Biochemistry!!!!Biochemistry!!!!

Chapter 3 Chapter 3

Organic Chem.Organic Chem. ReviewReview – –

What element is in mostWhat element is in mostorganic compounds?organic compounds? CARBONCARBON

How many valence electrons does carbon have?How many valence electrons does carbon have? FourFour

What type of bonds can carbon have?What type of bonds can carbon have? Single, double or triple bondsSingle, double or triple bonds

4 essential elements to life4 essential elements to life:: Carbon Carbon HydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen NitrogenNitrogen

Building Blocks of Building Blocks of Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

MonomerMonomer - - Simple moleculeSimple molecule Able to attach to other monomers to form Able to attach to other monomers to form

polymerspolymers

PolymerPolymer - - Large molecule composed of smaller monomers Large molecule composed of smaller monomers Draw pictureDraw picture

MacromoleculeMacromolecule - - Large polymersLarge polymers

Important 4 macromolecules:Important 4 macromolecules: Carbohydrates (starch)Carbohydrates (starch) LipidsLipids ProteinsProteins Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Carbohydrate – Carbohydrate –

Composed of C, H, and OComposed of C, H, and O Usually in a 1:2:1 ratioUsually in a 1:2:1 ratio

AnimalsAnimals Short term energy use (stored as glycogen)Short term energy use (stored as glycogen) Stored in liver / muscles ready for useStored in liver / muscles ready for use

PlantsPlants Glucose stored as starch (ex: potatoes)Glucose stored as starch (ex: potatoes) Cellulose – straight chains of glucose used for Cellulose – straight chains of glucose used for

structurestructure

Cellulose – plant structure

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Monosaccharide'sMonosaccharide's

““One” “sugar”One” “sugar” Monomer of a carbohydrateMonomer of a carbohydrate

ExamplesExamples:: GlucoseGlucose Fructose (from fruits)Fructose (from fruits) Galactose (in milk)Galactose (in milk)

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates What are disaccharides?What are disaccharides?

Means “Two” “Sugars”Means “Two” “Sugars” two sugars join to form a new sugartwo sugars join to form a new sugar ExampleExample: Glucose + fructose = sucrose: Glucose + fructose = sucrose

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates What are polysaccharides?What are polysaccharides?

Means “many” “sugars”Means “many” “sugars” Carbs. Made with more than three sugarsCarbs. Made with more than three sugars

Carbohydrates - GlycogenCarbohydrates - Glycogen

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

IsomersIsomers – – same chemical formula, different structuresame chemical formula, different structure

CC66HH1212OO66

Warm Up 10-8

What does monosaccharide mean? What is the name of the three monomers

of a carbohydrate?

How many warm ups do you have?

LipidsLipids LipidsLipids - -

Large Large non-polarnon-polar organic molecules organic molecules Do not dissolve in waterDo not dissolve in water

ExamplesExamples fats, oils, lipids, steroids, wax and pigmentsfats, oils, lipids, steroids, wax and pigments

FunctionFunction:: Higher number of C-H bonds than carbs = more Higher number of C-H bonds than carbs = more

energyenergy Long term energy storageLong term energy storage Cushions organs, warmthCushions organs, warmth

Warm Up 10-09

What is the function of lipids? Are they polar or non-polar?

Get out assignment from yesterday

Seeds – plant (hold on for directions)

Warm UP 10-13

What are three examples of lipids?

LipidsLipids PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Fatty acids that compose most cell membranesFatty acids that compose most cell membranes Have a phosphate attached to glycerolHave a phosphate attached to glycerol Two fatty acid “Two fatty acid “tailstails” and a phosphate “” and a phosphate “headhead”” Tail is Tail is hydrophobichydrophobic and head is and head is hydrophilichydrophilic

Lipids So if we mixed

phospholipids with water, how would theyarrange?

LipidsLipids Fatty acidsFatty acids - -

Make up most lipidsMake up most lipids StructureStructure: :

Long carbon chains – a carboxyl headLong carbon chains – a carboxyl head Carbon chain = non-polar = hydrophobicCarbon chain = non-polar = hydrophobic Carboxyl head = polar = hydrophilicCarboxyl head = polar = hydrophilic

Lipids Triglyceride -

How most fats exist in body and in food

One molecule of glycerol and three chains of fatty acids (carbon chains)

Book Assignment – pg 60

Please read pages 55 – 60 and answer the following questions:

#1-9 (skip #4 and #6) Please answer on a separate sheet of

paper (you’re turning this in) Due Friday!!!

Warm Up 10-15

Complete the first page of the worksheet.

Check on your seeds? Any growth? Do they need water?

Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acidsacids

Saturated Fatty AcidsSaturated Fatty Acids - - Usually SOLID at room tempUsually SOLID at room temp Single bonds creates straight Single bonds creates straight

chains = less room around eachchains = less room around eachacid makes them soildacid makes them soild

Butter, red meatButter, red meat The bad fats – you don’t really needThe bad fats – you don’t really need

them (artery cloggers)them (artery cloggers)

Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acidsfatty acids Unsaturated Fatty AcidsUnsaturated Fatty Acids – –

Usually LIQUID at room tempUsually LIQUID at room temp Double bonds creates Double bonds creates

kinked chains = more roomkinked chains = more roomto “flow” – usually liquidsto “flow” – usually liquids

Plant oils (vegetable oilPlant oils (vegetable oiletc.)etc.)

