sensors for agriculture and water use efficiency
TRANSCRIPT
SENSORS FOR AGRICULTURE AND WATER
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar [email protected]
Lecture at Engineering Staff College of India, Hyderabad on 24th May 2016
Water Use EfficiencyCANAL
MONITORINGMANUAL - DATA
COLLECTIONAUTOMATION -
SENSORS
MANAGEMENTMANUAL - SCHEDULE
AUTOMATION - CANAL
AUTOMATION
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
ON-FARM
MONITORINGMANUAL - DATA
COLLECTIONAUTOMATION -
SENSORS
MANAGEMENTMANUAL - SCHEDULE
AUTOMATION - CANAL
AUTOMATION
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Challenges in collecting data
The first problem primarily has to do with entering data manually, while the second problem is caused by different colleagues in the field taking measurements in different ways
People can cheat by sending information without being in the field based on their experience / guess.
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
Irrigation scheduling is the process used
by irrigation system managers to determine the correct
frequency and duration of watering.
Effective irrigation is possible only with regular monitoring
of soil water and crop development conditions in the
field, and with the forecasting of future crop water needs.
An optimum irrigation schedule maximizes
profit and optimizes water and energy use.
Only 40%- 60% of the water is effectively used
by the crop.
With increasing scarcity and growing
competition for water, judicious use of water
in agricultural sector will be necessary.
There are two situations farmers are frequently faced
1. Under-irrigation (Where a limited quantity of water is available).
2. Over-irrigation( more than required water is available).
NEED FOR IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
Proper timing of irrigation water applications is a crucial decision for a farm manager to:
meet the water needs of the crop to prevent yield loss due to water stress;
maximize the irrigation water use efficiency resulting in beneficial use;
conservation of the local water resources; minimize the leaching potential of nitrates and certain
pesticides that may impact the quality of the groundwater.
OBJECTIVES
Maximum yield/biomass production. Maximum economic return.• Water conservation.• Reduced nutrient leaching.• Increase the water application efficiency.
CANAL PARTICULARS
1 2
34
Demolished water pipe line Sluice wall damage and soil being eroded
Culvert damage
Sluice walls damage,causing water leakage
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING PRACTICE
Water requirement of rice crop at different growth stages
Stages of growth Avg. water requirement
(mm)
% of total water requirement
(approx.)
Nursery 50-60 5
Main field preparation 200-250 20
Planting to Panicle initiation (PI) 400-550 40
P.I to flowering 400-450 30
flowering to maturity 100-150 5
Total 1200-1460 100.0
• Moisture stress at active tillering phase - 30% yield reduction.• Moisture stress at reproductive phase - 50 - 60% yield reduction
Advantages Of Irrigation Scheduling
It enables the farmer to schedule water rotation among the various fields
It reduces the farmer's cost of water and labor through fewer irrigations, thereby making maximum use of soil moisture storage.
Lowers fertilizer costs Increases net returns Minimizes water-logging problems Assists in controlling root zone salinity problems through controlled
leaching. It results in additional returns by using the "saved" water to irrigate
non-cash Crops that otherwise would not be irrigated during water-short periods
Smart irrigation technologies
Existing Irrigation Technology
Smart Irrigation Control Technology
This system is based on fixed schedule and the controller executes the same schedule regardless of the season or weather conditions.
water is wasted.
Don’t consider the plant productivity which is not based on efficient irrigation.
Existing technology these kinds of facilities are not easily available
This system is based on everyday climate criterion and actual water need of plant.
little chance of water wastage.
Consider all the aspects of plants related to water irrigation. It is based on efficient irrigation.
Can be controlled manually or automatically without physical presence at the system or field
In order to achieve the above objectives the following is the on of the basic recommendations
smart irrigation controllers
smart irrigation controller is a device that gives your plants the right amount of water for the time of year, climate and weather.
Smart irrigation controllers are again two types.
