seismic behaviour of municipal solid waste (msw)- data report … · seismic behaviour of municipal...

Seismic behaviour of Municipal

Solid Waste (MSW)- Data report on centrifuge tests IT02, IT03 and IT09

N.I. Thusyanthan 1 & S.P.G. Madabhushi2

CUED/D-SOILS/TR337 (2005)

1 Research Fellow, Churchill college, University of Cambridge 2 Senior Lecturer, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge

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CONTENTS........................................................................................................................................................PG

1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5

2 MODELLING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE......................................................................................... 5

3 MODEL PREPARATION AND TESTING.............................................................................................. 6

3.1 MODEL IT02......................................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 MODEL IT03......................................................................................................................................... 7 3.3 MODEL IT09......................................................................................................................................... 9

4 RESULTS................................................................................................................................................... 10

4.1 DATA FROM IT02, EARTHQUAKE 1. .................................................................................................... 10 4.2 DATA FROM IT02, EARTHQUAKE 2 ..................................................................................................... 11 4.3 DATA FROM IT02, EARTHQUAKE 3 ..................................................................................................... 12 4.4 DATA FROM IT02, EARTHQUAKE 4 ..................................................................................................... 13 4.5 DATA FROM IT02, EARTHQUAKE 5 ..................................................................................................... 14 4.6 DATA FROM IT02, EARTHQUAKE 6 ..................................................................................................... 15 4.7 DATA FROM IT02, EARTHQUAKE 7 ..................................................................................................... 16

5 DATA FROM TEST IT03. ....................................................................................................................... 17

5.1 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 1 ..................................................................................................... 17 5.2 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 1 ..................................................................................................... 18 5.3 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 2 ..................................................................................................... 19 5.4 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 2 ..................................................................................................... 20 5.5 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 3 ..................................................................................................... 21 5.6 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 3 ..................................................................................................... 22 5.7 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 4 ..................................................................................................... 23 5.8 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 4 ..................................................................................................... 24 5.9 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 5 ..................................................................................................... 25 5.10 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 5 ..................................................................................................... 26 5.11 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 6 ..................................................................................................... 27 5.12 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 6 ..................................................................................................... 28 5.13 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 7 ..................................................................................................... 29 5.14 DATA FROM IT03, EARTHQUAKE 7 ..................................................................................................... 30

6 DATA FROM IT09 ................................................................................................................................... 31

6.1 DATA FROM IT09, EARTHQUAKE 1 (50G) ........................................................................................... 31 6.2 DATA FROM IT09, EARTHQUAKE 1 (50G) ........................................................................................... 32 6.3 DATA FROM IT09, EARTHQUAKE 2 (80G) ........................................................................................... 33 6.4 DATA FROM IT09, EARTHQUAKE 3 (80G) ........................................................................................... 35 6.5 DATA FROM IT09, EARTHQUAKE 4 (80G) ........................................................................................... 37

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6.6 DATA FROM IT09, EARTHQUAKE 5 (80G) ........................................................................................... 39 6.7 SWING UP TO 50G................................................................................................................................ 41 6.8 SWING UP TO 80G................................................................................................................................ 42

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1 Introduction

Seismic behaviour of landfills is a major concern as landfill failures can lead to ground water

contamination and other geo-environmental disasters. Study into the seismic behaviour of

waste landfills has often been limited to numerical analysis due to the difficulties associated

with dealing with real waste in experiments. Hence present understanding of seismic

behaviour of MSW landfills is mainly based on parametric studies carried out using numerical

packages (i.e SHAKE91) and few recorded earthquakes.

This report presents the development of a generic model waste which can be used in

centrifuge experiments to model both the static and dynamic behaviour of MSW. Important

physical properties of the model waste such as unit weight, compressibility, shear strength

and moisture content were tested and shown to agree well with typical values reported in the

literature for the MSW. A series of dynamic centrifuge tests were performed on the model

waste, in which the model waste was subjected to several earthquakes of varying intensity and

frequency. This model waste was then used in dynamic centrifuge tests to understand the

seismic performance of “above and below ground fill” type and “area fill” type MSW

landfills (Thusyanthan 2005).

This data report presents results from dynamic centrifuge tests IT02, IT03 and IT09. The

landfills modelled in the dynamic centrifuge test were municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills.

Detailed analysis of the data provided in this report is given in Thusyanthan (2005)- Ph.D

thesis, University of Cambridge, UK.

