APPLE IPAD

1 . INTRODUCTION

SAN FRANCISCO—January 27, 2010—Apple® today introduced iPad, a revolutionary device for browsing the web, reading and sending email, enjoying photos, watching videos, listening to music, playing games, reading e-books and much more. iPad’s responsive high-resolution Multi-Touch™ display lets users physically interact with applications and content. iPad is just 0.5 inches thick and weighs just 1.5 pounds— thinner and lighter than any laptop or netbook. iPad includes 12 new innovative apps designed especially for the iPad, and will run almost all of the over 140,000 apps in the App Store. iPad will be available in late March starting at the breakthrough price of just $499.

“iPad is our most advanced technology in a magical and revolutionary device at an unbelievable price,” said Steve Jobs, Apple’s CEO. “iPad creates and defines an entirely new category of devices that will connect users with their apps and content in a much more intimate, intuitive and fun way than ever before.”

iPad features 12 next-generation Multi-Touch applications. Every app works in both portrait and landscape, automatically animating between views as the user rotates iPad in any direction. The precise Multi-Touch interface makes surfing the web on iPad an entirely new experience, dramatically more interactive and intimate than on a computer. Reading and sending email is fun and easy on iPad’s large screen and almost full-size “soft” keyboard. Import photos from a Mac®, PC or digital camera, see them organized as albums, and enjoy and share them using iPad’s elegant slideshows. Watch movies, TV shows and YouTube, all in HD or flip through pages of an e-book you downloaded from Apple’s new iBookstore while listening to your music collection.

iPad runs almost all of the over 140,000 apps on the App Store, including apps already purchased for your iPhone® or iPod touch®. The iTunes® Store gives you access to the world’s most popular online music, TV and movie store with a catalog of over 11 million songs, over 50,000 TV episodes and over 8,000 films including over 2,000 in stunning high definition video. Apple also announced the new iBooks app for iPad, which includes Apple’s new iBookstore, the best way to browse, buy and read books on a mobile device. The iBookstore will feature books from major and independent publishers.

Apple also introduced a new version of iWork® for iPad, the first desktop-class productivity suite designed specifically for Multi-Touch. With Pages®, Keynote® and Numbers® you can create beautifully formatted documents, stunning presentations with animations and transitions, and spreadsheets with charts, functions and formulas. The three apps will be available separately through the App Store for $9.99 each.

iPad syncs with iTunes just like the iPhone and iPod touch, using the standard Apple 30-pin to USB cable, so you can sync all of your contacts, photos, music, movies, TV shows, applications and more from your Mac or PC. All the apps and content you download on iPad from the App Store, iTunes Store and iBookstore will be automatically synced to your iTunes library the next time you connect with your computer.

iPad’s brilliant 9.7-inch, LED-backlit display features IPS technology to deliver crisp, clear images and consistent color with an ultra-wide 178 degree viewing angle. The highly precise, capacitive Multi-Touch display is amazingly accurate and responsive whether scrolling web pages or playing games. The intelligent soft keyboard pioneered on iPhone takes advantage of iPad’s larger display to offer an almost full-size soft

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keyboard. iPad also connects to the new iPad Keyboard Dock with a full-size traditional keyboard.

iPad is powered by A4, Apple’s next-generation system-on-a-chip. Designed by Apple, the new A4 chip provides exceptional processor and graphics performance along with long battery life of up to 10 hours.* Apple’s advanced chemistry and Adaptive Charging technology deliver up to 1,000 charge cycles without a significant decrease in battery capacity over a typical five year lifespan.**

iPad comes in two versions—one with Wi-Fi and the other with both Wi-Fi and 3G. iPad includes the latest 802.11n Wi-Fi, and the 3G versions support speeds up to 7.2 Mbps on HSDPA networks. Apple and AT&T announced breakthrough 3G pre-paid data plans for iPad with easy, on-device activation and management.

Continuing Apple’s dedication to designing and creating environmentally responsible products, each iPad enclosure is made of highly recyclable aluminum and comes standard with energy-efficient LED-backlit displays that are mercury-free and made with arsenic-free glass. iPad contains no brominated flame retardants and is completely PVC-free.

Apple today released a new Software Development Kit (SDK) for iPad, so developers can create amazing new applications designed to take advantage of iPad’s capabilities. The SDK includes a simulator that lets developers test and debug their iPad apps on a Mac, and also lets developers create Universal Applications that run on iPad, iPhone and iPod touch.

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2.History

Apple's development of a tablet computer began with the Newton MessagePad 100, first introduced in 1993. This effort led to the creation of the ARM6 processor core with Acorn Computers. Apple also developed a prototype PowerBook Duo-based tablet computer, the PenLite, but did not sell it to avoid hurting MessagePad sales. Apple released several more Newton-based PDAs, and discontinued the last in the line, the MessagePad 2100,in 1998.