1. Sensor Based Controllers
2. Signal Based Controllers
Sensor Based Controllers:
uses real-time measurements of one or more locally measured factors to adjust irrigation timing.
example: temperature, rainfall, humidity, solar radiation, and soil moisture.
RAIN SENSOR
A rain sensor or rain switch is a switching device activated by rainfall.
Rain sensors for irrigation systems are available in
Wire less
hard-wired versions,
INFORMATION VISUALISATION
HIERARCHY
Flow chart of digitalizing process
FARMER
DATE:DD/MM/YYYYTIME: --:--RAINFALL: Y/NTEMPERATURE: --
T
T- Time of receiving water to his field, --:--
Since most of them are using basic cell phones, color depiction cannot be adopted.
Also additional information may confuse them since they are unaware of the system
BASIC COLOR LAYOUT
MODULES for locating sensors
Displaying water level
Januar
yAp
ril July
October
0
40
80
Details of rainfall
-Details of temperature
What is water use efficiency (WUE)?
The yield of marketable crop produced per unit of water used in evapotranspiration .WUE=Y/ET whereWUE = water use efficiency (kg/ha mm of water)Y =The marketable yield (kg/ha)ET = Evapotranspiration (mm)
Factors affecting WUENature of the plantClimatic conditionsSoil moisture contentFertilizers and plant population
Virtual water
Water embedded in commodities
Commodity Virtual water in litersOne cup of coffee 140One liter of milk 800One kg maize 900One kg of wheat 1100One kg of rice 3000One kg of sugar 3200One kg of chicken 6000One kg of beef 16000
Virtual water of some important commodities
27
27
Crop WUE (Kg/ha-mm)Rice 3.0Jowar 9.0Bajra 8.0Maize 8.0Finger millet
13.4
Groundnut 9.2
WUE in different crops Kg/ha-mm
Yellamanda Reddy & Sankara Reddy (1995)
28
Crop Water requirements (mm)
Rice 900-2500Wheat 450-650Sorghum 450-650Maize 500-800Sugarcane 1500-2500Sugarbeet 550-750Groundnu
t 500-700
Cotton 700-1300Soybean 450-700Tobacco 400-600
Water requirement (mm) of different crops
Crop Water requirements (mm)Tomato 600-800Potato 500-700Pea 350-500Onion 350-550Bean 300-500Cabbage 380-500Banana 1200-220Citrus 900-1200Grape 500-1200Pineapple 700-1000
Periods sensitive to water shortages Crop Sensitive period Alfalfa Just after cutting Alfalfa (for seed prod.)
Flowering
Banana Through out Bean Flowering and pod filling
Cabbage Head enlargement and ripening
Citrus Flowering and fruit setting morethan fruit enlargement
Cotton Flowering and boll formation
Contd…
Crop Sensitive period Grape Vegetative period and flowering
more than fruit filling
Groundnut Flowering and pod setting
Maize Flowering and grain filling
Olive Just prior to flowering and yield formation
Onion Bulb enlargement
Onion ( for seed Prod.)
Flowering
Contd…
Contd…
Crop Sensitive period Pea / fresh Flowering and yield formation
Pea /dry Ripening
Pepper Through out
Pineapple Vegetative period
Potato Stolonisation and tuber initiation
Rice Head development and flowering
Sorghum Flowering and yield formation
Soybean Flowering and yield formation
Crop Sensitive period
Sugar beet First month after emergence
Sugarcane Vegetative period (tillering and stem elongation)
Sunflower Flowering more than yield formation
Tobacco Period of rapid growth
Tomato Flowering more than yield formation
Water melon Flowering and fruit filling
Wheat Flowering more than yield formation
Sensitivity of various field crops to water shortages
Sensitivity Low Low –medium Medium- High High
Crops Cassava Alfalfa Beans Banana Cotton Citrus Cabbage Fresh greenMillet Grape Maize Vegetables
Pigeonpea Groundnuts Onion Paddy
Sorghum Soybean Peas Potato Sugar beet Pepper Sugarcane Sunflower TomatoWheat Water melon
Canal Network Flow Monitoring System
Overview
Canal Network Flow Monitoring System is a web based system that provides the requisite information of water flow in the canal network to the concerned officials for decision making.
