referencing & avoiding plagiarism presentation
TRANSCRIPT
He copied the script and many of the visuals. He did not ask Daniel Clowes’
permission or acknowledge him. Even his apology was copied.
PlagiarismPlagiarism includes:1. Directly quoting another person's actual words, whether oral or written;2. Using another person's ideas, opinions, or theories;3. Paraphrasing the words, ideas, opinions, or theories of others, whether oral or written;4. Borrowing facts, statistics, or illustrative material; or5. Offering materials assembled or collected by others in the form of projects or collections without acknowledgment. Source: Indiana University, Bloomington (2005) How to recognize plagiarism https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/definition.html (Accessed: 29 May 2012)
• Acknowledges the work of other writers and researchers
• Demonstrates the body of knowledge on which you have based your work
• Enables other researchers to verify the source and follow up
• Prevents accusations of plagiarism
Source: Marsden, J. (2011) The benefits of successful referencing: applying Harvard conventions [PowerPoint presentation]. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/MarsdenTherapy/the-benefits-of-harvard-referencing (Accessed: 4 March 2012).
Reference your sources
Giving creditYou must give credit whenever you use:
• Another person’s idea, opinion or theory• Any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings – any pieces of information – that are not common knowledge• Quotations of another person’s actual spoken or written words; or paraphrase of another person’s spoken or written words.
Source: Indiana University, Bloomington (2011) Plagiarism: what it is and how to recognize it and avoid it. Available at: http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml (Accessed: 4 March 2012)
Your own work“University tutors do not expect undergraduates’ work to be ‘original’: meaning something new not known before, adding to the knowledge in the subject…”
Williams,K. and Carroll,J. (2009) Referencing and understanding plagiarism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.57.
Your own work“University tutors do expect your work to be unique in the following sense: ‘I made this. I read the information and research in books and articles, picked out bits that are useful to me, and used them in my argument or explanation – in my own way, in my own words.”
Williams,K. and Carroll,J. (2009) Referencing and understanding plagiarism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.57.
Why and how should you quote?
Why and how should you use your own words?
Why and how should you summarise?
Each reference has two parts:
The in-text citationThis is either a number or a name and date that alerts your reader to the fact you have found this information elsewhere.
Each reference has two parts:
The list of referencesA list of all the sources you have used with details of how to find them.
References or bibliography?
References – sources you have referred to in your written work.Bibliography – a list, in alphabetical order by author’s surname, of all the sources you consulted, whether you used them or not.
Paraphrasing‘Paraphrasing is expressing ideas and information from your sources, in your own way, using your own words.’
Godfrey,J. (2009) How to use your reading in your essays. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.31
ParaphrasingThe following is a quotation taken from a television programme. Afterwards, there are four versions of some work on Brunel where authors have used the quotation. Have they plagiarised?Source: Collins, D. (2011) Independent Learning Guides. Swindon: School Library Associa>on.
Original“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”
Clarkson, J. (Writer). (2002, October 22). Brunel [Television series episode].In M. Harrison (Producer), Great Britons. London: BBC.
Version 1The SS Great Britain was the largest ship in the world and the first to be constructed from iron and have a propeller. For example, each piston measured over 7 feet across. Amazingly, modern propellers are only 5% more efficient than Brunel’s propeller, created in the Victorian ages without computers.
“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”
Original
Version 1There is too much direct borrowing of sentence structure and wording. Despite changing some words, truncating the text and adding some words, the overall text closely resembles Clarkson’s. Even with a citation, the writer is still plagiarising because the lack of quotation marks indicates that version 1 is a paraphrase, and should be in the writer’s own language.
.
PLAGIARISM
Version 2Clarkson states that the SS Great Britain “was the largest ship in the world and the first to be constructed from iron and have a propeller”. It’s incredible that modern propellers are only 5% more efficient than Brunel’s propeller which was “designed by a Victorian bloke” (Clarkson).
“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”
Original
Version 2The writer now cites Clarkson, so the writer admits to using Clarkson’s original script, but this text s>ll borrows too much language.
PLAGIARISM
Version 3The SS Great Britain was an incredible ship for its Fme. For one thing, it was the largest ship ever built with pistons measuring over 7 feet. Another innovaFon was that it was made of iron, rather than the tradiFonal wood. And deparFng from another tradiFon, it used a propeller instead of paddle wheels, which had been used unFl this point. To highlight the engineering marvel that this ship was, with all this modern technology, we have only managed to increase the efficiency of modern propellers by 5% from Brunel’s original design.