By late 2009, the iPad's release had been rumored for several months with iSlate and iTablet among speculated names. The product was announced on January 27, 2010, at an Apple press conference at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco.

Three days later, at the 52nd Grammy Awards, Stephen Colbert used an iPad in announcing the nominees. Apple iPad tablet device was unveiled today in California by company CEO Steve Jobs. Workers apply the Apple logo to the exterior of the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in preparation for an Apple special event today. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)

The Apple iPad was introduced today offering a single-touch tablet-style computer, at a much-hyped press conference at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco , according to the New York Times Bits blog.The new device is a medium between the smartphone and the computer, but more intimate than a laptop, said Steve Jobs, Apple's chief executive. The touch screen is similar to Apple's iPhone, with a touch keyboard, and the device is larger, according to ReadWriteWeb. Jobs made the appearance today in his trademark jeans and black turtleneck and opened with a history and update on Apple mobile devices.Analysts said a tablet-style computer can help people watch videos, surf the Web, play games and read electronic books.But that means Apple would have to show why consumers ought to pay for yet another Internet-connected screen, on top of the TVs, computers and smart phones they already have. Tablet computers have existed for a decade, with little success

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3.Availability

In an e-mail to customers at the time of launch, Apple wrote

Application availability and pricing are subject to change. This device has not yet been authorized as required by the rules of the Federal Communications Commission .This device is not, and may not be, offered for sale or lease, or sold or leased, until authorization is obtained.— Apple , Wired News

The iPad is to go on sale at the end of March 2010 (Wi-Fi version, worldwide) and end of April (Wi-Fi + 3G version, in the United States and some other countrie). International 3G prices are to be announced summer 2010. The Wi-Fi + 3G iPad will be unlocked so it can be used on other mobile carriers that support GSM micro-SIMs3G will be provided in the U.S. by AT&Tand sold with two prepaid contract-free data plan options: one for unlimited data and the other for 250 MB/month at half the price.The plans will be activated on the iPad itself and can be canceled at any time.

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4.Hardware

Steve Jobs, Apple CEO, introducing the iPad

Back of the iPad Wi-Fi

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iPad

An iPad featuring the iBooks application

Manufacturer Apple Inc.

Type Tablet media player/PC

Release dateWi-Fi model: March 20103G model: April 2010[1]

Operating system

iPhone OS3.2 (build 7B298g)[2]

Released January 27, 2010; 32 day(s) ago

PowerInternal rechargeable non-removable 25 wHr lithium-polymer battery;[3] iPod Dock Connector

CPU 1 GHz Apple A4 [3] [4]

Storage capacityFlash memory16, 32, and 64 GB

Display1024 x 768 px, 9.7 in (25 cm), 132 ppi, 3:4 aspect ratio, XGA, LED-backlit IPS LCD display[3]

Input Multi-touch touchscreen display, headset controls, proximity and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer,

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digital compass

Camera None

Connectivity

Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n), Bluetooth 2.1+EDR, USB 2.0/Dock connector3G model also includes: A-GPS, micro-SIM slot, Quad-band GSM 850 900 1800 1900 MHz GPRS/EDGE, Tri-band UMTS 850 1900 2100 MHz HSDPA

Online servicesiTunes Store, App Store, MobileMe, iBookstore

Dimensions9.56 in (24.3 cm) (h)7.47 in (19.0 cm) (w)0.5 in (1.3 cm) (d)

WeightWi-Fi model: 1.5 lb (680 g)3G model: 1.6 lb (730 g)[3]

Related articles iPod touch, iPhone

Website apple.com/ipad

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Technical specifications

Model WiFi WiFi+3G

Announce date January 27, 2010[1]

Release date Late March 2010[1] Late April 2010[1]

Color display 4:3 aspect ratio, 9.7 inch (20 cm × 15 cm) IPS LCD with LED backlight

Graphics 1024 × 768 px, 132 ppi, up to 720p video

Processor 1 GHz Apple A4 SoC [4]

MemoryFlash - 16, 32, or 64 GB

RAM - 512 MB

Wireless Integrated 802.11a/b/g/n and Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR

Cellular No HSDPA using micro-SIM card tray

GPS No Assisted GPS

Sensors Accelerometer, Ambient light sensor, Digital compass

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Operating system iPhone OS 3.2[2]

BatteryBuilt-in lithium-polymer; 25 W·h

(10 h usage, 140 h music playback,[19] one-month standby)[5]

Weight 1.5 lb (680 g) 1.6 lb (730 g)

Dimensions 9.56 in (24.3 cm) x 7.47 in (19.0 cm) x 0.5 in (1.3 cm)

4.1 Hardware Details:

IPS: In-plane switching (IPS)

In-plane switching was developed by Hitachi Ltd. in 1996 to improve on the poor viewing angle and the poor color reproduction of TN panels at that time.[4] Its name comes from the main difference from TN panels, that the crystal molecules move parallel to the panel plane instead of perpendicular to it. This change reduces the amount of light scattering in the matrix, which gives IPS its characteristic wide viewing angles and good color reproduction.[5]

Initial iterations of IPS technology were plagued with slow response time and a low contrast ratio but later evolutions have made marked improvements to these shortcomings. Because of its wide viewing angle and accurate color reproduction (with almost no off-angle color shift), IPS is widely employed in high-end monitors aimed at professional graphic artists, although with the recent fall in price it has been seen in the mainstream market as well.

