Section I Causes

The Causes of WW1

•Militarism•Alliances•Imperialism•Nationalism

Militarism 1.

• Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships.

• The British feared an attack on their Empire

Militarism 2.

• Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies

1880 1914• Germany 1.3m 5.0m• France 0.73m 4.0m• Russia 0.40m 1.2m

Alliances• By 1914 all the major

powers were linked by a system of alliances.

• The alliances made it more likely that a war would start.

• Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

Imperialism

• All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory.

• The British feared Germany in Africa.• The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in

the Balkans

Nationalism

• This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence.

• In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule.

Serbia’s national flag

The Crisis 1. • 28 June 1914• Heir to Austrian

throne Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo.

• Capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by Austria.

• Hotbed of Slav nationalism

Seal of the Black Hand group

The Crisis 2.• “Black Hand” terrorists

attack the Arch Duke• Bomb attempt fails in

morning• Gavrilo Princip shoots

Archduke and wife in the afternoon.

• Austrians blame Serbia for supporting terrorists.

The Crisis 3.• Austrians, supported by

Germany, send Serbia a tough ultimatum.

• Serbia agrees to all but two terms of the ultimatum.

• Russia mobilises her troops to support Serbia

• Germany demands that Russia stands her armies down.

• Germany declares war on Russia

“Demands must be put to Serbia that would be wholly impossible for them to accept …”

Why did Britain get involved?

• Britain had Ententes with France and Russia.

• Only “friendly agreements” but French and Russians given impression Britain would fight.

• The Schlieffen Plan

Sir Edward GreyBritish Foreign Secretary … “There’s some devilry going on in Berlin”

The Schlieffen Plan• Germany’s military

plan to defeat France and Russia.

• “Knock out blow” aimed at France first.

• Avoid French defences by invasion of Belgium.

• Germans thought Britain would not intervene.

The American Response

1. Please read pages- 418-419a. outline reasons why the US decided to stay neutral at the early stages of WWI.

American Neutrality

1. Trade heavily influenced the US’s position of neutrality at the beginning of the war

a. American foreign investment rose from $700m to $3.5 billion between 1879-1914

b. A British blockade and German U boats would threaten that trade

The Preparedness Movement

1. Many business leaders urged the US to get ready for war.

a. By late summer 1915, the movement’s leaders had persuaded the gov’t to set up camps to train American men for combat.

b. By summer 1916, Wilson and Congress agreed to greatly increase the numbers in the armed forces.

The Peace Movement

1.

American Neutrality

2. Although neutral, most Americans opposed the Central Powers. Why?

US Declaration of War• Read pages 421-424. • Describe how each of the following helped

bring the US into WWI– German U boats– The USS Lusitania– Sussex Pledge– The Zimmerman note

US Declaration of War

• Your task:– Develop a thesis statement and provide three

supporting details to answer the following question:• Why did the United States enter WWI?

Chapter 12 section 3

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS1. How did the United States prepare to fight in WWI?2. In what ways did American troops help turn the tide of war?3. What were conditions like in Europe and in the United States

at the end of the war? THE BIG IDEA

American troops helped the Allies defeat the Central Powers in World War I.

Class DiscussionComplete the chart below by answering the following questions. Are Allies automatically Can Allies exist without What kinds of equals a common enemy? Relationships do allies

share?

WILSON ASKED CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR APRIL 2, 1917

“THE WORLD MUST BE MADE SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY. ITS PEACE MUST BE PLANTED UPON THE TESTED FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL LIBERTY. WE HAVE NO SELFISH ENDS TO SERVE. WE DESIRE NO CONQUEST, NO DOMINION. WE SEEK NO INDEMNITIES FOR OURSELVES, NO MATERIAL COMPENSATION FOR THE SACRIFICES WE SHALL FREELY MAKE.”

THE UNITED STATES PREPARES FOR WARAs you read Preparing for War, complete the outline of notes below that gives

detailson American preparation for war to American arrival in Europe.

Draftees and Volunteers1. Selective Service Act – authorized a draft of young men for military service.2. The general feeling that this was the “war to end all wars” led to wide

acceptance of the draft.3. By November 1918, more than 24 million men had registered for the draft.

From those, a lottery picked 3 million draftees to serve.4. Volunteers and National Guardsmen made up the remainder of what was

called the American Expeditionary Force (AEF).5. Some 11,000 women volunteered to serve in uniform as nurses, drivers, and

clerks. Another 14,000 womenserved abroad as civilians working for the government or for private agencies.

1917 – Selective Service Act

24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918.

4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).

400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated units.

15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.

