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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

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Page 1: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

Page 2: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Significance for Climate and CCS

Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Provide reservoir and seal lithologies

Page 3: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

The Rock Cycle

Page 4: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Major Sediment/ Sedimentary Rock Types

Clastics • Particles of preexisting rock

Chemical and biochemical • Precipitated from solution

Page 5: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Clastics

• Particles of preexisting rock

• Effect of weathering

• Dominantly silicate minerals

Page 6: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Gravel and conglomerate/breccia

• > 30% of grains > 2mm

• Conglomerate if rounded, breccia if angular

• Need strong currents

Page 7: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 8: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 9: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 10: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Sand and sandstone

• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)

Page 11: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 12: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 13: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 14: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Sand and sandstone

• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)

• Major kinds of sandstones• Quartz arenites

Page 15: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Quartz arenite

Page 16: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 17: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Sand and sandstone

• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)

• Major kinds of sandstones• Quartz arenites• Arkoses

Page 18: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Arkose

Page 19: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Sand and sandstone

• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)

• Major kinds of sandstones• Quartz arenites• Arkoses• Lithic arenites

• Graywacke (wacke)

Page 20: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Graywacke

Page 21: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Mud and mudrock

• Particles dominantly (<0.062)

• Silt and siltstone (0.062 - 0.004 mm)

• Clay and claystone (<0.004 mm)

• Weak to no currents

Page 22: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 23: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Shale(Mudrock)

Page 24: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Chemical and biochemical

• Precipitated from solution• Formed at or near place of deposition• Dominantly carbonates & evaporites• Classified by chemical composition

Page 25: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Carbonates

• Limestone (CaCO3)

• Dolostone (CaMg(CO3)2)

Page 26: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 27: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 28: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

The White Cliffs of Dover

Page 29: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Evaporites

Halite (NaCl)

Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)

Page 30: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 31: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 32: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Bonneville salt flats, Utah

Page 33: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Siliceous

Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) Flint Jasper Agate

Page 34: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 35: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Jasper

Page 36: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Agate

Page 37: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Siliceous

Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) Flint Jasper Agate

Siliceous sediment Microfossils

Radiolarians

Page 38: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Bedded Chert

Page 39: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Siliceous

Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) Flint Jasper Agate

Siliceous sediment Microfossils

Diagenetic

Page 40: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Chert nodules in Permian Kaibab Limestone. Grand Canyon, Arizona

Page 41: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Phosphorite

Rich in phosphorous Ca10(PO4,CO3)6F2-3

Phosphatic sediment (e.g., fish bones)

Diagenetic

Page 42: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Bat guano, Slaughter Canyon Cave, NM

Why is this geology student so happy?

Page 43: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 44: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Transportation and deposition

Page 45: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Currents

• Air and water

• The faster the current the larger the particles

Page 46: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Settling velocity

Page 47: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Sorting

Page 48: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 49: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 50: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Rounding

Page 51: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Sedimentary Structures

• Depositional• Erosional • Deformational• Chemical (diagenetic)

Large-scale features of sedimentary rocks that result from physical and/or chemical processes

Page 52: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Stratification•Bedding•Lamination

Page 53: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 54: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Laminated shale

Page 55: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 56: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 57: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 58: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 59: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 60: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 61: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 62: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

1957, Charles Herbert

Page 63: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 64: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Depositional (Sedimentary) Environments

A geographic location characterized by a particular combination of geological processes and environmental conditions

Page 65: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 66: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 67: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 68: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 69: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 70: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 71: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 72: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 73: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 74: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 75: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 76: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Diagenesis

All the changes sediment undergoes subsequent to deposition and prior to metamorphism

Page 77: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Physical (mechanical) diagenesis

• Compaction

• Fracturing

• Ductile deformation

• Grain rearrangement

Page 78: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 79: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Chemical diagenesis

• Mineral precipitation (cementation)

• Dissolution• Grain• Cement

Page 80: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 81: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 82: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 83: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 84: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Page 85: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record

Lithification

The processes by which sediment is transformed into sedimentary rock


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