sensation & perception copyright © allyn and bacon 2007 this multimedia product and its...
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Sensation & Perception
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2007
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
•Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
•Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images
•Any rental, lease or lending of the program.
• ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
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The story of JonathanThe story of Jonathan
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IT’S ALL IN YOUR HEAD!!!!!!!!Color is “perception”
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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Sensation and PerceptionSensation and Perception
Sensation – Transformation of physical info from the senses into electrical (nerve) impulses
Perception –A process that makes sensory patterns meaningful and more elaborate-how the brain interprets this info.
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I. How Does StimulationI. How Does StimulationBecome Sensation?Become Sensation?
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The brain senses the world indirectly because the sense
organs convert stimulation into the language of the nervous system: neural impulses-it’s
different for everyone-my green isn’t exactly your green!
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A. TransductionA. Transduction
Transduction – Transformation of one form of energy into another – especially the transformation of stimulus information into nerve impulses
Receptors –Specialized neurons that are activated by stimulation and transduce (convert) it into a nerve impulse
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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006
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TransductionTransduction
Sensory pathway – Bundles of neurons that carry information from the sense organs to the brain
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Sensory AdaptationSensory Adaptation
Sensory adaptation – Loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after stimulation has remained unchanged for a while
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ThresholdsThresholds
Absolute threshold – Amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected
Difference threshold – Smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected (also called just noticeable difference – JND)
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Subliminal??Subliminal??
• Anything below the absolute threshold
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LINK
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Subliminal PersuasionSubliminal Persuasion
What is it?
Studies have found that subliminal words flashed briefly on a screen can “prime” a person’s later responses
No controlled research has ever shown that subliminal messages delivered to a mass audience can influence people’s buying habits
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• Vision: A single candle flame from 30 miles on a dark, clear night
• Hearing: The tick of a watch from 20 feet in total quiet
• Smell: 1 drop of perfume in a 6-room apartment
• Taste: 1 teaspoon sugar in 2 gallons of water
• Touch: The wing of a bee on your cheek, dropped from 1 cm
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ThresholdsThresholds
Weber’s law – The JND is always large when the stimulus intensity is high, and small when the stimulus intensity is low
-You are more likely to notice a 5 degree increase in air temperature from 72-77, than you are from 92-97.
-Examples from other senses?
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Signal Detection TheorySignal Detection Theory
Signal detection theory – Perceptual judgment as combination of sensation and decision-making processes
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Stimulus eventStimulus event
Neural activityNeural activity
Comparison with Comparison with personal standardpersonal standard
Action (or no action)Action (or no action)
In other words, you compare info received from the physical world w/ what’s already in your head!
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Signal Detection allows the mind to Signal Detection allows the mind to work quickly. Feature extraction is an work quickly. Feature extraction is an
example of this. example of this.
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Volunteer? Pictionary is a great Volunteer? Pictionary is a great example of signal detection theory and example of signal detection theory and
feature extraction feature extraction
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What color is the opposite of black?What color is the opposite of black?
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Old McDonald had a what?
What do cows drink?
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How Are the Senses Alike? How Are the Senses Alike? How Are They Different?How Are They Different?
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The senses all operate in much the same way, but each extracts different information
and sends it to its own specialized processing region
in the brain
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The Anatomy of Visual SensationThe Anatomy of Visual Sensation
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Fovea – Area of sharpest vision in the retina
Retina – Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eyeball
Photoreceptors – Light-sensitive cells in the retina that convert light energy to neural impulses
Rods – Sensitive to dimlight but not colors
Cones – Sensitive tocolors but not dim light
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The Anatomy of Visual SensationThe Anatomy of Visual Sensation
Visual cortex –Part of the brain – the occipital cortex – where visual sensations are processed
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Color –Psychological sensation derived from the wavelength of visible light – color, itself, is not a property of the external world
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Neural Pathways in the Human Visual Neural Pathways in the Human Visual SystemSystem
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Transduction of Light in the RetinaTransduction of Light in the Retina
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Blind SpotBlind SpotClose your right eye and look at the Close your right eye and look at the
cross w/ yo left eye.cross w/ yo left eye.
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Sausage finger effect. Sausage finger effect.