Good fats – better for yourGood fats – better for yourhealthhealth

Lipids

Warm Up 10-15

Compare / contrast lipids and proteins when it comes to energy use.

WaxWax WaterproofWaterproof Protective layer inProtective layer in

plants in animals plants in animals Ear waxEar wax

LipidsLipids

LipidsLipids SteroidSteroid

Compose many hormonesCompose many hormones Made of four fused ringsMade of four fused rings TestosteroneTestosterone EstrogenEstrogen CholesterolCholesterol

Lipids

Phospholipid molecule http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/st

udent/ch03/sec03/qc13/hm203_03_q13fs.htm

Lipid bylayer http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/st

udent/ch03/sec03/qc14/hm203_03_q14fs.htm

Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid Nucleic acid - Nucleic acid -

Organic molecules that transfer / store important cell Organic molecules that transfer / store important cell infoinfo

What are the two nucleic acids?What are the two nucleic acids? DNA and RNADNA and RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Directs cell activities and stores info for cellDirects cell activities and stores info for cell

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) info for protein productioninfo for protein production

Nucleic Acid NucleotideNucleotide

Monomer of DNA and RNAMonomer of DNA and RNA Made up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen baseMade up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base

ProteinsProteins ProteinProtein

Organic compounds composed mostly of C, H, O and NOrganic compounds composed mostly of C, H, O and N Function:Function:

Many body tissues: hair, finger nails, blood, skin, muscles, Many body tissues: hair, finger nails, blood, skin, muscles, etcetc

Also hormones and enzymesAlso hormones and enzymes InsulinInsulin Human growth hormoneHuman growth hormone

ProteinsProteins What are the building blocks of proteins?What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino acidsAmino acids

20 different AA’s – 20 different AA’s – see them 4 basic parts:4 basic parts:

Functional Group – gives AA it’sFunctional Group – gives AA it’sproperties / shapeproperties / shape

Amino Group (-NH2)Amino Group (-NH2) Carboxyl group (-COOH)Carboxyl group (-COOH) Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)

Functionalgroup

Amino group Carboxyl

group

Amino Acids 20 different structures 64 possible nitrogenous base combinations

Go back

ProteinsProteins What holds proteins together?What holds proteins together? Peptide bondsPeptide bonds

Covalent bond linking AA (throu. condensation rxn.)Covalent bond linking AA (throu. condensation rxn.)

Polypeptide - Polypeptide - Three or more bonded Three or more bonded

AA’sAA’s

Proteins - EnzymesProteins - Enzymes EnzymeEnzyme

Biological catalysts – made of proteinBiological catalysts – made of protein SubstrateSubstrate

Reactant being changedReactant being changed Active siteActive site

Place on enzyme where reaction occursPlace on enzyme where reaction occurs

Proteins - Enzymes Enzyme

http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/student/ch03/sec03/qc08/hm203_03_q08fs.htm

A

Proteins

How do they all bond!?!?

Condensation reactions!! Condensation (dehydration) reactions – Condensation reactionCondensation reaction

Chemical reaction that links polymersChemical reaction that links polymers Each time a monomer is added, water is Each time a monomer is added, water is

releasedreleased Glucose + fructose Glucose + fructose sucrose sucrose Take a water out Building monomers up

Condensation ReactionCondensation Reaction Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide

(carbohydrate)(carbohydrate)

Condensation Reaction

How do they break down? Hydrolysis Process of adding water molecules to more Process of adding water molecules to more

complex molecules (polymers) in order to break complex molecules (polymers) in order to break them down into simpler molecules (monomers).them down into simpler molecules (monomers).

Hydrolysis reactions – Putting a water back in Breaking polymers down HydrolysisHydrolysis

Chemical reaction that break down polymersChemical reaction that break down polymers Water used to break down polymerWater used to break down polymer

Hydrolysis Reaction

Hydrolysis Reaction

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.yellowtang.org/images/saturated_unsaturat_c_la_784.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.yellowtang.org/chemistry.php&usg=__wmlTPiW7tJUFKKCzaJGeSZnRo0Y=&h=468&w=837&sz=63&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=hqYf4SbD63lV_M:&tbnh=81&tbnw=144&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsaturated%2Bphospholipids%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1

Under reaction types

The End

Answer the following: 1. What elements are in carbohydrates?

2. What are the three categories of carbohydrates?

3. What are the simplest carbohydrates called? 4. Identify three simple sugars. 5. What is the CHEMICAL FORMULA for any

simple sugar? 6. What are ALL monosaccharides to each other,

because they have the same chemical formula?

7. When 2 simple sugars bond together, what is the NEW PRODUCT?

8. When ANY 2 molecules join together, and water is lost in the joining, what is that called?

9. Because all monosaccharides are isomers of each other, what MUST be true about ALL DISACCHARIDES?!

Extra stuffExtra stuff

Functional groups - Functional groups - Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds

propertiesproperties Ex: Ex:

EthanolEthanol Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar

(hydrophilic)(hydrophilic)

Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen, Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen, which is 100’s of glucose’s bonded togetherwhich is 100’s of glucose’s bonded together

Plants store glucose as polysaccharide starchPlants store glucose as polysaccharide starch Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up

50% of wood – hard to break down / digest50% of wood – hard to break down / digest