2 Modelling municipal solid waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is usually highly heterogeneous and variable in its content.

Thus the use of real MSW in centrifuge experiments has many concerns such as the

dependence of centrifuge test results on the source and age of the MSW and hence the

question of repeatability. A model waste, whose properties closely match to those of a typical

MSW, has been developed using a mixture of peat, E-grade kaolin clay and fraction-E fine

sand.

Preliminary development involved producing 3 mixtures (A, B & C). The ratio of peat : clay :

sand by weight in mixtures A, B and C were 2:1:1, 1:1:1 and 1:2:1 respectively. Unit weight,

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compressibility and shear strength characteristics of the mixtures were experimentally

determined. Even though all three mixtures had the potential to be used as model MSW,

consideration of easy of handling dominated the choice and mixture B was chosen as the

model MSW to be used in centrifuge experiments.

3 Model preparation and testing

3.1 Model IT02

Fig. 1 shows the cross section of centrifuge model IT02. The dynamic centrifuge test on

model waste was performed in an equivalent shear beam (ESB) container. The model waste

was placed into the container in layers of 50 mm thickness and each layer was compacted by

static load to give a compacted unit weight of 9 kN/m3. Accelerometers (Accs) were placed in

each layer as shown in Fig. 1. A miniature air hammer (Ghosh & Madabhushi, 2002), which

is capable of inducing small amplitude shear waves, was placed at the base of the container

near Acc.1. A linearly variable displacement transducer (LVDT) was mounted on top of the

container to measure the settlement of the model waste during swing up and during the test.

The depth of the completed model was 200 mm. This represents 10 m of MSW at prototype

scale in centrifuge test at 50g.

Fig. 1 Cross sections of centrifuge model IT02.

The completed model was swung up to 50g in stages of 10g, 20g and 40g. At 50g, the

miniature air hammer was activated for a short period and the accelerometer signals recorded

at a sampling frequency of 30 kHz. Following this, seven model earthquakes of varying

intensity and magnitude were fired using the SAM earthquake actuator. Table 1 provides

details of the simulated earthquakes.

IT-02 Model

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Table 1 Simulated earthquake loadings in test IT02, prototype scale [model scale].

Model Earthquake Number

Driving frequency (Hz) Duration (s) Maximum base

acceleration-Acc.1(g)

E.1 0.6 [30] 15 [0.3] 0.075 [ 3.76]

E.2 0.8 [40] 15 [0.3] 0.123 [ 6.13]

E.3 1 [50] 15 [0.3] 0.178 [ 8.9]

E.4 1 [50] 15 [0.3] 0.135 [ 6.79]

E.5 1 [50] 15 [0.3] 0.236 [11.8]

E.6 1 [50] 15 [0.3] 0.284 [14.2]

E.7 1 [50] 25 [0.5] 0.148 [ 7.41]

3.2 Model IT03

The schematic layout of the landfill model and instrumentation is shown in Fig. 2. At 50g, the

centrifuge model simulates a prototype MSW depth of 7 m founded on a 2 m deep sand

foundation. The centrifuge model was prepared in stages as described in the previous section.

200

mm

0 m

m

Accelerometer

Model WasteSand Clay liner

250 mm

LVDT

Acc.1

Acc.3Acc.2

Acc.4Acc.11&12

Acc.7

Acc.6Acc.10

Acc.13

PPT

20 m

m

Note: Acc.11 behind Acc.12

140

mm

560 mm

PPT.1

150 mm

IT-03 Model

Fig. 2 Cross section of the centrifuge model IT03.

A LVDT was mounted on the top of the container to measure the model waste settlement

during swing-up (increase of centrifuge acceleration) and during the earthquake loading. Fig.

3(a) to (e) shows the model preparation sequence.

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a. Model ready for saturation b. Side-slope excavated c. Clay liner placed

d. Accelerometers placed on clay liner e. Completed model f. Model loaded in centrifuge

Fig. 3 model preparation sequence.

The completed landfill model was loaded into the centrifuge and was swung-up to 50g in

stages of 10g, 20g and 40g. At 50g, seven earthquakes of varying intensity and magnitude

were applied to the model by the SAM earthquake actuator. Table 2 provides the details of the

applied model earthquakes.

Table 2 Simulated earthquake loadings in test IT03, prototype scale [model scale].


