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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
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Significance for Climate and CCS
Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record
Provide reservoir and seal lithologies
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The Rock Cycle
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Major Sediment/ Sedimentary Rock Types
Clastics • Particles of preexisting rock
Chemical and biochemical • Precipitated from solution
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Clastics
• Particles of preexisting rock
• Effect of weathering
• Dominantly silicate minerals
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Gravel and conglomerate/breccia
• > 30% of grains > 2mm
• Conglomerate if rounded, breccia if angular
• Need strong currents
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Sand and sandstone
• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)
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Sand and sandstone
• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)
• Major kinds of sandstones• Quartz arenites
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Quartz arenite
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Sand and sandstone
• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)
• Major kinds of sandstones• Quartz arenites• Arkoses
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Arkose
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Sand and sandstone
• Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)
• Major kinds of sandstones• Quartz arenites• Arkoses• Lithic arenites
• Graywacke (wacke)
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Graywacke
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Mud and mudrock
• Particles dominantly (<0.062)
• Silt and siltstone (0.062 - 0.004 mm)
• Clay and claystone (<0.004 mm)
• Weak to no currents
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Shale(Mudrock)
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Chemical and biochemical
• Precipitated from solution• Formed at or near place of deposition• Dominantly carbonates & evaporites• Classified by chemical composition
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Carbonates
• Limestone (CaCO3)
• Dolostone (CaMg(CO3)2)
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The White Cliffs of Dover
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Evaporites
Halite (NaCl)
Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
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Bonneville salt flats, Utah
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Siliceous
Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) Flint Jasper Agate
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Jasper
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Agate
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Siliceous
Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) Flint Jasper Agate
Siliceous sediment Microfossils
Radiolarians
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Bedded Chert
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Siliceous
Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) Flint Jasper Agate
Siliceous sediment Microfossils
Diagenetic
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Chert nodules in Permian Kaibab Limestone. Grand Canyon, Arizona
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Phosphorite
Rich in phosphorous Ca10(PO4,CO3)6F2-3
Phosphatic sediment (e.g., fish bones)
Diagenetic
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Bat guano, Slaughter Canyon Cave, NM
Why is this geology student so happy?
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Transportation and deposition
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Currents
• Air and water
• The faster the current the larger the particles
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Settling velocity
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Sorting
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Rounding
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Sedimentary Structures
• Depositional• Erosional • Deformational• Chemical (diagenetic)
Large-scale features of sedimentary rocks that result from physical and/or chemical processes
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Stratification•Bedding•Lamination
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Laminated shale
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1957, Charles Herbert
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Depositional (Sedimentary) Environments
A geographic location characterized by a particular combination of geological processes and environmental conditions
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Diagenesis
All the changes sediment undergoes subsequent to deposition and prior to metamorphism
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Physical (mechanical) diagenesis
• Compaction
• Fracturing
• Ductile deformation
• Grain rearrangement
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Chemical diagenesis
• Mineral precipitation (cementation)
• Dissolution• Grain• Cement
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Lithification
The processes by which sediment is transformed into sedimentary rock