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VISIONVISION
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AfterimagesAfterimages
Afterimages – Sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed
In the following slide, fix your eyes on the dot in the center of the flag
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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006
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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006
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Negative afterimages are caused when the eyes lose sensitivity from over stimulation . Normally the eye deals with this problem by rapidly moving the eye small amounts, The motion later being "filtered out" so it is not noticeable. However if the color image is large enough that the small movements are not enough to change the color under one area of the retina, those cones will eventually tire or adapt and stop responding. When the eyes are then diverted to a blank space, the adapted photoreceptors send out little signal and those colors remain muted. However, the surrounding cones that were not being excited by that color are still "fresh", and send out a strong signal. The signal is exactly the same as if looking at the opposite color, which is how the brain interprets it.
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Theories of Color Vision -Theories of Color Vision -
• The Opponent Process Theory
– red - green
• when red is active green is inhibited and vice versa
– blue - yellow
• when blue is active yellow is inhibited and vice versa
– color after images
• perception of color that is not really present; occurs after viewing the opposite or complimentary color
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How the Visual System Creates ColorHow the Visual System Creates Color
Color blindness – Vision disorder that prevents an individual from discriminating certain colors
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Brightness – Sensation caused by the intensity of light waves
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How the Visual System Creates How the Visual System Creates BrightnessBrightness
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WavelengthWavelength
ColorColor
Intensity Intensity (amplitude)(amplitude)
BrightnessBrightness
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Color BlindnessColor Blindness
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What numbers do you see revealed in the patterns of What numbers do you see revealed in the patterns of dots below? dots below?
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about 12 - 20 percent (depending on whose figures you want to believe) of the white, male population and a tiny fraction
of the female population
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• Color blindness is a result of certain cones misinterpreting the wavelengths that correspond to their respective colors. Red, green and blue colors have corresponding wavelengths. If the green cones, for example, only respond to slightly longer wavelengths, green will be interpreted by the brain as red.
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Hearing: If a Tree Falls in the Hearing: If a Tree Falls in the Forest...Forest...
The Physics of SoundFrequency –
Number of cycles completed by a wave in a given amount of time
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Low Frequency High Frequency
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Hearing: If a Tree Falls in the Hearing: If a Tree Falls in the Forest...Forest...
The Physics of Sound
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High Amplitude Low Amplitude
Amplitude – Physical strength of a wave
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How Sound Waves Become Auditory How Sound Waves Become Auditory SensationsSensations
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Tympanic membrane –The eardrum
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How Sound Waves Become Auditory How Sound Waves Become Auditory SensationsSensations
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Cochlea –Where sound waves are transduced
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How Sound Waves Become Auditory How Sound Waves Become Auditory SensationsSensations
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Basilar membrane –Thin strip of tissue sensitive to vibrations
Cochlea
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How Sound Waves Become Auditory How Sound Waves Become Auditory SensationsSensations
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Auditory nerve –Neural pathway connecting the ear and the brain
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How Sound Waves Become Auditory How Sound Waves Become Auditory SensationsSensations
Auditory cortex – Portion of the temporal lobe that processes sounds
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The Psychology of Pitch,The Psychology of Pitch,Loudness, and TimbreLoudness, and Timbre
Pitch – Sensory characteristic of sound produced by the frequency of the sound wave
Loudness – Sensory characteristic of sound produced by the amplitude (intensity) of the sound wave
Timbre – Quality of a sound wave that derives from the wave’s complexity
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DeafnessDeafness
Conduction deafness –An inability to hear resulting from damage to structures of the middle or inner ear
Nerve deafness –An inability to hear, linked to a deficit in the body’s ability to transmit impulses from the cochlea to the brain, usually involving the auditory nerve or higher auditory processing centers
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Position and MovementPosition and Movement
Vestibular sense –Sense of body orientation with respect to gravity
Kinesthetic sense –Sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other
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smellsmell
• How are taste and smell related?
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SmellSmell
Olfaction –Sense of smell
Olfactory bulbs –Brain sites of olfactory processing
Pheromones –Chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of the species
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SmellSmell
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TasteTaste
Gustation – The sense of taste
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Taste buds –Receptors for taste (primarily on the upper side of the tongue)
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Bottom-Up andBottom-Up andTop-Down ProcessingTop-Down Processing
Bottom-up processing – Analysis that emphasizes characteristics of the stimulus, rather than internal concepts
Top-down processing – Emphasizes perceiver's expectations, memories, and other cognitive factors
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PainPain
Placebos –Substances that appear to be drugs but are not
Placebo effect –A response to a placebo caused by subjects’ belief that they are taking real drugs
Pain is in the brain!!
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startstart
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The Skin SensesThe Skin Senses
Info the skins sends the brain:
1. Temperature
2. Texture
3. Pressure
-Extremes and tissue damage send “pain” messages to brain-brain’s way of protecting the body- “Don’t do that ya dope!”
