Section I: The Industrial Revolution Section I: The Industrial Revolution BeginsBegins

(Pages 504 - 513)(Pages 504 - 513)

Section I: The Industrial Revolution Section I: The Industrial Revolution BeginsBegins

(Pages 504 - 513)(Pages 504 - 513) This section is about:This section is about: The beginning of the The beginning of the

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution in the 1700’s, it’s in the 1700’s, it’s effects on the textile effects on the textile industry, and the industry, and the development of steam development of steam power.power.

How industrialization How industrialization affected people’s lives affected people’s lives and resulted in new and resulted in new economic theories.economic theories.

We’re going back a little in We’re going back a little in time – to the early 1700’s time – to the early 1700’s – so we can see what – so we can see what caused the changes in this caused the changes in this chapter.chapter.

Look on pages 504 and Look on pages 504 and 505. There’s a different 505. There’s a different type of picture than we’ve type of picture than we’ve seen so far.seen so far.

If you look on the timeline If you look on the timeline on the bottom, what’s a on the bottom, what’s a “common theme?”“common theme?”

We should also look at the We should also look at the paragraph on page 504.paragraph on page 504.

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution BeginsBegins

We have another We have another revolution taking revolution taking place.place.

Is it a coincidence Is it a coincidence that it’s the same that it’s the same time as the other time as the other revolutions?revolutions?

Maybe we can tell by Maybe we can tell by looking at the “Main looking at the “Main Ideas” on page 506.Ideas” on page 506.

One more thing – One more thing – look at the “Active look at the “Active Reading” on the very Reading” on the very top right of page 506.top right of page 506.

Before Industrialization in Great Before Industrialization in Great BritainBritain

““The Industrial Revolution” is the term used to describe the The Industrial Revolution” is the term used to describe the HUGE changes in lives in the early 1700’s.HUGE changes in lives in the early 1700’s.

It involves changing production from hand tools to It involves changing production from hand tools to machines.machines.

It involves people changing from working out of their homes It involves people changing from working out of their homes to working in factories.to working in factories.

Early IndustryEarly Industry Before the Industrial Revolution, Before the Industrial Revolution,

power was created by people, power was created by people, animals, water, and wind.animals, water, and wind.

The I.R.’s use of steam and The I.R.’s use of steam and electricity changed that.electricity changed that.

Before industrial times, people Before industrial times, people usually made products, made usually made products, made their own clothes , and grew their their own clothes , and grew their own food, all at home and by own food, all at home and by hand (there were some hand (there were some cloth/textile mills).cloth/textile mills).

Most methods of power hadn’t Most methods of power hadn’t changes in 600-800 years.changes in 600-800 years.

Water wheel: 5 horsepower / a Water wheel: 5 horsepower / a windmill: 10 horsepower (if windmill: 10 horsepower (if windy).windy).

Transportation and travel were Transportation and travel were also slow – adding to cost and also slow – adding to cost and dangers of trade.dangers of trade.

CapitalCapital could be tied up for a long could be tied up for a long time.time.

The money used in business and making more money

Developments Towards Developments Towards IndustrializationIndustrialization

The I.R. began in Great The I.R. began in Great Britain in the 1700’s –for Britain in the 1700’s –for several reasons.several reasons.

1.1. After the Glorious After the Glorious Revolution – politics and Revolution – politics and peace were more stable.peace were more stable.

2.2. New farming tools and New farming tools and methods emerged: methods emerged: crop crop rotationrotation, seed drills, plows., seed drills, plows.

3.3. Landowners were able to Landowners were able to secure more land and secure more land and bigger farms with fences bigger farms with fences and enclosures,and enclosures, (fences)(fences) which………….which………….

Changing what you plant in the same place each year

Advantages for Great BritainAdvantages for Great Britain

Led to more efficient farming Led to more efficient farming – more food with fewer – more food with fewer workers.workers.

The ex-farmers were The ex-farmers were available to do other things available to do other things (and Britain had a population (and Britain had a population explosion – 50%+).explosion – 50%+).

Britain also had good rivers Britain also had good rivers and ports for trade.and ports for trade.

And, in the 1700’s, Britain And, in the 1700’s, Britain had a world empire had a world empire (including colonies in the (including colonies in the Americas).Americas).

This would mean more This would mean more markets to sell goods.markets to sell goods.

The The Textile IndustryTextile Industry / The Demand for / The Demand for CottonCotton

This was the first step of the This was the first step of the I.R. (and England had been I.R. (and England had been experts at making cloth from experts at making cloth from wool for centuries).wool for centuries).

Cotton had been England's Cotton had been England's biggest trade product with Asia biggest trade product with Asia and India.and India.

Cotton was more popular than Cotton was more popular than wool (texture/ability to put wool (texture/ability to put designs on the fabric, wouldn’t designs on the fabric, wouldn’t shrink, accepted dyes better).shrink, accepted dyes better).

People in Europe wanted People in Europe wanted cotton so bad, the people in cotton so bad, the people in the other textile industries the other textile industries were worried it would take over were worried it would take over (France banned cotton (France banned cotton imports).imports).

England was okay with the England was okay with the cotton trade – and India made cotton trade – and India made it cheaper/better than anyone it cheaper/better than anyone else.else.