Hitachi IPS evolving technology

Name Nickname Year AdvantageTransmittance/contrast ratio

Remarks

Super TFT IPS 1996 Wide viewing angle

100/100Base level

Most panels also support true 8-bit per channel color. These improvements came at the cost of a slower response time, initially

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about 50 ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive.

Super-IPS S-IPS 1998Color shift free

100/137

IPS has since been superseded by S-IPS (Super-IPS, Hitachi Ltd. in 1998), which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing.

Advanced Super-IPS

AS-IPS 2002High transmittance

130/250

AS-IPS, also developed by Hitachi Ltd. in 2002, improves substantially on the contrast ratio of traditional S-IPS panels to the point where they are second only to some S-PVAs.

IPS-Provectus

IPS-Pro 2004High contrast ratio

137/313

The latest panel from IPS Alpha Technology with a wider color gamut and contrast ratio matching PVA and ASV displays without off-angle glowing.

LG IPS evolving technology

Name Nickname Year Remarks

Super-IPS S-IPS 2001LG.Philips remains as one of the main manufacturers of panels based on Hitachi Super-IPS.

Advanced Super-IPS

AS-IPS 2005 Increased contrast ratio with better color gamut.

Horizontal H-IPS 2007 Improves contrast ratio by twisting electrode plane layout. Also

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IPSintroduces an optional Advanced True White polarizing film from NEC, to make white look more natural. This is used in professional/photography LCDs.

Enhanced IPS

E-IPS 2009Wider aperture for light transmission, enabling the use of lower-power, cheaper backlights. Improves diagonal viewing angle and further reduce response time to 5ms.

LED Backlight:

LED" redirects here. For other uses, see LED (disambiguation).

Light-emitting diode

Red, green and blue LEDs of the 5mm type

Type Passive, optoelectronic

Working principle Electroluminescence

Invented Nick Holonyak Jr. (1962)

Electronic symbol

Pin configuration Anode and Cathode

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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.[3] LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products for general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light sources in automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. Airbus uses LED lighting in their A320 Enhanced since 2007, and Boeing plans its use in the 787. The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications

Apple A4:

The Apple A4 is an ARM-based system-on-a-chip (SoC) designed by Apple and first used in the iPad tablet computer.]The first version released runs at 1 GHz and has an integrated PowerVR SGX graphics processor (GPU). It was announced on January 27, 2010, during Apple's "Latest Creation" event.

Apple A4

Produced March 2010

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Designed by Apple Inc.

Max. CPU clock rate 1 GHz 

Flash Memory:

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is a technology that is primarily used in memory cards and USB flash drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. It is a specific type of EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once. Flash memory costs far less than byte-programmable EEPROM and therefore has become the dominant technology wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid state storage is needed. Example applications include PDAs (personal digital assistants), laptop computers, digital audio players, digital cameras and mobile phones. It has also gained popularity in console video game hardware, where it is often used instead of EEPROMs or battery-powered static RAM (SRAM) for game save data.

Integrated 802.11a/b/g/n:

Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance that may be used with certified products that belong to a class of wireless local area network (WLAN) devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Because of the close relationship with its underlying standard, the term Wi-Fi is often used as a synonym for IEEE 802.11 technology.

The Wi-Fi Alliance is a global, non-profit association of companies that promotes WLAN technology and certifies products if they conform to certain standards of interoperability. Not every IEEE 802.11-compliant device is submitted for certification to the Wi-Fi Alliance, sometimes because of costs associated with the certification process and the lack of the Wi-Fi logo does not imply a device is incompatible with Wi-Fi devices.

Today, an IEEE 802.11 device is installed in many personal computers, video game consoles, smartphones, printers, and other peripherals, and virtually all laptop or palm-sized computers.

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Common consumer-quality Wi-Fi access point

Internet access

A roof mounted Wi-Fi antenna

A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a personal computer, video game console, mobile phone, MP3 player or personal digital assistant can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a few rooms or as large as many square miles covered by a group of access points with overlapping coverage. Wi-Fi technology has been used in wireless mesh networks, for example, in London.