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What is the RelationshipWhat is the RelationshipBetween PerceptionBetween Perception
and Sensation?and Sensation?
Percept – Meaningful product of a perception
-What you perceive to be, not what is.
-Example of Phantom Limb Pain.
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Factors influencing pain perceptionFactors influencing pain perception
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Biopsychosocial Influences on Biopsychosocial Influences on painpain
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1. Location1. Location
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AGEAGE
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GENDERGENDER
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FATIGUEFATIGUE
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MEMORY/EXPECTATIONSMEMORY/EXPECTATIONS
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FOCUSFOCUS
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Gate-Control TheoryGate-Control Theory
Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological our spinal cord contains neurological
“gates” that either block pain or allow it to “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed.be sensed.
Gary C
omer/ PhototakeU
SA.com
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Pain ControlPain Control
Pain can be controlled by a number of Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies including, drugs, surgery, therapies including, drugs, surgery,
acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, and even acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, and even thought distraction.thought distraction.
Todd R
ichards and Aric V
ills, U.W
. ©
Hunter H
offman, w
ww
.vrpain.com
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Cultural Influences on PerceptionCultural Influences on Perception
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B
A
Which box is bigger, A or B?
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What is the RelationshipWhat is the RelationshipBetween PerceptionBetween Perception
and Sensation?and Sensation?
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Perception brings meaning to sensation, so perception
produces an interpretation of the external world, not a
perfect representation of it
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Perceptual ConstanciesPerceptual Constancies
Perceptual constancy – Ability to recognize the same object under different conditions, such as changes in illumination, distance, or location
-A shortcut the brain uses so it doesn’t have to reprocess information.
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Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Constancy
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Without this process, it would take a very long time to figure out that there is an apple in each picture.
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PerceptionPerception
• physical sensation interpreted in the light of experience
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Perceptual Ambiguity and Distortion-Perceptual Ambiguity and Distortion-The Gestalt PsychologistsThe Gestalt Psychologists
Illusions – Demonstrably incorrect experience of a stimulus pattern, shared by others in the same perceptual environment
Ambiguous figures – Images that are capable of more than one interpretation
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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006
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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006
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The Machinery ofThe Machinery ofPerceptual ProcessingPerceptual Processing
Feature detectors – Cells in the cortex that specialize in extracting certain features of a stimulus
Binding problem – A major unsolved mystery in cognitive psychology, concerning the physical processes used by the brain to combine many aspects of sensation to a single percept-
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Gestalt TheoryGestalt Theory
• Pragnanz
• German for conciseness: which says that we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular, orderly, symmetric, and simple.
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Gestalt=HolisticGestalt=Holistic
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The Gestalt ApproachThe Gestalt Approach
Gestalt psychology – View that much of perception is shaped by innate factors built into the brain
Figure – Part of a pattern that commands attention
Ground – Part of a pattern that does not command attention; the background
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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006
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The Gestalt Laws of Perceptual The Gestalt Laws of Perceptual GroupingGrouping
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SimilaritySimilarity
ProximityProximity
ContinuityContinuity
Common fateCommon fate
ClosureClosure
SymmetrySymmetry
Meaningfullness/Meaningfullness/FamiliarityFamiliarity
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Gestalt principles of Gestalt principles of Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization
• Closure
http://daphne.palomar.edu
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Gestalt principles of Gestalt principles of Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization
• Similarity
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Gestalt principles of Gestalt principles of Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization
• http://www.aber.ac.uk
Proximity
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symmetrysymmetry
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Gestalt principles of Gestalt principles of Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization
• Good continuation
what most people would see
not this
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Common fateCommon fate
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Meaningfulness/familiarityMeaningfulness/familiarity
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Perceptual IllusionsPerceptual Illusions
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Do you see or ?
Necker cube from ch. 1.
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Law of PrägnanzLaw of Prägnanz
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ABIRD
IN THETHE HAND
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Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at an Elingsh Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at an Elingsh uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer inuinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer inwaht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is tahtolny iprmoetnt tihng is tahtthe frist and lsat ltteer are in the rghit the frist and lsat ltteer are in the rghit pclae. The rset can be apclae. The rset can be atoatl mses and you can sitll raed it toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseaewouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseaewe do not raed ervey lteter by itslef, but we do not raed ervey lteter by itslef, but the wrod as a wlohe, and thethe wrod as a wlohe, and thebiran fguiers it out aynawy.biran fguiers it out aynawy.HLOY CARP.HLOY CARP.