(The process of making cloth and clothes)

Toward More Rapid Toward More Rapid ProductionProduction

In Britain at first, the In Britain at first, the had cottage industries had cottage industries with an “assembly line” with an “assembly line” of cottages producing of cottages producing finished goods.finished goods.

It took about 60 years It took about 60 years (and some inventions) (and some inventions) to figure out they to figure out they needed to speed up the needed to speed up the process.process.

………………..

John KayJohn Kay (1733): (1733): invented the invented the flying shuttle machine, so one flying shuttle machine, so one person (not 2) could now person (not 2) could now operated a loom.operated a loom.

James HargreavesJames Hargreaves (1764): (1764): invented the spinning jenny, so invented the spinning jenny, so more threads could be spun at more threads could be spun at one time (doubled production).one time (doubled production).

Richard ArkwrightRichard Arkwright (1769): (1769): designed a water powered designed a water powered spinning machine (the water spinning machine (the water frame) that made thread twice frame) that made thread twice as strong. But his machine was as strong. But his machine was too big to be practical in too big to be practical in someone’s home.someone’s home.

Arkwright began a Arkwright began a factory factory systemsystem to spin thread and to spin thread and weave cloth.weave cloth.

One more problem was solved One more problem was solved by by Eli WhitneyEli Whitney (1793): (1793): separating the seeds from the separating the seeds from the raw cotton with a “cotton gin.” raw cotton with a “cotton gin.” It was cheap and easy to It was cheap and easy to operate and increased the operate and increased the production of raw cotton by production of raw cotton by 5000%.5000%.

By 1830, cotton was more than By 1830, cotton was more than half of Britain’s total exports half of Britain’s total exports (and they were competing with (and they were competing with India)India)

The mass production of goods in a central location

Developed the ideas for the textile industry/revolution in

England

British Pioneers of the Industrial Revolution

The Development of Steam The Development of Steam PowerPower

Building Better Steam EnginesBuilding Better Steam Engines Britain also had a big supply of Britain also had a big supply of

natural resources – like iron natural resources – like iron and coal.and coal.

They had used up a lot of their They had used up a lot of their wood and needed coal for heat wood and needed coal for heat and for smelting iron and for smelting iron (separating the iron from the (separating the iron from the ore).ore).

Deeper mining became Deeper mining became important – and pumping out important – and pumping out water that flooded their mines.water that flooded their mines.

In 1765, an improvement was In 1765, an improvement was made to basic steam power (by made to basic steam power (by James Watt and Matthew James Watt and Matthew Boulton).Boulton).

Steam power would now Steam power would now replace water power and replace water power and factories didn’t need to built factories didn’t need to built near water sources any more.near water sources any more.

The machine age had begun.The machine age had begun.

A Revolution in A Revolution in TransportationTransportation

In 1807, In 1807, Robert FultonRobert Fulton showed showed steam power could be used to steam power could be used to power a riverboat (his first power a riverboat (his first usable usable steamboatsteamboat was “the was “the Clermont”).Clermont”).

This cut downstream travel in This cut downstream travel in half – and made upstream half – and made upstream travel possible.travel possible.

Another steam powered Another steam powered transportation advance: the transportation advance: the locomotive.locomotive.

In 1825: George Stephenson In 1825: George Stephenson (British) created the first (British) created the first railroad locomotive. In 1829, railroad locomotive. In 1829, “The Rocket” traveled 16 M.P.H. “The Rocket” traveled 16 M.P.H. ..

In 1830: “the Tom Thumb” was In 1830: “the Tom Thumb” was the first U.S. built locomotive.the first U.S. built locomotive.

People soon realized railroads People soon realized railroads could go almost anywhere, and could go almost anywhere, and were faster than steamboats, were faster than steamboats, and business could be done and business could be done faster and cheaper.faster and cheaper.

Consequences of Consequences of IndustrializationIndustrialization

All this does sound All this does sound great, but… this shift great, but… this shift from hand labor to from hand labor to machine labor does machine labor does have some hardships, have some hardships, tensions, and conflicts.tensions, and conflicts.

The Impact of Industrialization The Impact of Industrialization on Everyday Lifeon Everyday Life

One problem: working in the mills One problem: working in the mills was tough – for owners: there was was tough – for owners: there was money to be made.money to be made.

Fourteen hour days were Fourteen hour days were common/normal.common/normal.

Workers had bad job conditions and Workers had bad job conditions and couldn’t do much about them.couldn’t do much about them.

Wages were very low.Wages were very low. There were few attempts at There were few attempts at

regulating jobs/conditions.regulating jobs/conditions. Children often worked and…Children often worked and…

Another impact: new urban, Another impact: new urban, industrial cities/centers started to industrial cities/centers started to develop (in northern England - near develop (in northern England - near the mines).the mines).

Housing became unplanned and Housing became unplanned and crowded (entire families in a single crowded (entire families in a single room).room).

Water supplies were pouted.Water supplies were pouted. Food was scarce.Food was scarce. Public health and safety was real Public health and safety was real

bad.bad. Crime and diseases were constant Crime and diseases were constant

threat.threat.