“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”
Original
Version 3
Version 3 shows good paraphrasing of wording and sentence structure, but Clarkson’s ideas are not acknowledged. Some of Clarkson’s points are common knowledge (largest ship built at that >me), but Clarkson uses this common knowledge to make a specific and original point and his point is not acknowledged. .
PLAGIARISM
Version 4Brunel’s innovaFons in shipping were incredible. Clarkson (2002) makes the point that the SS Great Britain was the “first ocean going liner to be made from iron and to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels”. Although Brunel developed his ship from ideas already being used or debated (albeit oMen on a smaller scale), there is no doubt that he brought shipbuilding into the modern era through the new technology of screw propulsion by propeller. This is sFll the method of propulsion of modern ships, and, as Clarkson (2002) points out, technology has not made much increase in the efficiency of the design.
“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”
Original
Version 4
The writer makes use of the common knowledge in Clarkson’s work, but acknowledges Clarkson’s work as well as adding her own opinion. The quota>on is properly cited, as is a later paraphrase of another of Clarkson’s ideas.
NO PLAGIARISM
Record your findings• Bookmark on your web browser• Social bookmarking site such as
Diigo. • School Library version:
http://www.diigo.com/user/wattsl• You need to be able to go back to
your sources later• Showing your reader what you have
read allows them to refer to your sources
• Demonstrates that you have spent time researching, reading and selecting materials
ReferencingModern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) The Harvard System (often called the 'Author Date System’) Chicago System Modern Language Association of America (MLA) American Psychological Association (APA)VancouverOSCOLA (used for legal referencing)Oxford footnote referencing
There are many different styles:
ReferencingThe two main categories are:• A numbered style• An author-date style
Whichever one you choose
be consistent!
More than three authors?
Use ‘et al’ (and others)
James, J. et al.
James James, Morrison Morrison,Weatherby George Dupree
Referencing – Harvard styleBOOKSAuthors or editors. Look at the title page. (An editor is in overall charge of a publication or oversees the preparation of the text)
Put the surname first, then the initial of the first name in the order they appear. If they are editors, use (ed.) or (eds) e.g. Lavallee, D., Thatcher, J. and Jones, M. V. (eds)
If there is no author but a corporation or organisation – use this.
If there is no author or organisation – use the titlee.g. Concise Atlas of the World (2008) 4th edn. London: Dorling Kindersley.
Referencing – Harvard styleInclude subtitlesDo no harm: stories of life, death and brain surgery.
semicolon
Referencing – Harvard styleBOOKS
• The year of publication. Look at the reverse of the title page.
• Title of the book and the subtitle. Capitalise the first letter of the first word and proper nouns
e.g. A lust for window sills: a lover’s guide to British buildings from portcullis to pebble-dash.
• Italicise the title. If you are writing by hand – underline it.
Referencing – Harvard styleBOOKS
Edition – only include this if it is not the first edition. If there is no indication of which edition it is, this means it is the first.
Use edn so edition is not confused with ‘editor’.e.g. 3rd edn
Place and publisher – Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Pages – If you include a page reference in your in-text citation, put p.23. If you are referring to a chapter, use pp. 200 – 220.
Example of reference Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
JournalsAuthor – surname followed by initialsYear of publication (in brackets)Title of article ‘in single quotation marks’Title of journal – in italics. Capitalize the first letter of each word in the title, except for linking words.Issue – volume, part number, month or seasonPage reference – p.7 or pp.13-17
JournalsUnsworth, C. (2015) ‘Earth’s solar potential’, Chemistry Review, 24(3), pp.2-5.
Volume
Part number
Referencing – Harvard styleINTERNET SITES AND WEB PAGES
Author Year the site was published or updated (in round brackets). If there is no date – how useful is the informa>on? Dates can be checked on sites such as hUp://lookup.ws/whois.php hUp://www.allwhois.com
Referencing – Harvard styleINTERNET SITES AND WEB PAGES
EXAMPLE: Davis, T. (2001) How to write an essay. Available at: hUp://www.unask.com/teaching/howto/essay.htm (Accessed: 4 March 2012) In-‐text citaFon: Davis (2001) gives advice on wri>ng professionally.
Referencing – Harvard style
INTERNET SITES AND WEB PAGES
• For web pages with no authors – use the title of the site.
• For web pages with no authors or titles – use the URL, followed by (no date)
Referencing – Numerical
• Ibid. Short for ‘ibidem’ which means ‘in the same place’. It refers to the source immediately before.• Op. cit. is short for ‘opere citato’
which means ‘in the work already cited’.
Referencing – Numerical
Example: Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) referencing style.