Driving frequency (Hz) Duration (s) Maximum base

acceleration-Acc.1(g)

E.1 0.6 [30] 15 [0.3] 0.098 [ 4.9]

E.2 0.8 [40] 15 [0.3] 0.124 [6.2]

E.3 1 [50] 15 [0.3] 0.176 [8.8]

E.4 1 [50] 15 [0.3] 0.158 [7.9]

E.5 1 [50] 15 [0.3] 0.284 [14.2]

E.6 1 [50] 15 [0.3] 0.331 [16.5]

E.7 1 [50] 15 [0.3] 0.334 [16.7]

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3.3 Model IT09

Fig. 4 shows the cross section of the centrifuge model IT09. The model waste was prepared in

layers of 25 mm thickness, and each layer was compacted by a static load to produce a unit

weight of 9 kN/m3.

500 mm

Acc.1

Acc.2

Acc.3

Acc.4

Acc.5

Acc.6Acc.13

Acc 14

Acc 15

Acc.16

Acc.7

Acc.8

Acc.9

Acc.10

Acc.11

Acc.12

PPT.1

PPT.3PPT.2

PPT.5 PPT.4

PPT 8PPT.7

PPT.9

PPT. 6

PPT.10

LVDT.1 LVDT.2

LVDT.3

LVD. 4

PS.1PS.2

280

mm

.210

mm

130

mm

Accelerometer PPT Pressure sensor

IT-09 Model

Fig. 4 Centrifuge model IT09 (dimensions in model scale).

Table 3 shows the earthquake loadings applied to the model IT09. The model was first taken

to 50g and a frequency sweep earthquake (E.1) was applied. The model was then swung to

80g where four more model earthquakes were applied.

Table 3 Applied earthquakes loadings in test IT09, prototype scale [model scale].


Driving frequency (Hz)

Duration (s)

Maximum base acceleration-Acc.1(g)

E.1 1→0 [50 → 0] ~200 [~ 4] 0.200 [10]

E.2, E.3, E.4 & E.5 were applied at 80g

E.2 0.625 [50] 24 [0.3] 0.097 [7.77]

E.3 0.625 [50] 24 [0.3] 0.122 [9.73]

E.4 0.625 [50] 24 [0.3] 0.161 [12.9]

E.5 0.625→0 [50 → 0] ~320 [~ 4] 0.126 [10.1]

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4 Results

4.1 Data from IT02, Earthquake 1.

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4.2 Data from IT02, Earthquake 2

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1

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11

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1 1

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5 Data from Test IT03.


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6 Data from IT09

6.1 Data from IT09, Earthquake 1 (50g)

Acc.1

Acc.2

Acc.3

Acc.4

Acc.5

Max= 0.2

Min= -0.126

Max= 0.189

Min= -0.115

Max= 0.00356

Min= -0.00143

Max= 0.133

Min= -0.119

Max= 0.137

Min= -0.13

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.5

0

0.5

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-5

0

5x 10

-3

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype

Long-Term Time Records

Unfiltered Data Earthquake

1

Figure No.

Acc.6

Acc.7

Acc.8

Acc.9

Acc.10

Max= 0.171

Min= -0.157

Max= 0.204

Min= -0.131

Max= 0.177

Min= -0.114

Max= 0.152

Min= -0.114

Max= 0.143

Min= -0.141

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.5

0

0.5

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



1

Figure No.

32


Acc.11

Acc.12

Acc.13

Acc.14

Acc.15

Acc.16

Max= 0.139

Min= -0.11

Max= 0.171

Min= -0.146

Max= 0.165

Min= -0.152

Max= 0.0497

Min= -0.0364

Max= 0.065

Min= -0.053

Max= 0.0957

Min= -0.085

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.05

0

0.05

gTime(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.1

0

0.1g

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-0.1

0

0.1

g

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



1

Figure No.

LVDT.1

LVDT.2

LVDT.3

LVDT.4

PS.1

PS.2

Max= 4.99

Min= -166

Max= 4.91

Min= -27.1

Max= 39.6

Min= -53.6

Max= 64

Min= -89

Max= 0.562

Min= -11

Max= 80.3

Min= -0.802

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-200

0

200

mm

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-50

0

50

mm

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-100

0

100

mm

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-100

0

100

mm

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

-10

0

10

kPa

Time(s)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140020406080

kPa

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



1

Figure No.