REQUIRED ALL MALES BETWEEN THE AGES OF 21-30 (LATER CHANGED TO 18-45) TO REGISTER FOR THE

DRAFTABOUT 24 MILLION MEN REGISTERED, 23% OF TOTAL

POPULATIONABOUT 11,000 WOMEN VOLUNTEERED AS NURSES, CLERICAL WORKERS AND TELEPHONE OPERATORS

SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT MAY 18, 1917

SECRETARY OF WAR BAKER PULLED DRAFT NUMBERS IN THE LOTTERY

COMMITTEE FOR PUBLIC INFORMATION: CREATED BY PRESIDENT WILSON TO SPREAD

PRO-WAR PROPAGANDA

LED BY JOURNALIST

GEORGE CREEL

WAR PROPAGANDA POSTERS

The Most Famous Recruitment Poster

WOMEN AND THE WAR5. Some 11,000 women volunteered to serve in uniform as

nurses, drivers, and clerks. Another 14,000 womenserved abroad as civilians working for the government or for private agencies.

                                                                                                                                                                      

Nurse Helen Grace McClelland, a graduate of the Pennsylvania Hospital School of Nursing, in her World War I uniform. Her distinguished service on the front lines during the war earned McClelland a citation from General Sir Douglas Haig, the Royal Red Cross First Class from Britain, and the Distinguished Service Cross from the United States.

National League for Woman’s Service

YWCA – The Blue Triangle

The Red Cross Nurse

NURSES CONTRIBUTED TO THE WAR

EFFORT

The Red Cross - Greatest

Mother in the World

PREPARING FOR WARCONTINUED

Training for War1. At training camps, draftees learned how to use a bayonet and a rifle, dig a

trench, put on a gas mask, and throw a grenade.2. The military planned to give new soldiers several months of training before

shipping them off to battle. However, that didn’t always happen.3. Training would sometimes be cut short in order to transport soldiers to

France in time to be of help.

The Convoy System4. The War Department had to worry about transporting its troops overseas

safely. In 1917, German U-boats sunk more than 400 Allied and neutral ships.

5. May 1917, all merchant and troop ships traveled in a convoy. A Convoy consisted of a group of unarmed ships surrounded by a ring of destroyers, torpedo boats, and other armed naval vessels equipped with hydrophones to track and destroy submarines.

6. German U-boats did not sink a single United States troopship traveling to Europe.

PREPARING FOR WARCONTINUED

American Soldiers in Europe1. General Pershing kept American troops independent of the

Allied armies. In his view, the Allies had become too accustomed to defensive action. He wanted to save his men’s strength for offensive moves.

2. American troops surprised the British and French soldiers on the front lines with their strength, good health, and energy.

3. Members of the American Expeditionary Force were called “doughboys.”

Opportunities for African-Americans in

WW1“Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919 70,000

War industries work.

Enlistment in segregated units.

True Sons of FreedomMore than 350,000 African Americans served in segregated units during World War I, mostly as support troops. Several units saw action alongside French soldiers fighting against the Germans, and 171 African Americans were awarded the French Legion of Honor. In response to protests of discrimination and mistreatment from the black community, several hundred African American men received officers' training in Des Moines, Iowa. By October 1917, over six hundred African Americans were commissioned as captains and first and second lieutenants.

AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS SERVED IN SEGREGATED UNITS

HENRY JOHNSON, LEFT, AND NEADHAM

ROBERTS, RIGHT RECEIVED THE FRENCH CROIX DE GUERRE, AN AWARD CREATED TO RECOGNIZE BRAVERY IN THE FACE OF AN

ENEMY

ALTHOUGH AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS WERE USED MOSTLY FOR LABOR, THE FRENCH HIRED SOME INFANTRY THAT FOUGHT ALONGSIDE FRENCH WHITE SOLDIERS. THESE EXPERIENCES CONTRIBUTED TO THE SENSE OF EMPOWERMENT EXPRESSED BY THE BLACK COMMUNITY IN THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE IN THE 1920s.

BUILDING RAILROADS IN FRANCE

CUTTING DOWN TREES

U.S. 1st Army Post BandSouilly, France 1918

Sergeant Alvin C. York, 328th Infantry, who with aid of 17 men, captured 132 German prisoners; shows hill on which raid took place [October 8, 1918]. Argonne Forest, near

Cornay, France., 02/07/1919

AN AMERICAN HERO

INCOME TAX CREATED IN 1913Amendment XVI

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without

apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

BONDS: THE GOVERNMENT BORROWS MONEY

WAR SAVING STAMPS: COST BETWEEN 25 CENTS AND $5, THE GOVERNMENT PRINTED BOOKLETS

AND WHEN THEY WERE FULL THEY COULD BE TURNED IN FOR BONDS

HOW DID THE U.S. GOVERNMENT PAY FOR THE WAR?

THERE WERE FOUR MAJOR LIBERTY LOAN DRIVES WHICH AMASSED GREAT AMOUNTS OF MONEY

FOR THE WAR EFFORT. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS, LIKE THE RED CROSS AND THE Y.M.C.A. ALSO

HELD FUND RAISING EVENTS.

NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA

CELEBRITIES MOTIVATED PEOPLE TO GET INVOLVED IN THE LOAN DRIVES

THE HUMAN SQUIRREL FATTIE ARBUCKLE

MANAGING THE ECONOMYThe government called on industry to switch from producing commercial goods to war goods.New Agencies- Explain each of the new agencies that were created to help manage the economy.

ECONOMY

1. WAR INDUSTRIES BOARDHeaded by financier Bernard Baruch. It oversaw the nation’s war-related production. It doled out raw materials, told manufacturers what and how much to produce, and even fixed prices.

2.WAR TRADE BOARDLicensed foreign trade and punished firms suspected of dealing with the enemy.

3. NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARDWorked to settle any labor disputes that might Disrupt the war effort.

4. WAR LABOR POLICIES BOARDHeaded by Harvard Law professor FelixFrankfurter, set standards for wages, hrs,& working conditions in the war industries.

5. LABOR UNIONSWon limited rights to organize and bargain collectively.

How did labor leader Samuel Gompers affect the United States war effort? He promised to limit labor problems in war-production industries. In other words, he encouraged union members to support the war effort.

MANUFACTURING HELMETS AND

HATS FOR SOLDIERS

WAR TRADE BOARD

CONTROLLED IMPORTS AND EXPORTS DURING THE WAR ISSUED LICENSES TO SHIPPING COMPANIES, LIMITED THE NUMBER OF IMPORTS FROM NEUTRAL COUNTRIES BORDERING GERMANY, AND FORBADE CITIZENS TO PATRONIZE COMPANIES THAT HAD TIES TO ENEMY NATIONS

REGULATING FOOD AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONIn August 1917, Congress pass the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act. This act gave the President the power to manage the production and distribution of foods and fuels vital to the war effort.

Complete the following T-Chart by summarizing all the different ways the governmentmanaged the production and distribution of foods and fuels that were vital to the war

effort.

FOODS FUELS

1. Using the slogan “Food will win the war,” the gov’t 1. The fuel administration sponsored gasless began to manage how much food people bought. days to save fuel.2. The Food Administration, under the leadership of 2. The Fuel Administration began the practice Herbert Hoover, worked to increase farm output of daylight saving time- it increased the and reduce waste number of daylight hours available to

work.3. Price Controls- a system of pricing determined - It also reduced the need for artificial by the government on the sale of food. Light and lowered fuel consumption.4. A system of Rationing- distributing goods to consumers in a fixed amount.5. Hoover hoped that voluntary restraint and increased efficiency would accomplish the Food Administration’s goals. Meatless & wheatless days. 6. Women played a key role and they eagerly responded to this patriotic challenge.

FOOD ADMINISTRATION •HEADED BY FUTURE PRESIDENT HERBERT HOOVER, NEVER IMPOSED SPECIFIC RATIONS BUT RELIED UPON VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION•RATION: TO LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF FOOD OR RESOURCES PEOPLE CAN USE•FAMOUS SLOGAN “FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR – DON’T WASTE IT”•THE U.S. HAD TO PROVIDE FOOD FOR ITS OWN CITIZENS AS WELL AS THE ALLIED COUNTRIES

U. S. Food Administration

U. S. Food Administration

FUEL ADMINISTRATION•HEADED BY HARRY A. GARFIELD, SON OF THE MURDERED PRESIDENT•DESIGNED TO CONTROL AMERICA’S USE OF FUEL SINCE IT WAS NEEDED OVERSEAS•AS WITH THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION, AMERICANS WERE ASKED TO VOLUNTARILY CONSERVE THEIR USE OF FUEL  •LIGHTLESS NIGHTS AND GASLESS DAYS WERE OBSERVED  •DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME WAS OBSERVED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN U.S. HISTORY IN ORDER TO CUT BACK ON THE USE OF FUEL AND ELECTRICITY.

U. S. Fuel Administration

U. S. Fuel Administration

Results of This New Organization of the

Economy?1. Unemployment virtually disappeared.2. Expansion of “big government.”3. Excessive government regulations in the

economy4. Some gross mismanagement overlapping

jurisdictions.5. Close cooperation between public and

private sectors.6. Unprecedented opportunities for

disadvantaged groups.

President Wilson declared that disloyalty during wartime would be “dealt with a firm hand of stern repression.” Directions: Complete the following graphic organizer detailing how the U.S. tried to enforce loyalty to the war effort.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION1. Rallies popular support for the war with films, pamphlets, and posters

2. LITERACY TEST FOR IMMIGRANTSCongress passes law forcing immigrants To prove they can read before entering the country. The law leads to nativism and increased anti-German feeling.

