section 2.1 air quality and greenhouse gases · high air pollution levels in coastal communities of...
TRANSCRIPT
-
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐1
February 2017ICF 54.15
Section 2.1 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Thissectiondescribesexistingairqualityandgreenhousegas(GHG)conditionsandtheapplicableregulatoryframework,andassessespotentialimpactsfromairqualityandGHGemissionsthatmayresultfromimplementingtheproposedproject.Finally,cumulativeimpactsandmitigationmeasuresthatwouldreducepotentiallysignificantimpactsareidentified.
2.1.1 Existing Conditions TheproposedprojectislocatedintheSanDiegoAirBasin(SDAB);theairbasincomprisesthestudyareafortheairqualityanalysis.Ambientairqualityinthestudyareaisaffectedbyclimatologicalconditions,topography,andthetypesandamountsofpollutantsemitted.ThefollowingdiscussiondescribesrelevantcharacteristicsoftheSDAB,describeskeypollutantsofconcern,summarizesexistingambientpollutantconcentrations,andidentifiessensitivereceptors.ThissectionalsoprovidesadiscussionofGHGemissionsastheyrelatetotheGHGstudyarea,whichismuchbroaderthanthestudyareafortheairqualityanalysistoincludepotentialregionalandglobalGHGeffectsoftheproject.Existingmeteorologicalandairqualityconditionswithintheprojectareaandregionallyaredescribedbelow.
2.1.1.1 Regional Climate and Meteorology TheSDABcoversallofSanDiegoCountyandisborderedbythePacificOceantothewest,theSouthCoastAirBasin(SCAB)tothenorth,theSaltonSeaAirBasintotheeast,andtheU.S./Mexicobordertothesouth.TheclimateinSouthernCalifornia,includingtheSDAB,iscontrolledlargelybythestrengthandpositionofasubtropicalhigh‐pressurecelloverthePacificOcean.Precipitationismostlylimitedtoafewstormsduringthewinterseason.Windsinthestudyareausuallyaredrivenbythedominantland/seabreezecirculationsystem.Duringtheday,regionalwindpatternsaredominatedbyonshoreseabreezes.Atnight,windgenerallyslows,remainsstill,orreversesdirection,travelingtowardthesea.TheatmosphericconditionsoftheSDABcontributetotheregion’sairqualityconditions.Becauseofitsclimate,theSDABexperiencesfrequenttemperatureinversions.Typically,temperaturedecreaseswithheight.However,underinversionconditions,temperatureincreasesasaltitudeincreases.Temperatureinversionspreventairthatisclosetothegroundfrommixingwithairathigherelevations.Asaresult,airpollutantsaretrappedneartheground.Duringthesummer,theinteractionbetweentheoceansurfaceandthelowerlayeroftheatmospherecreatesamoistmarinelayer.Anupperlayerofwarmairmassformsoverthecoolmarinelayer,preventingairpollutantsfromdispersingupward.Additionally,reactiveorganicgases(ROG)andnitrogenoxides(NOX)reactunderstrongsunlightandhightemperatures,creatingsmog.Lightdaytimewinds,primarilyfromthenorthwest,furtheraggravatethisconditionbydrivingtheairpollutantsinlandtowardthewarmerfoothills.Duringthefallandwinter,elevatedcarbonmonoxide(CO)andNOXlevelsusuallyoccurondayswithsummer‐likeconditions.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐2
February 2017ICF 54.15
HighairpollutionlevelsincoastalcommunitiesofSanDiegocanoftenoccurwhenpollutedairfromtheSCAB,particularlyfromLosAngeles,travelssouthwestovertheoceanatnightandisbroughtonshoreintoSanDiegobytheseabreezeduringtheday(SanDiegoCountyAirPollutionControlDistrict2010a).AreductioninsmogtransportedfromtheSCABisakeyfactorinthereductionofpeakozonelevelsseenatcoastalsitesbetween2003and2005.Ozone(O3)anditsprecursoremissions(ROGandNOX)aretransportedtoSanDiegoduringrelativelymildSantaAnaweatherconditions.DuringstrongSantaAnaweatherconditions,however,pollutantsarepushedawayfromSanDiegofarouttosea(SanDiegoCountyAirPollutionControlDistrict2009).