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Acc.1

Acc.2

Acc.3

Acc.4

Acc.5

Max= 7.74

Min= -4.83

Max= 7.94

Min= -4.9

Max= 0.0808

Min= -0.0947

Max= 7.57

Min= -4.99

Max= 8.1

Min= -6.97

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

-5

0

5

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

-5

0

5

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

-5

0

5

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

-5

0

5

10

g

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Model

Short-Term Time Records


2

Figure No.

Acc.6

Acc.7

Acc.8

Acc.9

Acc.10

Max= 9.47

Min= -7.7

Max= 8.09

Min= -5.13

Max= 7.31

Min= -4.58

Max= 7.55

Min= -5.23

Max= 8.77

Min= -7.12

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

-5

0

5

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

-5

0

5

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

-5

0

5

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

-5

0

5

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

-5

0

5

10

g

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Model



2

Figure No.

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Acc.11

Acc.12

Acc.13

Acc.14

Acc.15

Acc.16

Max= 7.14

Min= -6.03

Max= 9.63

Min= -7.96

Max= 9.03

Min= -7.32

Max= 1.8

Min= -2.03

Max= 1.77

Min= -2.79

Max= 2.73

Min= -2.63

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

0

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

0

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-10

0

10

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-5

0

5

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-5

0

5

g

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-5

0

5

g

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Model



2

Figure No.

v

LVDT.1

LVDT.2

LVDT.3

LVDT.4

PS.1

PS.2

Max= 0.0174

Min= -0.0197

Max= 0.0183

Min= -0.0171

Max= 0.00653

Min= -0.0104

Max= 0.00954

Min= -0.0134

Max= 0.843

Min= -0.281

Max= 0.583

Min= -0.802

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-0.02

0

0.02

mm

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-0.02

0

0.02

mm

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-0.02

0

0.02

mm

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-0.02

0

0.02

mm

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-5

0

5

10

kPa

Time(s)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7-5

0

5

10

kPa

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Model



2

Figure No.

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Acc.1

Acc.2

Acc.3

Acc.4

Acc.5

Max= 0.122

Min= -0.0838

Max= 0.126

Min= -0.0843

Max= 0.132

Min= -0.0947

Max= 0.129

Min= -0.097

Max= 0.151

Min= -0.136

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

gTime(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



3

Figure No.

Acc.6

Acc.7

Acc.8

Acc.9

Acc.10

Max= 0.167

Min= -0.154

Max= 0.127

Min= -0.0913

Max= 0.118

Min= -0.0749

Max= 0.126

Min= -0.0922

Max= 0.153

Min= -0.135

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



3

Figure No.

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Acc.11

Acc.12

Acc.13

Acc.14

Acc.15

Acc.16

Max= 0.118

Min= -0.125

Max= 0.162

Min= -0.142

Max= 0.157

Min= -0.138

Max= 0.0285

Min= -0.028

Max= 0.0348

Min= -0.0348

Max= 0.0561

Min= -0.0566

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.05

0

0.05

gTime(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.05

0

0.05g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.1

0

0.1

g

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



3

Figure No.

LVDT.1

LVDT.2

LVDT.3

LVDT.4

PS.1

PS.2

Max= 3.06

Min= -154

Max= 24.1

Min= -89.7

Max= 38.2

Min= -78.7

Max= 91.7

Min= -96.7

Max= 2.25

Min= -1.37e+003

Max= 1.31

Min= -1.63e+003

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-200

0

200

mm

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-100

0

100

mm

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-100

0

100

mm

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-100

0

100

mm

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

-1000

-500

0

kPa

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-1500

-1000

-500

0

kPa

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



3

Figure No.

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Acc.1

Acc.2

Acc.3

Acc.4

Acc.5

Max= 0.162

Min= -0.128

Max= 0.166

Min= -0.124

Max= 0.171

Min= -0.135

Max= 0.164

Min= -0.137

Max= 0.199

Min= -0.177

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

gTime(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



4

Figure No.

Acc.6

Acc.7

Acc.8

Acc.9

Acc.10

Max= 0.215

Min= -0.208

Max= 0.171

Min= -0.132

Max= 0.155

Min= -0.116

Max= 0.164

Min= -0.129

Max= 0.195

Min= -0.175

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.5

0

0.5

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



4

Figure No.

CUED/D-SOILS/TR337

38

Acc.11

Acc.12

Acc.13

Acc.14

Acc.15

Acc.16

Max= 0.148

Min= -0.164

Max= 0.219

Min= -0.193

Max= 0.212

Min= -0.212

Max= 0.0298

Min= -0.0287

Max= 0.0304

Min= -0.0385

Max= 0.0636

Min= -0.0574

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.5

0

0.5

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.5

0

0.5

g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.05

0

0.05

gTime(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.05

0

0.05g

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-0.1

0

0.1

g

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



4

Figure No.