Numbers are used to indicate citations and these are linked to the full reference in a footnote or endnote. The numbers may be in superscript or in brackets.
Referencing – Numerical
Sample in-text citation: Worsley’s Classical Architecture highlighted the variety of styles that eighteenth-century architects employed in their buildings.1
Initially British architects relied upon the designs of Andrea Palladio, a sixteenth-century Italian architect, who was believed to have studied ancient Roman buildings.2
Reference: Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite Them Right (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)
Referencing – Numerical
Sample footnotes in MHRA style: 1. Giles Worsley, Classical Architecture in
Britain: The Heroic Age (London: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art by Yale University Press, 1995).
2. Palladio’s Italian Villas (2005), http://www.boglewood.com/palladio/ [accessed 18 June 2015]
Reference: Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite Them Right (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)
Referencing – Numerical
MHRA style: “The bibliography should include sources
you have cited in footnotes and any sources you have read but not cited directly. In the bibliography, the author’s names should appear in alphabetical order by surname.”Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite Them Right (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), p.97.
Referencing – Numerical
Using ‘ibid.’ and ‘op.cit.’Ibid. Citation that refers to an
immediately preceding cited work.
Op. cit. Citation that refers to a work already cited.
1. C. P. Gilman, The yellow wallpaper and other stories, New York, Dover Publications, 1997, p.3.2. Ibid., p.17 [this means p. 17 in the book above]3. S.M. Gilbert and S. Gubar (eds.), The madwoman in the attic: the woman writer and the nineteenth-century literary imagination, 2nd edn. New Haven, Yale University Press, 2000, p.189.4. E. Kirby, ‘A culture of madness: the ‘madwoman’ in fiction’, Emagazine, Issue 66, December 2014, pp.29-31.5. C. P. Gilman, p.14. op.cit. [this means in the book already cited but not the one directly above]
References in a numerical style, showing use of ‘ibid.’ and ‘op. cit.’
Help with referencing• Word – References option in the top toolbar.
Uses APA, Chicago, MLA, Turabian• Neil's Toolbox (Harvard Reference Generator)• Bibme Uses APA, Chicago, MLA, Turabian• Refme• Zotero Free, open-source, reference
management system
• Books: Cite Them Right by Pears and Shields
• Websites: My collection of websites about referencing and plagiarism at Scoop.it!
Help with referencing
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Multiple copies in stockin the School Library
Referencing imagesImages, whether photos, paintings or artwork, should have a caption, a figure number and the type of material in square brackets. There are variations however as in this Harvard Guide: Example from Harvard Referencing Guide for Visual Material (RMIT University)
Painting: In text citation: Artist/creator/designer and date in brackets straight after the name of the artwork. Reference list: Artist, year, Title, type of work, dimensions (if available), Museum or Gallery, City.
In-text: Joseph Turner's use of light in Snow Storm: Hannibal and Army Crossing the Alps (1812) is staggering.Reference list: Turner, Joseph Mallord William 1812, Snow storm: Hannibal and army crossing the alps, Oil on canvas, 145×2360 mm, Turner Collection, Tate Gallery, Britain.
Image from a website In text: Figure 6 shows the exterior of King Edward VI Grammar School Reference list: Brown, EllioX (2013) Guildhall – King Edward VI Grammar School [photograph]. Available at: hXp://www.flickr.com/photos/39415781@N06/8357852042/in/photolist-‐dJybeh-‐7ybJcy-‐cX9EhA-‐5TpCaN-‐7ybEyA-‐65xwsc-‐6xCkpE-‐6xybyz-‐bbiADx-‐6xyaNV-‐bbjrYc-‐6xyb8V-‐6ood9e-‐6osoQw-‐8FRTAE-‐6oocc2-‐8FNGht-‐6xyawc-‐dJspsg-‐5XfyaM-‐6eQjxR-‐52hLHt-‐7y7NkM-‐7y7LuH-‐bbDUbZ-‐e6qgGp-‐8xtsBP (Accessed: 1 June 2013)
Image from the Internet with no author
In text: Figure 3 shows a swimming pool next to the sea.
Reference list: Swimming pool. [Photograph]. [no date]. Available at: http://www.freeimages.co.uk/galleries/sports/lifestyle/slides/bondi_swimming_pool_181566.htm (Accessed: 1 June 2013)
If you look at the title of this once you have saved it, you may be able to trace the photographer – this certainly gives the location.