2.1.1.2 Local Climate Conditions TheprojectareaencompassestheunincorporatedareasoftheentireCounty.TherearefivedistinctclimatezonesthroughouttheCountythatrunnearlyparalleltothecoast. Maritime—runsfromthecoastto3–5milesinland. Coastal—runsfrom5–15milesinland. Transitional—runsfrom20–25milesinland. Interior—runsfrom25–60milesinland. Desert—runsabout60milesinlandtotheCounty’seasternborder.Temperatureandprecipitationvarywidelywithintheclimatezones.Forexample,averageannualprecipitationrangesfromapproximately10inchesinthecoastalandinlandareastoover30inchesinthemountains(interiorzone).Ingeneral,moremildannualtemperaturesareexperiencedinthemaritimeandcoastalareas,whereastheinterioranddesertareasexperiencewarmersummersandcoolerwinters.ThemajorityoftheunincorporatedCountyislocatedwithintheinterioranddesertzones(SanDiegoCountyAirPollutionControlDistrict2010b).ThereareseveralweatherandclimatemonitoringstationsthroughouttheCounty.Giventherangeofclimateconditionsthroughouttheunincorporatedareas,historicalclimaterecordsatfourstationswithdiverseclimaterecords,ChulaVista(coastal),ElCajon(transitional),Campo(interiorzone)andCuyamaca(interiorzone),wereassumedtoberepresentativeoftheclimateconditionsovertheprojectarea.AtChulaVista,theannualaveragetemperatureis61degreesFahrenheit(°F),withanaveragewintertemperatureof55°Fandanaveragesummertemperatureof67°F.AtElCajon,theannualaveragetemperatureis65°F,withanaveragewintertemperatureof56°Fandanaveragesummertemperatureof74°F.AtCampo,theannualaveragetemperatureis61°F,withanaveragewintertemperatureof48°Fandanaveragesummertemperatureof71°F.AtCuyamaca,theannualaveragetemperatureis53°F,withanaveragewintertemperatureof40°Fandanaveragesummertemperatureof68°F.Annualprecipitationis10inchesatChulaVista,12inchesatElCajon,15inchesatCampo,and35inchesatCuyamaca(WesternRegionalClimateCenter2015a,2015b,2015c,2015d).ThemajorityofprecipitationoccursbetweenNovemberandMarch,withJanuarybeingthewettestmonthatCampoandFebruarybeingthewettestmonthatCuyamaca(NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration2004).AnnualwindspeedsatCampoaverage8.2milesperhour(mph)fromthenortheast(WesternRegionalClimateCenter2015e,2015f).NowindmonitoringdataareavailableatElCajon,ChulaVista,orCuyamaca.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐3
February 2017ICF 54.15
2.1.1.3 Pollutants of Concern
Criteria Pollutants
Thefederalandstategovernmentshaveestablishedairqualitystandardsforsixcriteriapollutants:ozone,lead,CO,nitrogendioxide(NO2),sulfurdioxide(SO2),andparticulatematter(PM),whichconsistsofPMlessthanorequalto10micronsindiameter(PM10)andPMlessthanorequalto2.5micronsindiameter(PM2.5).OzoneandNO2areconsideredregionalpollutantsbecausethey(ortheirprecursors)affectairqualityonaregionalscale.PollutantssuchasCO,SO2,andleadareconsideredlocalpollutantsthattendtoaccumulateintheairlocally.PM10andPM2.5arebothregionalandlocalpollutants.Theprimarycriteriapollutantsofconcernintheprojectareaareozone(includingROGandNOX),CO,PM,andSO2.Principalcharacteristicssurroundingthesepollutantsarediscussedbelow.Table2.1‐1summarizesprimaryemissionssourcesforeachpollutant,aswellastheireffectsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment.Ozone(O3),orsmog,isaphotochemicaloxidantthatisformedwhenROGandNOX(discussedbelow)reactinthepresenceofsunlight.Ozoneposesahealththreattothosewhoalreadysufferfromrespiratorydiseasesaswellastohealthypeople.Additionally,ozonehasbeentiedtocropdamage,typicallyintheformofstuntedgrowthandprematuredeath.Ozonecanalsoactasacorrosivesubstance,resultinginpropertydamagesuchasthedegradationofrubberproducts.ReactiveOrganicGases(ROG)arecompoundsmadeupprimarilyofhydrogenandcarbonatoms.Internalcombustionassociatedwithmotorvehicleusageisthemajorsourceofhydrocarbons.OthersourcesofROGareemissionsassociatedwiththeuseofpaintsandsolvents,theapplicationofasphaltpaving,theuseofhouseholdconsumerproductssuchasaerosols,andbrewingandfermentingoperations.AdverseeffectsonhumanhealtharenotcauseddirectlybyROG,butratherbyreactionsofROGtoformsecondarypollutantssuchasozone.NitrogenOxides(NOX)serveasintegralparticipantsintheprocessofphotochemicalsmogproduction.ThetwomajorformsofNOXarenitricoxide(NO)andNO2.NOisacolorless,odorlessgasformedfromatmosphericnitrogenandoxygenwhencombustiontakesplaceunderhightemperatureand/orhighpressure.NO2isareddish‐browngasformedbythecombinationofNOandoxygen.NO2actsasanacuterespiratoryirritantandincreasessusceptibilitytorespiratorypathogens.CarbonMonoxide(CO)isacolorless,odorless,toxicgasproducedbyincompletecombustionofcarbonsubstances,suchasgasolineordieselfuel.TheprimaryadversehealtheffectassociatedwithCOisinterferencewithnormaloxygentransfertotheblood,whichmayresultintissueoxygendeprivation.ParticulateMatter(PM)consistsoffinelydividedsolidsorliquidssuchassoot,dust,aerosols,fumes,andmists.Twoformsoffineparticulatesarenowrecognized—inhalablecoarseparticles,orPM10,andinhalablefineparticles,orPM2.5.Particulatedischargeintotheatmosphereresultsprimarilyfromindustrial,agricultural,construction,andtransportationactivities.However,windonaridlandscapesalsocontributessubstantiallytolocalparticulateloading.BothPM10andPM2.5mayadverselyaffectthehumanrespiratorysystem,especiallyinthosepeoplewhoarenaturallysensitiveorsusceptibletobreathingproblems.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐4
February 2017ICF 54.15
SulfurDioxide(SO2)isaproductofhigh‐sulfurfuelcombustion.MainsourcesofSO2arecoalandoilusedinpowerstationsandinindustries,andfordomesticheating.IndustrialchemicalmanufacturingisanothersourceofSO2.
Toxic Air Contaminants
Althoughstateandfederalstandardshavebeenestablishedforcriteriapollutants,noambientstandardsexistfortoxicaircontaminants(TAC).ManypollutantsareidentifiedasTACsbecauseoftheirpotentialtoincreasetheriskofdevelopingcancerorbecauseoftheiracuteorchronichealthrisks.ForTACsthatareknownorsuspectedcarcinogens,theCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(ARB)hasconsistentlyfoundthattherearenolevelsorthresholdsbelowwhichexposureisrisk‐free.IndividualTACsvarygreatlyintheriskstheypresent.Atagivenlevelofexposure,oneTACmayposeahazardthatismanytimesgreaterthananother.TACsareidentifiedandtheirtoxicityisstudiedbytheCaliforniaOfficeofEnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessment(OEHHA).Airtoxicsaregeneratedbyanumberofsources,includingstationarysources,suchasdrycleaners,gasstations,autobodyshops,andcombustionsources;mobilesources,suchasmotorvehicles,dieseltrucks,ships,andtrains;andareasources,suchasfarms,landfills,andconstructionsites.AdversehealtheffectsofTACscanbecarcinogenic(cancer‐causing),short‐term(acute)noncarcinogenic,andlong‐term(chronic)noncarcinogenic.Directexposuretothesepollutantshasbeenshowntocausecancer,birthdefects,damagetothebrainandnervoussystem,andrespiratorydisorders.
Odors
Offensiveodorsrarelycausephysicalharm,buttheycanbeunpleasantandleadtoconsiderabledistressamongthepublic.Thisdistressoftengeneratescitizencomplaintstolocalgovernmentsandairdistricts.AccordingtoARB’s(2005)AirQualityandLandUseHandbook,landusesassociatedwithodorcomplaintstypicallyincludesewagetreatmentplants,landfills,recyclingfacilities,manufacturing,andagriculturalactivities.ARBprovidesrecommendedscreeningdistancesforsitingnewreceptorsnearexistingodorsources.Microbrewingoperationscanalsogeneratehydrogensulfide(H2S),whichcanleadtounpleasantodors.