It forms basis for monitoring of release of water to canals against the water release schedule and for effective monitoring of Water regulation of Irrigation Systems.
CNFMS
• Monitoring• Control centre• Sensors and Instrumentation lab at
WALAMTARI • Software development• Operation and maintenance - Sensors,
instruments, transducers, communication systems, power, etc.
• Decision support systems – Information visualization, Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, analysis, reports, etc.
• Associated with CWPRS regarding capacity building on canal automation
WATER MANAGEMEN
T CENTRE(CNFMS)
WATER MANAGEMENT
Canal Network Flow Monitoring System Introduction:Canal Network Flow Monitoring System is one of the technique used to quantify water measurement at a required location in a canal by using advanced technology for effective irrigation.
With Network Control solutions, the control of the entire network of channels is improved so that the flow calculations are optimised and the delivery of water to farmers can be managed effectively.
Canal Network Flow Monitoring System is an Operations Management Solutionto streamline internal processes and reduce costs by automating the collection and management of water delivery by using software tools to simplify the planning and execution of water delivery.
Canal Network Flow Monitoring System
Overview CNFMSAround the world Smart Water Technology is revolutionising the operation and management of Open Canal Irrigation water distribution systems reducing the massive amounts of water lost from storage to farms.
Using the limited water resources efficiently is becoming increasingly important as India is facing scarcity of water.
Efficiency is a lot more than water usage; it’s about working smarter and providing with a better service, faster, quicker and cheaper.
With around 70% of the worlds fresh water is being used for Irrigation, we should look forward for the ways to reduce water lost in inefficient irrigation infrastructure.
Around the World Canal Automation is being implemented to reduce the water losses and secure more water for productive usage.
Technical architecture
Flow diagram
Canal Network Flow Monitoring System
Modules Allotted:SMS Interface(Both UI and Service)
This is one of the important module of CNFMS where in the concerned AEE/Section officer sends the gauge reading/discharge reading of his section to a particular mobile number defined. The concerned readings will be saved in the database and can be retrieved from the UI whenever required.
42 TYPES OF SENSORS
SENSORS
CONTACT
PRESSURE TYPE
CAPACITANCE TYPE
SHAFT ENCODERS
BUBBLER
NON CONTACT
ULTRASONIC
RADAR
MMC
43 Pressure Sensors > contact type submerged at a fixed level under the water surface.
measures the equivalent hydrostatic pressure of the water above the sensor diaphragm.
It is like weighing the water.
Staff Gages> contact type The Staff Gage provides a quick and easy visual indicator of water level.
Made with a durable baked-on porcelain enamel finish on a metal plate.
44
STAFF GUAGE
PRESSURE SENSOR
45 Bubbler Systems> contact are hydrostatic pressure sensors
are used to measure water level by detecting the pressure required to force air through a submerged tube.
the tube is mounted with the end of the tube below the water surface being
measured, and the air emerges from the bottom of the tube as a stream of bubbles
46 Digital Pulsed Doppler
>contact type Pulsed wave (PW) Doppler systems use a transducer that alternates transmission and
reception of ultrasound.
One main advantage of pulsed Doppler is its ability to provide Doppler shift data selectively from a small segment along the ultrasound beam, referred to as the “sample volume”.
The location of the sample volume is operator controlled.
48 Aqua Profiler
> Contact type The system is designed to measure both, the vector and the magnitude (using twin
velocity beams) of individual velocity cells to account for velocity variations within the flow and obtain the flow profile.
A third vertical acoustic or hydrostatic sensor beam is used to measure water level.
