segment 3 maryland leadership program firo-b.sji grant

8/10/2019 Segment 3 Maryland Leadership Program Firo-B.sji Grant

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FIRO-B

Maryland School of Public PolicyOffice of Executive Programs


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Eugene R. (Geno) Schnell, Ph.D.

faculty member with the Center for Leadership Education at the JohnsHopkins University

2336 Bright Leaf WayBaltimore, MD 21209

410.585.1363410.585.1367

[email protected]

FIRO-B: Theory, Interpretation and Linkages


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FIRO (rhymes with Cairo) =Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation

by William C. (Will) Schutz, Ph.D.(Harvard, Berkeley, Albert Einstein Medical School, Antioch, Esalen)

draws primarily upon the ideas of T.W. Adorno, Erich Fromm, and Wilfred Bion

Original Well-Known MeasuresFIRO-B BehaviorsFIRO-F Feelings

LIPHE Life InterPersonal History EnquiryMATE Marital Attitudes EvaluationCOPE Coping Operations Preference Enquiry


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Major Works The Interpersonal Underworld, also FIRO: A Three

Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Relations(Science & Behavior Books, 1958/1966)

Joy Grove Press, 1967Here Comes Everybody Harper & Row, 1971

The Human Element Jossey-Bass, 1994

Recent Work (1982/1992)Element B Behaviors

Element S Self-ConceptLevels of Truth Team Concordance


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Self-Awareness Stress Management

Personal Coaching/Counseling

Career Counseling/Development Team Building

Leadership Development

Culture Change Conflict Management (team, interpersonal, marital)

Popular Uses of the FIRO-B


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the FIRO-B is focused on interpersonal relationsthe FIRO-B is based on the idea the humans have interpersonal needsthat underpin our interactions and, like other biological needs, non-satisfaction can lead to undesirable biological consequences

interpersonal needs are a product of both genetic predisposition andearly imprinting in our family of origin, therefore are unlikely to changedramatically without significant intervention

interpersonal needs are deeply connected in a system of inter-relationship

people are likely to attach to behaviors and situations that satiate theirneeds

What is the FIRO-B?


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GENORA DOROTHY TYPE PREFERENCES ISFP ISFPINCLUSION NEEDS(affiliation)

likes to work alone likes to work alone

AFFECTION NEEDS(intimacy)

likes to make a personal connection likes to make a personal connection

PREFERS JOB DUTIES clear and specific clear and specificSEEN BY THE OTHER bossy and full of herself childish and lazy CONTROL NEEDS wants to direct and influence wants to rebel and resist authority


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A Few Differences to Note

FIRO-B focuses on social and interpersonal

aspects of the personality strength of needs

two unipolar dimensions (both can behigh or low)

agreement scales

designed to highlight issues of complementarity in social relations

evokes strong judgements, some sense of being abnormal want to keep resultsprivate

questions are weighted differently anduses Guttman ordering of questions, sothat they go from high ease of agreement

to low ease of agreements

MBTI also examines cognitive aspects such as

information processing and decision-making clarity of preferences

two dichotomous polarities, mutually exclusive

forced choice questions

designed to highlight contributions

language is intentionally value-neutral with few clinical overtones willing toshare results

not weighted (except to correct forgender differences) but containsexperimental items, no Guttman ordering

of questions


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INCLUSION CONTROL AFFECTION

belonging power warmth

recognize authority close

attention influence open

participate responsibility supportive

involvement consistent personalcontact structure intimacy

distinction directive empathic

associate regulate affirming

acceptance decisive encouragement

join organize commitmentstatus dominance caring

identity competitive faithful/loyal

interest goal-attainment reassuring

visibility achievement sharing

FIRO-B Terms


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Inclusion, Control or Affection?

1. Organize2. Warm contacts3. Dominance4. Associate5. Include6. Friendly7. Closeness8. Join9. Direct10. Popularity11. Exclude12. Encouragement13. Follow directions14. Attentive15. Faithful

16. Assume responsibility17. Power18. Caring19. Belong20. Regulate21. Make decisions22. Invite23. Personal interest24. Cool/distant25. Authority26. Competitive27. Carefully listen28. Recognition29. Supportive30. Manage

Source: Judith Waterman


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Two forms of the basic need:

EXPRESSED toward others how much I want to demonstrate the behavior active, easily seen and mutually agreed upon something I initiate toward others by my words or actions

WANTED from others how much I desire to receive the behavior

(want others to behave toward me)

usually more passive, elicited, or arranged to happen something I rely on others to do, say, or convey to me

note: willing to accept or tolerate may not be the same as wanted

Expressed Versus Wanted Needs


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The FIRO-B Model

Inclusion (I) Control (C) Affection (A)

ExpressedBehavior

(e)

The extent to which anindividual makes an effort

to include others inactivities, to try to belong,

to join groups.