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IEEE 802.11n-2009 is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11-2007 wireless networking standard to improve network throughput over the two previous standards — 802.11a and 802.11g — with a significant increase in the maximum raw data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s with the use of four spatial streams at a channel width of 40 MHz.

Since 2007, the Wi-Fi Alliance has been certifying interoperability of "draft-N" products based on what was draft 2.0 of IEEE 802.11n specification.[3] The Alliance has upgraded its suite of compatibility tests for some enhancements finalized after draft 2.0. Furthermore, it has affirmed that all draft-n certified products remain compatible with the products conforming to the final standards

.Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR:

Bluetooth is an open wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances (using short length radio waves) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR is fully backward compatible with 1.2, and was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on July 26, 2007. It supports theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 3 Mbit/s. This specification includes the following features:

Extended inquiry response (EIR)

Provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection. This information may include the name of the device, a list of services the device supports, the transmission power level used for inquiry responses, and manufacturer defined data.

Sniff subrating

Reduces the power consumption when devices are in the sniff low-power mode, especially on links with asymmetric data flows. Human interface devices (HID) are expected to benefit the most, with mouse and keyboard devices increasing their battery life by a factor of 3 to 10. It lets devices decide how long they will wait before sending keepalive messages to one `another. Previous Bluetooth implementations featured keep alive message frequencies of up to several times per second. In contrast, the 2.1 + EDR specification allows pairs of devices to negotiate this value between them to as infrequently as once every 10 seconds.

Encryption pause/resume (EPR)

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Enables an encryption key to be changed with less management required by the Bluetooth host. Changing an encryption key must be done for a role switch of an encrypted ACL link, or every 23.3 hours (one Bluetooth day) encryption is enabled on an ACL link. Before this feature was introduced, when an encryption key is refreshed the Bluetooth host would be notified of a brief gap in encryption while the new key was generated; so the Bluetooth host was required to handle pausing data transfer (however data requiring encryption may already have been sent before the notification that encryption is disabled has been received). With EPR, the Bluetooth host is not notified of the gap, and the Bluetooth controller ensures that no unencrypted data is transferred while they key is refreshed.

Secure simple pairing (SSP)

Radically improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security. See the section on Pairing below for more details. It is expected that this feature will significantly increase the use of Bluetooth.

Near field communication (NFC) cooperation

Automatic creation of secure Bluetooth connections when NFC radio interface is also available. This functionality is part of SSP where NFC is one way of exchanging pairing information. For example, a headset should be paired with a Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR phone including NFC just by bringing the two devices close to each other (a few centimeters). Another example is automatic uploading of photos from a mobile phone or camera to a digital picture frame just by bringing the phone or camera close to the frame.[20][21]

Non-Automatically-Flushable Packet Boundary Flag (PBF)

Using this feature L2CAP may support both isochronous (A2DP media Streaming) and asynchronous data flows (AVRCP Commands) over the same logical link by marking packets as automatically-flushable or non-automatically-flushable by setting the appropriate value for the Packet_Boundary_Flag in the HCI ACL Data Packet

HSDPA:

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards.

Micro SIM:

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A micro-SIM, also known as a 3FF or "third form factor" SIM, is an updated & miniaturized alternative to a SIM card for subscriber identification on mobile devices. The physical size of the card is 12 mm x 15 mm. Whilst this is smaller than the mini-SIM used in GSM mobile telephony devices, the contact area is identical. The micro-SIM has a Mini-UICC physical form factor as listed in the ISO 7816 specification.

A subscriber identity module (SIM) on a removable SIM card securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers). The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device.

A SIM card contains its unique serial number, internationally unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services the user has access to and is protected by a hierarchical PIN password system.

Assisted GPS:

Assisted GPS, generally abbreviated as A-GPS, is a system which can improve the startup performance of a GPS satellite-based positioning system. It is used extensively with GPS-capable cellular phones as its development was accelerated by the U.S. FCC's 911 mandate making the location of a cell phone available to emergency call dispatchers.

iPhone OS:

iPhone OS (known as OS X or OS X iPhone in its early history) is a mobile operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. Since the introduction of the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has been included as the default operating system of the devices, and has been announced as the default operating system for the upcoming iPad.

It is derived from Mac OS X, with which it shares the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix-like operating system by nature. iPhone OS has four abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The operating system uses less than 500 megabytes of the device's memory

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4.2 Input and output

The iPod has a fairly minimalist selection of external ports and it only has a dock connector for general input and output and a 3.5mm headphone jack for plugging in headphones to listen to audio. It also has a speaker and a microphone.

iPod dock connector

See also: iPod - Connectivity

An Apple Dock Connector

The iPod dock connector is a 30-pin connector that is common on most models of iPods, iPhones and the iPad. Originally, the iPod dock connector carried USB, FireWire, some controls and line level audio outputs. As the iPod evolved, so did the signals in the dock connector. Video was added to the connector. FireWire was phased out of the iPods, which led to a discontinuity in usage of the dock connector. Older implementations of the dock connector may have been using the FireWire power pin to supply power, and cannot charge later iPods and iPhones or the iPad.