49
50 Ultrasonic transmitters
> Non contact operate by sending a sound wave generated from a piezoelectric transducer to the surface
of the process material being measured.
transmitter measures the length of time it takes for the reflected sound wave to return to the transducer.
successful measurement depends on the wave, reflected from the process material and moving in a straight line back to the transducer.
factors such as dust, heavy vapours, tank obstructions, surface turbulence, foam, and even surface angles can affect the returning signal when using an ultrasonic level sensor.
51 Radar
> Non contact Working principle is similar to ultrasonic sensors.
operation of all radar level detectors involves sending microwave beams emitted by
a sensor to the surface of liquid.
electromagnetic waves after hitting the fluids surface returns back to the sensor which is mounted at the top.
The time taken by the signal to return back i.e. time of flight (TOF) is then determined to measure the level of fluid.
52 SENSOR INSTALLATION
Selection of right sensor
1. measuring range
>based on max. and min. water level
2. measurement interference
>natural or man made
e.g.: presence of large rock in canal gives
wrong reading
53 3. installation
>details of permanent structures should
be collected.eg: bridge ,ridges etc.
4. environmental and seasonal conditions
>wind , wave, salinity ,bank stability etc.
should be determined
54 Data acquisition
>process of sampling signals such as voltage, current etc.
> these signals are further processed
Telemetry
>includes reporting information
Control
>necessary steps followed after data analysis
55 DATA FLOW PATH
56
COMPONENTS OF RADAR SENSOR SYSTEM
Developed sensors for–the parameters water level, soil moisture, relative humidity, temperature ;etc.
Aqua Profiler
59
60DATA VISUALISATION
Graphical representation
61
Tabular data representation
62COMPARISON
63
SENSORS
WATER LEVEL
ACCURACY
POWER INPUT
COST/UNIT(Rs)
SERVICE OF AGENCY
1) CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC
1 year warrenty
>RADAR RANGING SENSOR 40275-72585
a)CS475-L 50mm-20m ± 5mm 9.6-16 Vdc
b)CS476-L 50mm-30m ±3mm 9.6-16 Vdc
c)CS477-L 400mm-70m ±15mm 9.6- 16 Vdc
>SONIC RANGING SENSOR 2565-55285
SR50A-L 0.5-10m ±1cm 9-18 Vdc
2) VIRTUAL ELECTRONICS
>DIGITAL WATER LEVEL RECORDER-RADAR TYPE 3025-60125
DWLR-R 15m-70m ±2mm 12 v
64 3) HYDROVISION
>ULTRASONIC LEVEL SENSOR 2575-50254
SEP3702 25m ±2% 24 Vdc
SHANGHAI
CX-RLM RADAR WATER LEVEL SENSOR WITH
ALARM
30 m <0.1% 4216-60230 1Year warranty
4) CHEMINS
WATER LEVEL SENSOR LKZLD-A
30 m <0.1% 24 Vdc
RADAR WATER LEVEL SENSPOR HD
30 m 6000-12000
65 5) SHANGHAI
CX-RLM-081 PULSE RADAR INFRARED
WATER LEVEL SENSOR
20m <0.1% 7000-60230
RRF-15 70m ±5mm 60230-18690
VRPWRD51-56 20m ±10mm 48184-12460
VRPWRD35 20m ±3mm 24 Vdc 48184-12460
SHAANXI CHINA-RADAR WATER LEVEL SENSOR
YK=RLT01 35m ±2mm 6023-72276
66CANAL SENSOR TYPE LIMITATION MAINTAN
ANCEMARK
MAJOR RADAR NON CONTACT
COST LESS 9
MAJOR ULTRASONIC NON CONTACT
TEMPERATURE VARIATION
LESS 9
MAJOR DIGITAL DOPPLER
CONTACT PERIODIC REMOVAL
6
67 CANAL SENSORS TYPE LIMITATION MARK
MINOR DIGITAL DOPPLER
CONTACT PERIODIC REMOVAL
9
MINOR PRESSURE SENSOR
CONTACT PERIODIC REMOVAL
5
SUB CANALS STAFF GAUGES
CONTACT HUMAN HELP
5
68 Another consideration is that adjustment and operation of
radar and ultrasonic instruments are easy than contact type.