Finding images Google imagesFlickr: Creative Commons Lets you copy and distribute work under certain conditions as long as you give credit and it is not for profit.FlickrCC. bluemountains Allows you to choose from a menu of thumbnail photosMorgueFile Free photo archiveStock.EXCHNGEWikimedia CommonsTinEye Reverse image search which allows you to submit an image to find out where it came from and how it’s being used.
Paid-for image sites:These usually have more choice, vector images as well as photos and better search facilities but you need to register and they can be expensive. iStockphoto 123rf
REFERENCES
The idea of using the example of Shia LaBoeuf came from school librarian, MaU Imrie. Here is the link to his SlideShare account: hXp://www.slideshare.net/maXhewimrie (Accessed: 28 June 2015) Slide 2: Photograph of Shia LaBoeuf available at: hXp://www.irishexaminer.com/examviral/celeb-‐life/shia-‐labeouf-‐reveals-‐lack-‐of-‐confidence-‐292158.html (Accessed: 18 June 2015) Slide 3: Photograph of Transformers DVD available at: hXp://www.amazon.co.uk/Transformers-‐DVD-‐Shia-‐LaBeouf/dp/B000MM1HWQ (Accessed: 18 June 2015) Slide 4: IllustraFon of Daniel Clowes available at: hXp://www.danielclowes.com/bio.html (Accessed: 18 June 2015) Slide 5: ‘Ghost World’. Available at: hXps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_World Accessed: 18 June 2015. Slide 6: Howard Cantour. Available at: hXp://leganerd.com/2013/12/17/fdmawards-‐winner-‐shia-‐labeouf/ Accessed: 18 June 2015. Slide 7: JusFn M. Damiano. Available at: hXp://comicsgrinder.com/2014/01/08/jus>n-‐m-‐damiano-‐you-‐are-‐one-‐of-‐us-‐wed-‐embrace-‐you-‐if-‐youd-‐let-‐us/ Accessed: 18 June 2015. Slide 8: Shia LaBoeuf’s tweet. Available at: hXp://animalnewyork.com/2013/shia-‐lebouf-‐plagiarized-‐plagiarism-‐apology-‐yahoo-‐answers/ Original tweet by Lili. Available at: hXp://www.cinemablend.com/new/Shia-‐LaBeouf-‐Sorry-‐You-‐Caught-‐Him-‐Plagiarizing-‐His-‐Short-‐Film-‐40742.html (Accessed: 18 June 2015) Slide 9: Photograph of skywriFng apology in the sky above Los Angeles. Available at: hXp://www.businessinsider.com.au/shia-‐labeouf-‐apologizes-‐to-‐daniel-‐clowes-‐with-‐skywri>ng-‐over-‐la-‐2014-‐1 (Accessed: 18 June 2015) Slide 10: Source: Indiana University, Bloomington (2005) How to recognize plagiarism hUps://www.indiana.edu/~istd/definiFon.html (Accessed: 29 May 2012) Slide 12: Marsden, J. (2011) The benefits of successful referencing: applying Harvard conventions [PowerPoint presentation]. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/MarsdenTherapy/the-benefits-of-harvard-referencing (Accessed: 4 March 2012).Slide 13: Indiana University, Bloomington (2011) Plagiarism: what it is and how to recognize it and avoid it. Available at: http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml (Accessed: 4 March 2012)Slide 14 and Slide 15: Williams,K. and Carroll,J. (2009) Referencing and understanding plagiarism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.57.Slide 17 and Slide 22: Godfrey, J. (2013) How to use your reading in your essays. 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Slide 23: Collins, D. (2012) Independent Learning Guides at Hurstpierpoint College. Swindon: School Library AssociaFon. Available from: hXp://www.sla.org.uk/publica>ons-‐list.php Slides 24 to 32: Clarkson, J. (Writer). (2002, October 22). Brunel [Television series episode].In M. Harrison (Producer), Great Britons. London: BBC quoted in Collins, D. (2012) Independent Learning Guides at Hurstpierpoint College. Swindon: School Library AssociaFon. Available from: hXp://www.sla.org.uk/publica>ons-‐list.php
REFERENCES Slides 39 and 40: Kahneman,D. (2012) Thinking, fast and slow. London: Penguin.
Slide 42: LeviU, S. and Dubner, S.J. (2006) Freakonomics: a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. London: Penguin. Slide 46: Marsh, H. (2014) Do no harm: stories of life and death in brain surgery. London: Orion. Slide 50: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essenEal guide to referencing. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Slide 73: Woman asleep on a book (2010) Available at: hUp://xaxor.com/funny-‐pics/21273-‐funny-‐people-‐sleeping-‐in-‐the-‐library.html (Accessed: 10 June 2015)