Greenhouse Gases
PresentintheEarth’sloweratmosphere,GHGsplayacriticalroleinmaintainingtheEarth’stemperature.GHGstrapsomeofthelong‐waveinfraredradiationemittedfromtheEarth’ssurfacethatwouldotherwiseescapetospace.ThephenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffectkeepstheatmosphereneartheEarth’ssurfacewarmenoughforthesuccessfulhabitationofhumansandotherlifeforms.IncreasesinfossilfuelcombustionanddeforestationhaveexponentiallyincreasedconcentrationsofGHGsintheatmospheresincetheIndustrialRevolution,leadingtowarmingoftheEarth’sloweratmosphereandnoticeablebeginningstagechangesintheEarth’sclimate.TheprincipleanthropogenicGHGscontributingtoclimatechangearecarbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),andfluorinatedcompounds,includingsulfurhexafluoride(SF6),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),andperfluorocarbons(PFCs).Watervapor,themostabundantGHG,isnotincludedinthislistbecauseitsnaturalconcentrationsandfluctuationsfaroutweighitsanthropogenic(human‐made)sources.TheprimaryGHGsofconcernassociatedwiththeprojectareCO2,CH4,andN2O.Principalcharacteristicssurroundingthesepollutantsarediscussedbelow.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐5
February 2017ICF 54.15
CarbonDioxide(CO2)enterstheatmospherethroughtheburningoffossilfuels(oil,naturalgas,andcoal),solidwaste,treesandwoodproducts,respiration,andalsoasaresultofotherchemicalreactions(e.g.,manufactureofcement,microbrewing).Carbondioxideisalsoremovedfromtheatmosphere(orsequestered)whenitisabsorbedbyplantsaspartofthebiologicalcarboncycle.Methane(CH4)isemittedduringtheproductionandtransportofcoal,naturalgas,andoil.Methaneemissionsalsoresultfromlivestockandotheragriculturalpracticesandbythedecayoforganicwasteinmunicipalsolidwastelandfills.NitrousOxide(N2O)isemittedduringagricultural(i.e.,fertilizerandpesticideapplication)andindustrialactivities,aswellasduringcombustionoffossilfuelsandsolidwaste.MethodshavebeensetforthtodescribeemissionsofGHGsintermsofasinglegastosimplifyreportingandanalysis.ThemostcommonlyacceptedmethodtocompareGHGemissionsistheglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)methodologydefinedintheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)referencedocuments.TheIPCCdefinestheGWPofvariousGHGemissionsonanormalizedscalethatrecastsallGHGemissionsintermsofcarbondioxideequivalent(CO2e),whichcomparesthegasinquestiontothatofthesamemassofCO2(CO2hasaGWPof1bydefinition).Table2.1‐2liststheGWPofCO2,CH4,andN2O,theirlifetimes,andabundancesintheatmosphere.
2.1.1.4 Ambient Pollutant Concentrations
Criteria Pollutants
TheSanDiegoAirPollutionControlDistrict(SDAPCD)maintainsandoperatesanetworkofambientairmonitoringstationsthroughouttheCounty.Thepurposeofthemonitoringstationsistomeasureambientconcentrationsofthepollutantsanddeterminewhethertheambientairqualitymeetsthenationalambientairqualitystandards(NAAQS)andCaliforniaambientairqualitystandards(CAAQS)(discussedfurtherbelow).Monitoringdatafor3years(2013–2015)fromtheOtayMesa‐PaseoandAlpine‐VictoriaDrivestationsarepresentedinTable2.1‐3torepresenttherangeofambientairqualityconditionsthroughouttheunincorporatedarea.AsshowninTable2.1‐3,theAlpine‐VictoriaDrivestationhasexperiencedfrequentviolationsofthestateandfederalozonestandards,whereastheOtayMesa‐Paseostationdidnotviolateeitherozonestandardoverthese3years.TheOtayMesa‐PaseostationrecordedsixexceedancesofthestatePM10standardin2012.Localmonitoringdata(Table2.1‐3)areusedtodesignateareasasnonattainment,maintenance,attainment,orunclassifiedfortheNAAQSandCAAQS.Thefourdesignationsaredefinedasfollows. Nonattainment—assignedtoareaswheremonitoredpollutantconcentrationsconsistently
violatethestandardinquestion. Maintenance—assignedtoareaswheremonitoredpollutantconcentrationsexceededthe
standardinquestioninthepastbutarenolongerinviolationofthatstandard. Attainment—assignedtoareaswherepollutantconcentrationsmeetthestandardinquestion
overadesignatedperiodoftime. Unclassified—assignedtoareaswheredataareinsufficienttodeterminewhetherapollutantis
violatingthestandardinquestion.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐6
February 2017ICF 54.15
Table2.1‐4summarizestheattainmentstatusofSanDiegoCountywithregardtotheNAAQSandCAAQS.