In open channels, the flow measurement error of ultrasonic sensors, due to temperature error, can amount to more than 20%. Temperature sensitivity is around ± 15 -20 0 C
Previously, the price difference between radar and ultrasonic instrumentation was very high; today, the price of radar is comparable to that of ultrasonics. But while considering large scale installation a large amount variation will be there.
69 Canals Sensors Type Description Average cost for
complete installation
(Rs)
Installation
Major RADAR Non-contact Highly accurate but
coastlier
30000- 60500 Stand alone poles or
by providing
extension hangings
Major ULTRASONIC Non-contact Accurate but depends on
temperature variation
15670- 35000 Stand alone poles or
by providing
extension hangings
Major Digital doppler Contact Measures velocity also 10000 – 30000 Mounted to canal
sides
Minor Digital doppler Contact Measures velocity also 10000 – 30000 Mounted to canal
sides
Minor Pressure sensor Contact Based on weight of water 5000-25000 Submerged in canals
Minor Staff guages Contact Human recording 1000 Mounted along canal
sided
70
Permanent structures like bridges and drops are found to be the suitable place for sensor installation.
Major field challenge include theft and unawareness about sensors.
71 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Operating Temperature Range: –40° to +80°C
Storage Ranges >Temperature: –40° to +80°C
>Relative Humidity: 20% to 80% RH
Vibration Resistance: Mechanical vibrations with 4 g and 5 to 100 Hz
72
MODELS AVAILABLE IN MARKET
73CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC
RADAR RANGING SENSORS
CS475-L
74
CS476-L
75
CS477-L
76
SONIC RANGING SENSOR
SR50A-L
77
VIRTUAL ELECTRONICSDIGITAL WATER LEVEL RECORDER-RADAR TYPE
DWLR-R
78
HYDROVISIONULTRASONIC LEVEL SENSOR
SEP3702
What is a system?
A system is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole or a set of elements (often called 'components' ) and relationships which are different from relationships of the set or its elements to other elements or sets.
Each element in the system is called “component”.Every system is having following components
1) Input2) Processor3) Transmitter4) Output
Block Diagram of System
ProcessorInput Transmission Output
Inputs (Sensors)
Contact sensors Soil moisture sensor Temperature and humidity sensor Pressure sensor
Non-Contact sensors Ultrasonic sensor Doppler sensor Optical sensor
Processing
Arduino Micro Controller
An open source platform, easy to use software and hardware
54 digital input and output pins
14 analog input pins
16 MHz crystal oscillator
Serial communication is possible because of Tx , Rx pins
Flash memory of 256 KB
SRAM of 8 KB
EEPROM of 4 KB
Recommended voltage 7V-12V
Arduino over microcontrollers :
Inexpensive
Cross-platform
Simple programming environment
Transfering Mechanisms
Wired Cable
Wireless Bluetooth GSM/GPRS Wifi
Output
• SMS• Image• Video• Light• Sound• Display
Input Processor Transmission Output
oContact• Pressure• Capacitance• Bubbler• Soil moisture
sensor
oNon contact
• Ultrasonic• Doppler• Optical
oMCU
oArduino
oWired• Cable
oWireless• Bluetooth• GSM/GPRS• Wifi
Overview
•SMS•Sound•Light•Image•Display
Display
Soil Moisture Measurement System(CLICK v1.0)
Soil moisture sensor Arduino
Circuit and program
SMS
Soil Moisture Measurement System(CLICK 2.0 )
Soil moisture sensor Arduino Mega GSM modem- SIM900
Circuit and Program
Sensors
Ultrasonic sensor for water level Temperature and relative humidity sensor
Microcontroller and GSM Board
Arduino Uno Microcontroller
GSM BOARD FOR SENDING SMS
TWEET AND CLICK
TWEET sensor for water level with GSM
CLICK sensor for soil moisture with GSM
Soil Moisture Measurement System(CLICK v3.0)
Soil moisture sensor Arduino LEDs
Circuit and program
Display
Water Depth Measurement System (TWEET v1.0)
Ultrasonic sensor HC- SR04 Arduino Mega
Circuit and program
SMS
Water Depth Measurement (TWEET v2.0)
Ultrasonic sensor HC- SR04
Arduino Mega GSM-SIM900
Circuit and program
Display
Temperature and Humidity Measurement System
DHT11 sensor Arduino
Circuit and program
SMS
Temperature and Humidity Measurement System
DHT11 sensor Arduino Mega GSM modem- SIM900
Circuit and program
Power Analysis
1) Non rechargeable batteries
2) Rechargeable batteries
Electrically rechargeable
Solar panels
9V non rechargeable battery12V electrically rechargeable battery
Installation in real time
Observations & Conclusions
Robust covering should be provided.