The simplest form of the dock connector today takes the form of a simple cable with the dock connector on one end and a USB connector on the other. This cable only has the USB signals in the dock connector, but is sufficient to synchronize and charge the devices. At the other end of the spectrum, the dock connector is used to completely merge the Apple devices into a variety of accessories, both mechanically and electrically.

Because of the popularity of Apple's devices, many third parties have used the dock connector interface for accessories. This includes many variations of external speakers, including stereo systems and clock radios. Automotive accessories for the iPod and iPhone are numerous and include charging cradles, FM transmitters for playing audio through the car's speakers and a full GPS receiver for the iPhone. There are also original and aftermarket cables with dock connectors for direct integration with the car's audio system and controls.

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An iPod dock with size 10 & 14 adapters

In the case of both Apple and third party devices, it is often necessary that the iPod or iPhone be held upright while plugged into the device. Because this can potentially subject the 30 pin connector or corresponding port to strain and damage, an insert, specially fitted to both the Apple device and the standard connector well is used to stabilize the connection. The adapter, a slot in which allows the dock connector access to the corresponding port on the iPhone or iPod, holds the apple device immobile and provides a guide for safe, snug-fitting installation and extraction. Apple produces 18 different dock inserts, each fitted to the form factor of a specific device and each numbered (1 through 18) to indicate the particular model it fits.

4.3 Controls

To control the iPad and the software it runs you mostly use the multi-touch touchscreen display. The iPad also has external buttons for sleep, mute and controlling the volume as well as a button to return to the home screen. It also has an Accelerometer (for motion sensitivity) and a digital magnetic compass.

Multi-Touch

The Multi-Touch screen on iPad is based on the same revolutionary technology on iPhone. But the technology has been completely reengineered for the larger iPad surface, making it extremely

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precise and responsive. So whether you’re zooming in on a map, flicking through your photos, or deleting an email, iPad responds with incredible accuracy. And it does just what you want it to.

Digital compass:

A compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles. It consists of a magnetized pointer (usually marked on the North end) free to align itself with Earth's magnetic field. The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean travel. A compass can be used to calculate heading, used with a sextant to calculate latitude, and with a marine chronometer to calculate longitude. It thus provides a much improved navigational capability that has only been recently supplanted by modern devices such as the Global Positioning System (GPS). A compass is any magnetically sensitive device capable of indicating the direction of the magnetic north of a planet's magnetosphere. The face of the compass generally highlights the cardinal points of north, south, east and west. Often, compasses are built as a stand alone sealed instrument with a magnetized bar or needle turning freely upon a pivot, or moving in a fluid, thus able to point in a northerly and southerly direction. The compass was invented in ancient China sometime before the 2nd century, and was used for navigation by the 11th century. The dry compass was invented in medieval Europe around 1300. This was supplanted in the early 20th century by the liquid-filled magnetic compass.

Other, more accurate, devices have been invented for determining north that do not depend on the Earth's magnetic field for operation (known in such cases as true north, as opposed to magnetic north). A gyrocompass or astrocompass can be used to find true north, while being unaffected by stray magnetic fields, nearby electrical power circuits or nearby masses of ferrous metals. A recent development is the electronic compass, or fibre optic gyrocompass, which detects the magnetic directions without potentially fallible moving parts. This device frequently appears as an optional subsystem built into GPS receivers. However, magnetic compasses remain popular, especially in remote areas, as they are cheap, durable, and require no electrical power supply.

Accelerometer:

An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration, the acceleration experienced relative to freefall.

Single- and multi-axis models are available to detect magnitude and direction of the acceleration as a vector quantity, and can be used to sense orientation, vibration and shock. Micromachined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the orientation of the device or provide for game input.

4.4 Optional Accessories:

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Apple will sell several iPad accessories, including

Keyboard Dock with hardware keyboard, 30-pin connector, and audio jack Case which can be used to stand the iPad in various positions Dock with 30-pin connector and audio jack

Dock Connector to VGA Adapter for external monitor or projector Camera Connection Kit including a USB Type A connector adapter and an SD card

reader, for transferring photos and videos USB Power Adapter with 2A (10W)

4. Software

Like the iPhone, with which it shares a development environment (iPhone SDK, or software development kit, version 3.2 beta onwards), the iPad will only run software downloaded from Apple's App Store. The iPad will run almost all third-party iPhone applications unmodified (they can be displayed at iPhone size or enlarged to fill the iPad's larger screen); developers can also create apps specifically for the iPad's features.