LVDT.1

LVDT.2

LVDT.3

LVDT.4

PS.1

PS.2

Max= 3.99

Min= -146

Max= 1.74

Min= -133

Max= 67.8

Min= -95.2

Max= 170

Min= -117

Max= 5.62

Min= -6.39

Max= 3.72

Min= -31.4

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-200

0

200

mm

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-200

0

200

mm

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-100

0

100

mm

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-200

0

200

mm

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55-10

0

10

kPa

Time(s)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

-30-20-10010

kPa

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



4

Figure No.

CUED/D-SOILS/TR337

39


Acc.1

Acc.2

Acc.3

Acc.4

Acc.5

Max= 0.126

Min= -0.0912

Max= 0.134

Min= -0.103

Max= 0.144

Min= -0.125

Max= 0.135

Min= -0.123

Max= 0.157

Min= -0.144

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

gTime(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



5

Figure No.

Acc.6

Acc.7

Acc.8

Acc.9

Acc.10

Max= 0.18

Min= -0.168

Max= 0.13

Min= -0.0993

Max= 0.124

Min= -0.0964

Max= 0.137

Min= -0.118

Max= 0.166

Min= -0.151

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

g

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



5

Figure No.

CUED/D-SOILS/TR337

40

Acc.11

Acc.12

Acc.13

Acc.14

Acc.15

Acc.16

Max= 0.135

Min= -0.116

Max= 0.183

Min= -0.136

Max= 0.177

Min= -0.17

Max= 0.0303

Min= -0.0352

Max= 0.0355

Min= -0.0414

Max= 0.0518

Min= -0.067

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.2

0

0.2

g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.05

0

0.05

gTime(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.05

0

0.05g

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-0.1

0

0.1

g

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



5

Figure No.

LVDT.1

LVDT.2

LVDT.3

LVDT.4

PS.1

PS.2

Max= 4.45

Min= -52.5

Max= 1.37

Min= -42.1

Max= 43.8

Min= -57.5

Max= 89.7

Min= -109

Max= 9.13

Min= -3.44

Max= 7.44

Min= -11.2

50 100 150 200 250 300-100

0

100

mm

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-50

0

50

mm

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-100

0

100

mm

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-200

0

200

mm

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300-5

0

5

10

kPa

Time(s)

50 100 150 200 250 300

-10

0

10

kPa

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Prototype



5

Figure No.

CUED/D-SOILS/TR337

41

6.7 Swing up to 50g

LVDT.1

LVDT.2

LVDT.3

Max= 0.00928

Min= -34.9

Max= 0.0137

Min= -37.3

Max= 0.0287

Min= -0.73

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

mm

Time(s)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

mm

Time(s)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400-1

-0.5

0

0.5

mm

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Model



Swing up1

Figure No.

LVDT.4

PS.1

PS.2

Max= 0.0191

Min= -0.595

Max= 48.5

Min= -0.281

Max= 22

Min= -0.802

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400-1

-0.5

0

0.5

mm

Time(s)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

0

10

20

30

40

50

kPa

Time(s)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

kPa

Time(s)

TEST IT09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Model



Swing up1

Figure No.

CUED/D-SOILS/TR337

42

6.8 Swing up to 80g

LVDT.1

LVDT.2

LVDT.3

Max= 0.00696

Min= -12.4

Max= 0.0194

Min= -13.4

Max= 0.047

Min= -0.215

200 400 600 800 1000-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

mm

Time(s)

200 400 600 800 1000-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

mm

Time(s)

200 400 600 800 1000-0.5

0

0.5

mm

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Model



Swing up4

Figure No.

LVDT.4

PS.1

PS.2

Max= 0.0477

Min= -0.46

Max= 70.9

Min= -0.632

Max= 102

Min= -0.438

200 400 600 800 1000-0.5

0

0.5

mm

Time(s)

200 400 600 800 1000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

kPa

Time(s)

200 400 600 800 10000

20

40

60

80

100

kPa

Time(s)

TEST It09

FLIGHT 1

Scales: Model



Swing up4

Figure No.

seismic behaviour of municipal solid waste (msw)- data report … · seismic behaviour of municipal...

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