ve Got Mail opens with Kathleen wake up in the morning and eagerly turn on the computer to check for an
email from Joe.
Joe: Brinkley is my dog. He loves the streets of New York as much as I do, although he likes to eat bits and pieces of bagel off the sidewalk, and I prefer to buy them. Don’t you love New York on the fall? Makes me want to buy school supplies. I would send you a bouquet of newly sharpened pencils if I knew your name and address.
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Kathleen: Dear friend, I like to start my notes to you as if we were already in the middle of a conversation. “What will NY152 say today?” I wonder. I turn on my computer; I wait impatiently as it connects. I go online, and my breath catches in my chest until I hear three little words: “You’ve got mail.” I hear nothing. Not even a around on the streets of New York, just the beat of my own heart. I have mail. From you.
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Kathleen and Joe followed the verbal only path. They become more than friends through the content of their words rather than being distracted by their physical appearance.