Graphical data transmission such as MMS is not possible with Arduino, Arduino compatible cameras are not adequately available in the market.
Areas at which signal strength is less, power consumption by the system is more to send data as SMS. To overcome this problem one should go for the networks which are having high signal strength.
Ultrasonic sensor should not be installed near the bank, as water near the bank may not be stable at all the times.
Limitations
Range of ultrasonic sensor is 3 m only.
Ultrasonic sensor can not be used, if it is to be implemented in the stilling well because of the reason that sentry angle is 15 degrees only.
If flow is not smooth, measurement may not be accurate.
Future work
To install the device in the field, it is better to use solar energy.
To reduce the power consumption,use logical devices to activate the system only at required times and system should be idle for remaining.
Automation of the gates if device installed at the reservoirs, automation of the motors if the device installed in the farming fields.
Incorporate the exhaust fan in the device as heat sink, to protect the device from heat.
To send images use Raspberry pi.
RBC (Replogle, Bos, Clemmens) flumes
Water Level and discharge measuring using ultrasonic sensor in RBC Flume
Ultrasonic sensor
Water Level and discharge measuring using ultrasonic sensor in RBC Flume
Ultrasonic sensor
Water Level in Field water tube (Bowman) using ultrasonic sensor
Water level measurement in open canal using three ultrasonic sensors
Glow Level – Color LEDs for different water levels as signals
Water
Glow Level – Color LEDs for different water levels as signals
Water
Glow Level for Tube wells – Colour LEDs for different levels of water in the tube wells
Glow Level for Tube wells – Colour LEDs for different levels of water in the tube wells
Glow Level systems applied in a field
Glow Level along the canals / streams / rivers
Soil Moisture measurement in the soil at various depths using ER sensors and Arduino
Field level monitoring
Smart phones and tablets
Aqua Profiler
141
River Surveyor
Portable sensors
River Surveyor
Smart phones and tablets
DATA VISUALISATION
150
Monitoring the water level & flows
Water management of tanks with sensors – level and quantity
Water management: Sensors for water flow and levels monitoring
Solar Power
Arduino, SIM 900, Battery, Temp and Relative Humidity
sensor
Bowman Water Tube with ultrasonic sensor
RBC Flume with ultrasonic sensor
ClimaAdapt Project, Kondrapole, Miryalaguda, Nalgonda
On farm water monitoring
Developed sensors for measuring the parameters - water level, soil moisture, relative humidity, temperature
RBC (Replogle, Bos, Clemmens) flumes
AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION
Drones Imaging and 3D
Control CenterData Processing and
dissemination for Decision Support
Meteorological predictions and informationWeather forecast
information to mobiles
Pest and disease surveillance for major crops
Weather based crop insurance products
Computer- models
ObservationsWeather information
VIPS
http://washtech.wordpress.com/2010/11/03/monitoring-water-for-people-launches-android-app/
Thank you