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A Multiagent Fuzzy-Logic-Based Energy

Management of Hybrid Systems

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 45, NO. 6,

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2009

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ABBREVIATIONS

HESs = Hybrid energy systems

EMS = Energy management system

MAS = Multiagent-system

FC = Fuel cell PV = Photovoltaic cells

BAT = Batteries

SC = Supercapacitor

SOC = State of charge EN = Energy needs

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INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy sources presents a tremendous

potential.

The controller is unable to adapt the HES

configuration changes.

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MULTIAGENT SYSTEM THEORY

MAS theory have the main characteristics.

Agents have a certain level of autonomy.

Agents are capable of acting in their environment.

Agents have proactive ability.

Agents have social ability.

Agents have partial or no representation of the

environment.

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SYSTEM PRESENTATION

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SYSTEM AGENTIFICATION

Agents

Environment

Blackboard Production Agent

Load Agent

Battery Fuzzy Agent FC Agent

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Agents

Agents are the controllers of the dc/dc

converters.

They have additional capabilities which make

them agents.

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Environment

All the elements are linked through the dc bus

that consists of a large SC, the dc bus appears

as the common environment shared by all the

elements constituting the MAS.

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Production Agent

The production agent has two goals:

To deliver the maximum power from the

source.

To write information on the blackboard about

the amount of energy produced.

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Battery Fuzzy Agent (1/6)

The behavior of the battery agent:

To charge the battery when its SOC is low and

dc-bus SOC is high.

To discharge the battery when its SOC is high

and dc-bus SOC is low.

To protect the battery against deep discharge.

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Battery Fuzzy Agent(2/6)

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Battery Fuzzy Agent(3/6)

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Battery Fuzzy Agent(4/6)

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Battery Fuzzy Agent(5/6)

The required information is written on the blackboard by the other

battery agents.

The maximum power of the other batteries (Pmaxi)

The willingness to charge (Wi: willingness of battery i to be charged).The current power production (Pprod)

The currentload consumption (Pcons)

The amount of power it is authorized to take (MaxCharge)

without disturbing the rest of the system:

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Battery Fuzzy Agent(6/6)

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FC Agent (1/2)

The FC agent has to be able to forecast the

production and the consumption, its called energy

needs (EN).

EN gives the difference between the consumptionand the production for the next ten hours and is

assumed to be the same as 24 h previously.

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SIMULATION MODEL

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CASE STUDIES (1/4)

The production and consumption profiles

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CASE STUDIES (2/4)

Case 1: Normal Operation

PV Prod

Load Cons

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CASE STUDIES(3/4)

Case 2: Adaptation Following a Battery Fault

PV Prod

Load Cons

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Case 3: Adaptation Following an FC Fault

CASE STUDIES(4/4)

PV Prod

Load Cons

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REFERENCES S. D. J. McArthur, E. M. Davidson, V. M. Catterson, A. L. Dimeas, N. D. Hatziargyriou, and F. Ponci,

Multi-agent systems for power engineering applicationsPart I: Concepts, approaches, and

technical challenges, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 17431752, Nov. 2007.

S. D. J. McArthur, E. M. Davidson, V. M. Catterson, A. L. Dimeas, N. D. Hatziargyriou, and F. Ponci,

Multi-agent systems for power engineering applicationsPart II: Technologies, standards, and

tools for building multi-agent systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 17531759, Nov.

2007. A. L. Dimeas and N. D. Hatziargyriou, Operation of a multiagent system for microgrid control, IEEE

Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 14471455, Aug. 2005.

Z. Jiang, Agent-based control framework for distributed energy resources microgrids, in Proc.

IEEE Int. Conf. Intell. Agent Technol., 2006, pp. 646652.

J. Ferber, Multi-Agent Systems: An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Reading, MA:

Addison-Wesley, 1999.

M. Wooldridge, Agent-based software engineering, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.Softw. Eng., vol. 144,

no. 1, pp. 2637, Jan. 1997.

C. Abbey and G. Joos, Energy management strategies for optimization of energy storage in wind

power hybrid system, in Proc. 36th IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 2005, pp. 20662072.

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