The extent to which anindividual tries to exert controland influence over people, to

organize and direct others.

The extent of which anindividual makes an effort tohave close relationships, to beintimate with and supportive

of others.

WantedBehavior

(w)

The extent to which anindividual desires others to

include him or her inactivities, to invite and

notice him or her.

The extent to which anindividual is comfortable

allowing others to providedirection and expectations, and

to influence him or her.

The extent to which anindividual desires others to act

warmly, express personalsentiments, and provide

personal support.

Source: Schnell, E. (2000) Participating in Teams. CPP: Palo Alto


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for any of the six cells, results range from 0 to 9

for purposes of interpretation, scores of0, 1, and 2 are considered in the LOW range3, 4, 5, and 6 are considered in the MEDIUM range7, 8, and 9 are considered in the HIGH range

Looking at Heather, what would be the range for each of her 6 cells?I C A

6 0 4

3 9 5

Six-Cell Model


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Scoring errors Language/vocabulary problems

Cultural issues affecting the expression of needs

Environmental pressure to behave in defined ways Faking

Important life events

Factors That Can Influence Scores


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scores of 9, 8, 7 represent90, 80 or 70% of the time, you express/want these behaviors(this is turns out to be most of the time, no matter where you are or who you are with)

scores of 6, 5, 4, 3 represent60, 50, 40 or 30% of the time, you express/want these behaviors

(this turns out to be like a light switch sometimes you are on when the people andsituation is right and other times your are off when the people or situation doesnt match)

scores of 2 and 1 represent20 or 10% of the time, you express/want these behaviors(this is not very much of the time, no matter where you are or who you are with)

scores of 0 represent1-5% of the time, you express/want these behaviors(this is pretty rarely, even if the people or situation changes)

Another Way to Represent FIRO-B Results


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Imagine being in a group where everyone had the same result on one of

the FIRO-B dimensions. Focusing just on that dimension, what would itbe like to be in this group?

(1) Describe the climate of the team what would it feel like to work with these people?

(2) List specific behaviors that you would see that would typify thegroup.

(3) In what ways would the group likely be highly effective (e.g.,types of tasks, aspects of a project, or phase(s) of a decisionprocess)?

(4) In what ways would the group likely be less effective (e.g., what types of tasks, aspects of a project, or phase(s) of adecision process)?

Exercise


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What You Want From Other Leaders?(Strongest Wanted Need)

wI wC wAto be included in their

work

to be formally recognized

for your contribution

equal treatment

to be asked your pinion

predictable

clear assignments andexpectations

clarify procedures

clear who is accountablefor what and when

demonstrate loyalty tostaff

follow through on

commitments

considerate

supportive

respect traditions


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The Team of FIRO-BsGuess the most likely FIRO-B scores (only one dimension) of people who are related to abaseball team: Coaches High eC

Cheers on their teammates High eA or High eISteals bases High eC

Wants to play left field Low eCMost enjoys the after-game drinks High eAPitches High eI or High eC

Would rather sit out Low eCKeeps score High eCUmpires High eC or Low wABecomes the mascot High wAGets the team together High eIDoesnt talk much, just plays their position Low eI

Only shows up when they want to Low wIProposes a team uniform and cheer High eIPrefers to practice alone Low eI

Thinks the coach should have more practices High wC Wears the team hat all weekend long High wIDoesnt tell anyone that they played well Low eA


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Correlations Between the FIRO-B Scales and Selected Adjectives

Note: n = 1,632; all correlations significant at p = .05

Selected Adjectives eI wI eC wC eA wA

Adventurous .23 .21

Aggressive .24 Aloof -.17 -.19 Assertive .22Cold -.20Confident -.22Energetic .21Enthusiastic .23

Wide range of interests .26Opinionated .22Outgoing .27 .23 .18Outspoken .22Patient -.20Pleasure seeking .23Quiet -.21 -.21Self-centered .21Sociable .33 .24 .23 .22Submissive .22

Talkative .25 .25 .24 Weak-willed .22 Withdrawn -.21

Source: Oxford Psychologists Press


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Country Comparisons

Highest Expressed Inclusion: Malaysia (5.3), Japan (5.2), Spain (5.0)Lowest Expressed Inclusion: Canada (3.8), Australia (4.0), U.K. (4.1)

Highest Wanted Inclusion: Spain (4.8), China (4.1), Brazil (3.9)

Lowest Wanted Inclusion: Venezuela (2.1) Germany (2.3), Belgium (2.3)