The iPad will come with the following applications: Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, YouTube, iPod, iTunes Store, App Store, Maps, Notes, Calendar, Contacts, and Spotlight. It will also include the iBooks application, which displays books and other ePub-format content downloaded from the iBookstore.The iPad syncs with iTunes on a Mac or Windows PC. Apple ported its iWork suite from the Mac to the iPad; the Pages, Numbers, and Keynote applications will be sold in the App Store. Although the iPad is not designed as a cellphone replacement, a user can pair it with a Bluetooth headset and place phone calls using a VoIP application over WiFi or 3G.

4.1 Software Details and Design:

iPhone SDK:

On October 17, 2007, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" weblog, Steve Jobs announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party

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developers in February 2008.The SDK was released on March 6, 2008, and allows developers to make applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, as well as test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto the devices is only possible after paying an iPhone Developer Program fee. Since the release of Xcode 3.1, Xcode is the development environment for the iPhone SDK. iPhone applications, like iPhone OS and Mac OS X, are written in Objective-C.

Developers are able to set any price above a set minimum for their applications to be distributed through the App Store, of which they will receive a 70% share. Alternately, they may opt to release the application for free and need not pay any costs to release or distribute the application except for the membership fee.

Since its release, there has been some controversy regarding the refund policy in the fine print of the Developer Agreement with Apple. According to the agreement that developers must agree to, if someone purchases an app from the app store, 30% of the price goes to Apple, and 70% to the developer. If a refund is granted to the customer (at Apple's discretion), the 30% is returned to the customer from Apple, and 70% from the developer; however, Apple can then take another 30% of the cost from the developer to make up for Apple's loss.

VoIP:

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communications over IP networks such as the Internet or other packet-switched networks. Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and broadband phone.

Internet telephony refers to communications services — voice, facsimile, and/or voice-messaging applications — that are transported via the Internet, rather than the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The basic steps involved in originating an Internet telephone call are conversion of the analog voice signal to digital format and compression/translation of the signal into Internet protocol (IP) packets for transmission over the Internet; the process is reversed at the receiving end.[1]

VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via an audio stream. Codec use is varied between different implementations of VoIP (and often a range of codecs are used); some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs

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A large, high-resolution LED-backlit IPS display. An incredibly responsive Multi-Touch screen. And an amazingly powerful Apple-designed chip. All in a design that’s thin and light enough to take anywhere. iPad isn’t just the best device kind. It’s a whole new kind of device.

LED-Backlit IPS Display

The high-resolution, 9.7-inch LED-backlit IPS display on iPad is remarkably crisp and vivid. Which makes it perfect for web browsing, watching movies, or viewing photos. With iPad, there is no up or down. It’s designed to show off your content in portrait or landscape orientation with every turn. And because it uses a display technology called IPS (in-plane switching), it has a wide, 178° viewing angle. So you can hold it almost any way you want and still get a brilliant picture, with excellent color and contrast.

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Thin and Light

One of the first things you’ll notice about iPad is how thin and light it is. The screen is 9.7 inches measured diagonally. So overall, it’s slightly smaller than a magazine. At just 1.5 pounds and 0.5 inch thin,1 you can take it anywhere. And a slight curve to the back makes it easy to pick up and comfortable to hold.

Star Trek is available on iTunes.

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Up to 10 HoursBattery Life

To maximize battery life, Apple engineers took the same lithium-polymer battery technology they developed for Mac notebook computers and applied it to the iPad. As a result, you can use iPad for up to 10 hours while surfing the web on Wi-Fi, watching videos, or listening to music.

Wireless

With built-in 802.11n, iPad takes advantage of the fastest Wi-Fi networks. It automatically locates available Wi-Fi networks, which you can join with a few taps. iPad also comes with Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR technology, letting you connect to devices like wireless headphones or the Apple Wireless Keyboard.

3G

iPad will also be available in a 3G model with superfast data speeds up to 7.2 Mbps. So if you’re traveling or you happen to be somewhere without a Wi-Fi network, you can still get a fast connection for surfing the web, downloading email, or getting directions.

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Performance

The A4 chip inside iPad was custom-designed by Apple engineers to be extremely powerful yet extremely power efficient. The performance is unlike anything you’ve ever seen on a touch-based device. Which makes iPad fantastic for everything from productivity apps to games. At the same time, the A4 chip is so power efficient that it helps iPad get up to 10 hours of battery life on a single charge. And iPad is available with a choice of 16GB, 32GB, or 64GB of flash storage,4 giving you lots of room for your photos, movies, music, apps, and more.

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Connectivity

The 30-pin connector on the bottom of the iPad allows you to dock and charge it. It also lets you connect to iPad accessories like the Camera Connection Kit and the Keyboard Dock.