4. THE SEDITION ACT 1918Makes it illegal to make “disloyal” statements (or actions) about U.S. gov’t or military. This Violates the 1st Amendment - many felt the needs of war required harsh measures

3. ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1917Passed in response to fears that German Secret agents might try to weaken American war effort. This act makes it illegal to interfere with the draft.

ENFORCING LOYALTY

Government Excess & Threats to the Civil

Liberties of Americans1. Espionage Act – 1917

- forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. - ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail. - fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

Government Excess & Threats

to the Civil Liberties of Americans 2. Sedition Act – 1918

- it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.

ENDING THE WAR1. Why did Germany agree to an armistice in November 1918?

a. The Central Powers collapsed, one by one, due to Allied attacks and domestic revolutions.

1) Bulgaria & the Ottoman Empire made a separate peace with the Allies in autumn.2) Austria-Hungary splintered in October as Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovaks declared their independence from the emperor.

b. German troops recognized that defeat was imminent.-A mutiny at the port of Kiel led to other German troops revolts on ships, as well as at ports, factories, and

industrial cities.

c. By November 10, the Kaiser had fled to Holland.d. The Armistice was signed in a French railroad car on November 11, 1918.(11th month, 11th day, 11th hour)

THE FINAL MONTHS OF

WWI: COORDINATED

ALLIED ATTACKS

AMERICANS ENTERED THE FIGHTING JUST IN TIME TO STOP A MASSIVE GERMAN

OFFENSIVE IN 1918

BATTLE FOR ARGONNE

ARMISTICE SIGNED: “AT THE 11TH HOUR, OF THE 11TH MONTH,

ON THE 11TH DAY”NOVEMBER 11, 1918 WWI ENDS

Allied Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18United States 22,625,253,000Great Britain 35,334,012,000

France 24,265,583,000Russia 22,293,950,000Italy 12,413,998,000

Belgium 1,154,468,000Romania 1,600,000,000

Japan 40,000,000Serbia 399,400,000Greece 270,000,000Canada 1,665,576,000

Australia 1,423,208,000New Zealand 378,750,000

India 601,279,000South Africa 300,000,000

British Colonies 125,000,000Others 500,000,000

Total of all Costs 125,690,477,000

Central Powers

Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

Germany 37,775,000,000

Austria-Hungary 20,622,960,000

Turkey 1,430,000,000

Bulgaria 815,200,000

Total of all Costs 60,643,160,000

THE FINANCIAL COSTS OF THE WAR

Country Dead Wounded POW/MIA Total Mobilized Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 7,800,000 Belgium 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 267,000 British Empire 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 8,904,467 Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 1,200,000 France 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 8,410,000 Germany 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 11,000,000 Greece 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 230,000 Italy 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 5,615,000 Japan 300 907 3 1,210 800,000 Montenegro 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 50,000 Portugal 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 100,000 Romania 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 750,000 Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 12,000,000 Serbia 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 707,343 Turkey 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 2,850,000 US 116,516 204,002 0 320,518 4,734,991 TOTALS 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,746,419 37,464,404 65,418,801

Washington, D.C.: WWI Monument Washington D.C.: 2nd Division Monument

THE INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC The Influenza Epidemic of 1918-1919 was one of the most devastating events in recorded human history. Because it struck populations throughout the world, it is called a pandemic. On each new continent, the disease began in ports, and then

spread from city to city along main transportation routes. The epidemic killed more people worldwide than all of the wartime battles.

1. American troops arriving in France in the spring of 1918 carried with them a new strain of an influenza virus that had been first detected in a military training camp in Kansas in March.

2. The virus swept across the Western Front in June, disabling 500,000 German troops at the peak of their summer offensive.

3. The first cases were followed by a second, deadlier wave in the fall and a third wave in the winter.

4. The AEF suffered 16,000 cases of influenza in the first week of October alone, and the death rate in some units reached 32 percent. In a little under a year, more American soldiers died from influenza than from battle.

5. Over half a million Americans and perhaps 30 million people worldwide died before the epidemic came to an end. /

INFLUENZA, 1918•SOLDIERS NEAR BOSTON SUDDENLY STARTED DYING•THE CAUSE OF DEATH WAS IDENTIFIED AS INFLUENZA, BUT IT WAS UNLIKE ANY STRAIN EVER SEEN •AS THE KILLER VIRUS SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTRY, HOSPITALS OVERFILLED, DEATH CARTS ROAMED THE STREETS AND HELPLESS CITY OFFICIALS DUG MASS GRAVES •IT WAS THE WORST EPIDEMIC IN AMERICAN HISTORY, KILLING OVER 600,000, FIVE TIMES THE DEATHS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN THE WAR. IT DISAPPEARED AS MYSTERIOUSLY AS IT HAD BEGUN.

PARADES QUICKLY SPREAD THE DISEASE