section 2.3 carbon compoundscarbon compounds your homework assignment: ... •carbon atoms have 4...
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Section 2.3Carbon Compounds
Your homework assignment:
Take notes on this PowerPoint
Pay attention to the diagrams
Vocabulary words are highlighted
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I can…
• LS 1.2 I can describe the four macromolecules and evaluate their structure, function, and location within a cell.
• LS 1.2 I can investigate the role different macromolecules play within specific cell structures.
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Key Questions
1. What elements does carbon bond with to make up life’s molecules?
2. What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules?
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The Chemistry of Carbon
• Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons…allowing carbon to form strong covalent bonds with other elements, such as • C- Carbon
• H- Hydrogen
• O- Oxygen
• P- Phosphorus
• N- Nitrogen
• S- Sulfur
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The Chemistry of Carbon
• Carbon atoms can bond to each other, forming chainsand rings.
• Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds.
• No other element matches the versatility or the size of molecules that carbon can build.
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Macromolecules
• Large organic molecules found in living things
• “giant molecules”
• Formed in a process called polymerization- larger compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
• Monomers- smaller units that join together to form polymers
• Monomers in a polymer may be identical or different
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Macromolecules
• Four major groups of macromolecules in living things:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids
• Proteins
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Carbohydrates
• Atoms- CHO
• Monomer- sugar (monosaccharide)
• Categories-1. Simple carbs = sugars = monosaccharides
2. Complex carbs = starches = polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates
• Function-1. Main source of energy
• the breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell activities
2. Provide structural support in plants and some animals
• Fun Facts-• CHO are found in a 1:2:1 ratio
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Carbohydrates
• Animals:• Store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen
• Glycogen is broken down into glucose and released into blood when blood glucose levels are low
• Glycogen stored in muscles supplies energy for muscle contraction
• Plants: • Store excess sugar as starch
• Another important polysaccharide is cellulose…gives plants their strength and rigidity
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Lipids
• Atoms- CHO (small amount of oxygen)
• Monomer- glycerol and fatty acids
• Categories-• F- Fats
• O- Oils
• W- Waxes
• S- Steroids (steroid hormones function as chemical messengers)
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Lipids
• Function-1. Store energy2. Part of our biological membranes (phospholipid
bilayer)3. Waterproof coverings (lipids are not soluble in water)
• Fun Facts-• Saturated fats- single bonds, solid at room temperature• Unsaturated fats- at least one double bond, liquid at
room temperature • Polyunsaturated fats- more than one double bond
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Nucleic Acids
• Atoms- CHOPN
• Monomer- nucleotide
• Nucleotides have 3 components:1. 5-carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, U)
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Nucleic Acids
• Categories-1. DNA- double helix and contains the sugar deoxyribose
2. RNA- single helix and contains the sugar ribose
• Function- store and transmit genetic information (heredity)
• Fun Facts-• The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA contains info use by the
cell to build other molecules, such as proteins
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Proteins
• Atoms- CHON
• Monomer- amino acid• Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino
acids together to form a polypeptide.
• Amino acids have 3 components:1. Amino group (NH2)2. Carboxyl group (COOH)3. R-group (different group for each amino acid)
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Proteins
• Function-1. Control rate of reactions (enzymes)
2. Regulate cell processes
3. Form muscles and bones
4. Transport substances in/out of cells
5. Help fight disease
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Protein Level of Organization
1. Primary structure- sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary structure- folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain
3. Tertiary structure- 3D arrangement of the polypeptide chain
4. Quaternary structure- proteins with more than one polypeptide chain
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Section 2.3 Exit Ticket
1. What are the four classes of biomolecules?
2. What is their structure? What is their function?
3. Where are they located in the structure of a cell?
4. How do biomolecules make up cellular structures in a prokaryotic cell? In a eukaryotic cell?
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The End