Audio

The powerful built-in speaker produces rich, full sound perfect for watching a movie or listening to music. iPad also comes with a headphone jack and a built-in microphone.

Accessories

There are lots of great accessories specifically designed for iPad. The Keyboard Dock, for instance, combines a dock with a full-size keyboard. There’s also a standalone Dock. And because iPad has built-in Bluetooth wireless technology, it works with the Apple Wireless Keyboard, too. The Camera Connection Kit lets you import photos from a camera or SD card. The iPad Case not only protects your iPad, it also allows you to use it in various positions, making it easier to type, look at photos, or watch movies. And through a range of accessories, iPad can play your content on TVs, projectors, and displays. Learn more about iPad accessories in Tech Specs

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6. Reception

Media reaction to the iPad announcement was mixed. Walt Mossberg wrote, "It's about the software, stupid", meaning hardware features and build are less important to the iPad's success than software and user interface, his first impressions of which were largely positive. Mossberg also called the price "modest" for a device of its capabilities, and praised the 10-hour battery life.Others, including PC Advisor and The Sydney Morning Herald, wrote that the iPad would also compete with proliferating netbooks, most of which use Microsoft Windows. And the $499 price surprised nearly everyone, including the tech press, Wall Street analysts, and Apple's competitors.

Yair Reiner said the iPad will compete against e-book devices such as the Barnes & Noble nook and the Amazon Kindle while offering 70% of revenue to publishers, the same arrangement afforded developers on the Apple App Store. Notably, a week before the iPad's expected release, the Amazon Kindle store increased publishers' revenue share to 70% as well.

Several days after the unveiling, Stephen Fry said people must use the iPad to truly appreciate its purpose and quality and commented that common criticisms of the device fall away after use. Fry noted the iPad's speed and responsiveness, the intuitive interface and the richness and detail of the display.

6.1 Expected features controversy

CNET and Gizmodo have listed features that are missing from the iPad that they believe customers expect, including a camera for video chat, Adobe Flash support, a widescreen screen aspect ratio, the ability to run more than one application at once, and a more flexible wired-data port than the iPod dock connector.The Seattle Post-Intelligencer and Gizmodo noted that the iPad will only officially support installing software from the App Store.

While CNN and Wired News criticized the lack of a webcam, they defended other omissions, including Flash ("Who needs Flash, anyway? YouTube and Vimeo have both switched to H.264 for video streaming, and the rest of the world of Flash is painful to use"); multitasking ("it will not matter at all to the target user" and "likely a large part of that ten-hour battery life"); widescreen aspect ratio ("16:9 ratio in [portrait mode] would look oddly tall and skinny" and "[4:3] is a compromise, and a good one"); and a USB port ("The iPad is meant to be an easy-to-use appliance, not an all-purpose computer. A USB port would mean installing drivers for printers, scanners and anything else you might hook up.")

Tech reporter Leo Laporte offered a mixed initial review, praising the iPad's speed but panning the lack of a camera, video output, USB or FireWire ports, and the inability to run multiple applications at the same time, specifically the inability to run a chat application along with other

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applications.He also mentioned the device's "locked down", closed nature, noting that some at the announcement protested Apple's "full control" of the software. He concluded that the iPad should be viewed as an "appliance" for media consumers, not really a computer in the traditional sense.

6.2 Digital rights controversyFor more details on on the digital rights controversy, see the iPhone OS article.

Digital rights advocates, including the Free Software Foundation, computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle, and Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, have criticized the iPad for its use of the iPhone OS, which forbids users to install software unless it has been approved by Apple. These critics say Apple's restrictions unfairly deny users control over their own computers, and that such restrictions could stifle software innovation.

6.3 Product name

Like the iPhone, the iPad shares its name with existing products. The most publicized is the Fujitsu iPAD, a mobile multi-functional device sold to retailers to help clerks verify prices, check inventory, and close sales. The Japanese company Fujitsu introduced the iPAD in 2002, and the following year applied for the trademark. But the firm found the mark was already owned by Mag-Tek. Fujitsu's application was listed as "abandoned" in April 2009, and the ownership of the mark is unclear. Fujitsu is consulting attorneys over what, if any, action it may take.

In the first days after the iPad's announcement, some media and many online commenters criticized the name "iPad", noting its similarity to "pad", the common name for a sanitary napkin.Wired News said some women said this would make them less likely to buy the product.[44] Shortly after the launch announcement, the hashtag "iTampon" became the number-two trending topic on the social networking site Twitter.[46][48] Others noted that "iPad" sounds like "iPod" in various regional accents, including Bostonian and the Irish accent.

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References

1. Apple (January 27, 2010). "Apple Launches iPad". Press release. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/01/27ipad.html. Retrieved January 27, 2010.