Highest Expressed Control: France (6.4), Belgium (6.2), Italy/U.K. (5.8)

Lowest Expressed Control: Canada (4.4), Australia (4.7), U.S. (4.8)

Highest Wanted Control: Japan (5.1), China (4.6), Germany (3.8)

Lowest Wanted Control: U.K./Mexico (2.5), France/Malaysia (2.9)

Highest Expressed Affection: Spain (5.2), Saudi Arabia (5.1), Germany/China (4.7)

Lowest Expressed Affection: Venezuela (1.0), Canada (3.1), U.K. (3.3)

Highest Wanted Affection: Spain (5.9), China (5.4), Saudi Arabia/Italy (5.2)

Lowest Wanted Affection: Germany/France (4.2), Belgium (4.3), U.K. (4.4)


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Summative FIRO-B Scores


Expressed _____ eI

+ _____ eC

+ _____ eA

= _____ Total Expressed

Behavior

+ + + +

Wanted _____ wI

+ _____ wC

+ _____ wA

= _____ Total Wanted

Behavior

= = = =

_____ Total Need for

Inclusion

+ _____ Total Need for

Control

+ _____ Total Need for

Affection

= _____ Overall Need

Score


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Higher scores on eC are associated with higher self-ratings ofleadership effectivenesss

Higher scores on wC are associated with lower self-ratings ofleadership effectiveness

Higher scores on eC are associated with higher ratings ofInitiating Structure; Higher scores on all other FIRO-B scales

are associated with Consideration

Research on the FIRO-B and Leadership


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From Benchmarks Research (Self-Ratings)

Expressed Inclusion : leading subordinates, setting a developmental climate,building and mending relationships, compassion and sensitivity, putting people atease, acting with flexibility

Expressed Control : decisiveness

Wanted Control : difficulty molding a staff, difficulty making strategic transitions

Expressed Affection : resourcefulness, leading subordinates, setting adevelopmental climate, building and mending relationships, compassion andsensitivity, self-awareness, putting people at ease, acting with flexibility, (and anegative relationship with confronting problems with interpersonal relationships

and difficulty molding a staff) Wanted Affection : compassion and sensitivity, putting people at ease (andnegatively related to confronting problems with interpersonal relationships anddifficulty molding a staff)


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MBTI/FIRO-B Research Hypotheses

Expected Relationships:

Extraversion - Expressed & Wanted Inclusion

Feeling - Expressed & Wanted Affection

Sensing - Wanted Control

Judging - Expressed Control


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Correlation of FIRO-B Scores with MBTI Form G ContinuousScores in Two Samples of Managers and Leaders

FIRO-B Scale/MBTI Scale E-I S-N T-F J-P Summary

EI -.59-.49

.04

.04.11.14

.00-.01

E--E--

WI -.28-.29

.11

.07.12.12

.12

.04E--E--

EC -.23-.16 .03.08 -.23-.21 -.01-.01 E-T---T- WC .04

.02-.09-.03

.16

.16-.05.00

--------

eA -.52-.42

.06

.07.22.25

.07

.03E-F-E-F-

wA -.31-.27 .02.02 .17.23 .07.02 E--E-F-

Source: Hammer and Schnell (1997)


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Expressed

ENFJENFP

ESFJESFP

ENTJENTP

ESTPESTJ

ENFJENFP

ESFJ

Wanted

ENFPESFJENFJESFP

ISFJISFP

ESFJENFPESFPENFJ

Ranking of Psychological Type with Highest Means Scores within FIRO-B Dimensions


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Ranking of Psychological Type with Lowest Means Scores within FIRO-B Dimensions


ExpressedISTPINTP

ISFPISFJ

ISTPINTPISTJINTJ

Wanted

ISTPISTJISFPINTJINTP

ENTPINTPINTJESTPISTPENTJESTJ

ISTPINTPINTJISTJ


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Overall Leadership OrientationFacets of Your Leadership Style (type-based)

Your Leadership Approach (preferences x strongest needs)

Basic Interpretation of FIRO-B & MBTI Results, including role preferences

Interpersonal RelationsHow Interaction Affect Your Leadership (total need score x E-I preference)

What You Show First in Leadership (highest expressed, dominant extravertedfunction)

Working With Groups and Other LeadersHow You Work in a Team (FIRO-B based)

What You Expect from Other Leaders (highest/lowest wanted need, temperament)

Power and Organizational Culture Your Bases of Power and Influence (strongest interpersonal need) Your Influence on Organizational Culture (function pair, strongest/weakest total need)

Dealing With Change and Stress (type and FIRO-B based)

Action Plan (based on type and FIRO-B)

Organization of Leadership Report

segment 3 maryland leadership program firo-b.sji grant

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