copyright © allyn & bacon 2005 1 chapter 14 psychological disorders copyright © allyn and...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 11

Chapter 14Chapter 14

Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2005. Developed and prepared by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D. This Allyn and Bacon multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2005. Developed and prepared by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D. This Allyn and Bacon multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.


Chapter 14 Main PointsChapter 14 Main Points

The Nature of Psychological Disorders Classifying Psychological Disorders Psychology in Your Life: Is “Insanity”

Really a Defense? Major Types of Psychological Disorders Psychology in the 21st Century: Pinpointing

Interactions of Nature and Nurture Schizophrenic Disorders The Stigma of Mental Illness





What is Abnormal?What is Abnormal?

Distress or Disability Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and Statistical Rarity Observer Discomfort Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards

Distress or Disability Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and Statistical Rarity Observer Discomfort Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards


Historical PerspectivesHistorical Perspectives

Hysteria Emergence of the Medical Model

– Possession– Mental illness

Emergence of the Psychological Model– Animal Magnetism– Hypnotism

Hysteria Emergence of the Medical Model

– Possession– Mental illness

Emergence of the Psychological Model– Animal Magnetism– Hypnotism


Etiology of PsychopathologyEtiology of Psychopathology

Biological Approaches Psychological Approaches

– Psychodynamic– Behavioral– Cognitive– Sociocultural

Biological Approaches Psychological Approaches

– Psychodynamic– Behavioral– Cognitive– Sociocultural


Classifying Psychological DisordersClassifying Psychological Disorders

Goals of Classification– Common shorthand language used by

clinicians and treatment specialists– Understanding of etiology (causes)– Treatment planning

Goals of Classification– Common shorthand language used by

clinicians and treatment specialists– Understanding of etiology (causes)– Treatment planning



DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000)– Axis I – Clinical Disorders– Axis II – Personality Disorders, Mental

Retardation– Axis III – General Medical Conditions– Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental

Problems (Psychosocial Stressors)– Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning

(GAF Scale)

DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000)– Axis I – Clinical Disorders– Axis II – Personality Disorders, Mental

Retardation– Axis III – General Medical Conditions– Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental

Problems (Psychosocial Stressors)– Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning

(GAF Scale)



Evolution of Diagnostic Categories– Neurotic Disorders– Psychotic Disorders– Homosexuality– Culture-bound Syndromes

Evolution of Diagnostic Categories– Neurotic Disorders– Psychotic Disorders– Homosexuality– Culture-bound Syndromes


Major Types of Psychological DisordersMajor Types of Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Personality Disorders Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders

Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Personality Disorders Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders


Anxiety Disorders: TypesAnxiety Disorders: Types

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)– Individual feels anxious and worried most

of the time without specific threat or danger

Panic Disorder– Unexpected, severe panic attacks

Agoraphobia– Extreme fear of being in public places

from which escape may be difficult

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)– Individual feels anxious and worried most

of the time without specific threat or danger

Panic Disorder– Unexpected, severe panic attacks

Agoraphobia– Extreme fear of being in public places

from which escape may be difficult



Phobias– Persistent and irrational fear of an object,

activity, or situation

Social Phobia– Arises in anticipation of a public situation

Specific Phobia– Occurs in response to specific types of

objects or situations

Phobias– Persistent and irrational fear of an object,

activity, or situation

Social Phobia– Arises in anticipation of a public situation

Specific Phobia– Occurs in response to specific types of

objects or situations



Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)– Obsessions – recurrent thoughts, images,

or impulses– Compulsions – repetitive, purposeful acts

performed according to certain rules or rituals

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)– Obsessions – recurrent thoughts, images,

or impulses– Compulsions – repetitive, purposeful acts

performed according to certain rules or rituals



Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)– The persistent re-experiencing of traumatic

events, i.e., war, combat, crime, disaster.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)– The persistent re-experiencing of traumatic

events, i.e., war, combat, crime, disaster.


Anxiety Disorders: CausesAnxiety Disorders: Causes

Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive



Mood Disorders: TypesMood Disorders: Types

Major Depressive Disorder– Intense feeling of depression

over an extended time Bipolar Disorder

– Alternating periods of depression and mania

Manic Episode– Extreme elation, euphoria,

grandiose thoughts or feelings

Major Depressive Disorder– Intense feeling of depression

over an extended time Bipolar Disorder

– Alternating periods of depression and mania

Manic Episode– Extreme elation, euphoria,

grandiose thoughts or feelings


Mood Disorders: CausesMood Disorders: Causes


– Beck’s Cognitive Triad– Seligman’s Learned

Helplessness Theory


– Beck’s Cognitive Triad– Seligman’s Learned

Helplessness Theory


Beck’s Cognitive Triad ModelBeck’s Cognitive Triad ModelBeck’s Cognitive Triad Model suggests that depressed individuals have the following:

(1) a negative view of themselves;

(2) a negative view of the world; and,

(3) a negative view of the future

Beck’s Cognitive Triad Model suggests that depressed individuals have the following:

(1) a negative view of themselves;

(2) a negative view of the world; and,

(3) a negative view of the future


Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness

Seligman and Learned Helplessness– Similarities between Depression and

Helplessness– Hopelessness Theory of Depression

Seligman and Learned Helplessness– Similarities between Depression and

Helplessness– Hopelessness Theory of Depression


Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Gender Differences in Depression Suicide

Gender Differences in Depression Suicide


Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

Paranoid Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder

Paranoid Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder


Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorder

– Notion of Multiple Personality– Disturbance in integration

of identity, memory, or consciousness

– Dissociative Amnesia– Inability to remember personal experiences

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)– Two or more distinct personalities– Cases of “Sybil,” “Three Faces of Eve”

Dissociative Disorder– Notion of Multiple Personality– Disturbance in integration

of identity, memory, or consciousness

– Dissociative Amnesia– Inability to remember personal experiences

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)– Two or more distinct personalities– Cases of “Sybil,” “Three Faces of Eve”


Schizophrenic DisordersSchizophrenic Disorders

Schizophrenic Disorder– Breakdown of integrated personality

functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought

Hallucinations– False perceptions

Delusions– False or irrational beliefs

Schizophrenic Disorder– Breakdown of integrated personality

functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought

Hallucinations– False perceptions

Delusions– False or irrational beliefs


Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia

Disorganized Type Catatonic Type Paranoid Type Undifferentiated Type Residual Type

Disorganized Type Catatonic Type Paranoid Type Undifferentiated Type Residual Type


Causes of SchizophreniaCauses of Schizophrenia

Genetic Approaches Diathesis-stress Hypothesis Brain Function and Biological Markers Family Interaction as Environmental

Stressor

Genetic Approaches Diathesis-stress Hypothesis Brain Function and Biological Markers Family Interaction as Environmental

Stressor


Stigma of Mental IllnessStigma of Mental Illness

Stigma defined– Negative reaction to an individual or group

because of some assumed inferiority

Stigma defined– Negative reaction to an individual or group

because of some assumed inferiority


Recapping Chapter 14 Main PointsRecapping Chapter 14 Main Points








End of Chapter 14End of Chapter 14

Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

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