2. Brooke Crothers (January 27, 2010). "Inside the iPad: Apple's new 'A4' chip". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-10442684-64.html. Retrieved January 27, 2010.

3. Martin, David (February 10, 2010). "Apple releases iPhone OS SDK 3.2 beta 2 for iPad". CNET. http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19512_7-10450636-233.html. Retrieved February 13, 2010.

4. "The Apple Museum: Prototypes" . The Apple Museum. http://www.theapplemuseum.com/index.php?id=45. Retrieved February 23, 2010.

5. Laura June (January 26, 2010). "The Apple Tablet: a complete history, supposedly". Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2010/01/26/the-apple-tablet-a-complete-history-supposedly/. Retrieved January 27, 2010.

6. "2010 GRAMMY Awards - Song of the Year" . YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qH1wmBV2xpY. Retrieved February 6, 2010.

7. Eliot Van Buskirk (January 29, 2010). "Wondering Why You Can’t Pre-Order an iPad? It Isn't Legal Yet". Wired News. http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/01/wondering-why-you-cant-pre-order-the-ipad-it-isnt-legal-yet/. Retrieved January 30, 2010.

8. Roger Cheng (January 27, 2010). "AT&T Gets A Vote Of Confidence From Apple With iPad Win". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones Newswires. http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100127-717127.html. Retrieved January 27, 2010.

9. MG Siegler (January 28, 2010). "The Subplots of the iPad Blockbuster". Tech Crunch. http://www.techcrunch.com/2010/01/28/ipad-extras/. Retrieved February 1, 2010.

10. .David Sarno (January 29, 2010). "Apple confirms 3G VoIP apps on iPad, iPhone, iPod touch; Skype is waiting". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2010/01/apple-confirms-3g-voip-apps-on-ipad-iphone-ipod-touch-skype-is-waiting.html. Retrieved February 7, 2010.

11. Eric Lai (January 28, 2010). "Apple iPad versus netbook: features compared: We compare design, functionality and storage". PC Advisor. http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?newsid=3211316. Retrieved January 28, 2010.

12. Peers, Martin (January 28, 2010). "Apple's iPad Revolution: Price". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704094304575029621430370074.html. Retrieved February 20, 2010.

13. Nick Eaton. "iPad's downside is Microsoft's upside: third-party apps". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/archives/192642.asp. Retrieved February 1, 2010.

14. Bobbie Johnson (February 1, 2010). "Apple iPad will choke innovation, say open internet advocates". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/feb/01/apple-ipad-choke-innovation. Retrieved February 7, 2010.

15. Tabuchi, Hiroko (January 28, 2010). "IPad? That’s So 2002, Fujitsu Says". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/29/technology/companies/29name.html. Retrieved January 29, 2010.

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8. External links

iPad official site Apple Special Event January 2010 Apple Inc. January 27, 2010 iMac to iPad: 12 years of big-time Apple innovations

See also

Comparison of e-book readers Comparison of portable media players List of iPhone OS devices Micro-Sim use by cell phone carriers

List of App Store applications

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9. CONCLUSION

“iPad is our most advanced technology in a magical and revolutionary device at an unbelievable price,” said Steve Jobs, Apple’s CEO. “iPad creates and defines an entirely new category of devices that will connect users with their apps and content in a much more intimate, intuitive and fun way than ever before.”

iPad features 12 next-generation Multi-Touch applications. Every app works in both portrait and landscape, automatically animating between views as the user rotates iPad in any direction. The precise Multi-Touch interface makes surfing the web on iPad an entirely new experience, dramatically more interactive and intimate than on a computer. Reading and sending email is fun and easy on iPad’s large screen and almost full-size “soft” keyboard. Import photos from a Mac®, PC or digital camera, see them organized as albums, and enjoy and share them using iPad’s elegant slideshows. Watch movies, TV shows and YouTube, all in HD or flip through pages of an e-book you downloaded from Apple’s new iBookstore while listening to your music collection.

iPad runs almost all of the over 140,000 apps on the App Store, including apps already purchased for your iPhone® or iPod touch®. The iTunes® Store gives you access to the world’s most popular online music, TV and movie store with a catalog of over 11 million songs, over 50,000 TV episodes and over 8,000 films including over 2,000 in stunning high definition video. Apple also announced the new iBooks app for iPad, which includes Apple’s new iBookstore, the best way to browse, buy and read books on a mobile device. The iBookstore will feature books from major and independent publishers.

Apple also introduced a new version of iWork® for iPad, the first desktop-class productivity suite designed specifically for Multi-Touch. With Pages®, Keynote® and Numbers® you can create beautifully formatted documents, stunning presentations with animations and transitions, and spreadsheets with charts, functions and formulas. The three apps will be available separately through the App Store for $9.99 each.

The better alternative to a laptop from Apple

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