Toxic Air Contaminants
AccordingtoARB’s(2009)CaliforniaAlmanacofEmissionsandAirQuality,theannualaveragedieselparticulatematter(DPM)concentrationintheSDABwas1.4microgramspercubicmeter(µg/m3)asoftheyear2000,withanestimatedcancerriskof420personsinonemillion.TheannualaveragecancerriskfromallTACswithintheSDABwas187personsinonemillion.Forperspective,1outof3Americanswilleventuallydevelopcancer,and1outof4willdiefromcancer.Therefore,thenationalaveragebackgroundcancerincidenceisequivalentto333,000personsinonemillion(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2009).
Greenhouse Gases
AGHGinventoryisaquantificationofallGHGemissionsandsinks1withinaselectedphysicaland/oreconomicboundary.GHGinventoriescanbeperformedonalargescale(i.e.,forglobalandnationalentities)oronasmallscale(i.e.,foraparticularbuildingorperson).Althoughmanyprocessesaredifficulttoevaluate,severalagencieshavedevelopedtoolstoquantifyemissionsfromcertainsources.Table2.1‐5outlinesthemostrecentglobal,national,statewide,andlocalGHGinventoriestohelpcontextualizethemagnitudeofpotentialproject‐relatedemissions.
2.1.1.5 Sensitive Receptors Theimpactofemissionsonsensitivemembersofthepopulationisaparticularconcern.ARBidentifiessensitivepopulationsassegmentsofthepopulationmostsusceptibletopoorairquality(i.e.,children,theelderly,pregnantwomen,andthosewithpre‐existingserioushealthproblemsaffectedbyairquality).Landuseswheresensitiveindividualsaremostlikelytospendtimeincludeschoolsandschoolyards,parksandplaygrounds,daycarecenters,nursinghomes,hospitals,andresidentialcommunities(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2005).Becauseagriculturaloperationsaretypicallylocatedinruralareas,thenumberofsensitivereceptorsaffectedbytheprojectisgenerallylow,butthesesensitivereceptorsdooccurthroughouttheunincorporatedarea,withhighernumbersclosertotowncenters.
2.1.2 Regulatory Setting TheagenciesofdirectimportancetotheprojectforairqualityaretheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),ARB,andSDAPCD.EPAhasestablishedfederalairqualitystandardsforwhichARBandSDAPCDhaveprimaryimplementationresponsibility.ARBandSDAPCDareresponsibleforensuringthatstateairqualitystandardsaremet,aswellasfordevelopingpoliciesandplanstoreducestateandlocalGHGemissions.Thefollowingfederal,state,andlocalairqualityandGHGregulationsandpoliciesareapplicabletotheproposedproject.
1 Agreenhousegassinkisaprocess,activity,ormechanismthatremovesaGHGfromtheatmosphere.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐7
February 2017ICF 54.15
2.1.2.1 Federal Regulations
Air Quality
TheCleanAirAct(CAA)wasfirstenactedin1963andhasbeenamendednumeroustimesinsubsequentyears(1965,1967,1970,1977,and1990).TheCAAestablishesfederalairqualitystandards(NAAQS)andspecifiesfuturedatesforachievingcompliance.TheCAAalsomandatesthatthestatesubmitandimplementaStateImplementationPlan(SIP)forlocalareasnotmeetingthosestandards.Theplansmustincludepollutioncontrolmeasuresthatdemonstratehowthestandardswillbemet.The1990amendmentstotheCAAidentifyspecificemission‐reductiongoalsforareasnotmeetingtheNAAQS.Theseamendmentsrequirebothademonstrationofreasonablefurtherprogresstowardattainmentandincorporationofadditionalsanctionsforfailuretoattainormeetinterimmilestones.ThesectionsoftheCAAthatwouldmostsubstantiallyaffectthedevelopmentoftheprojectincludeTitleI(NonattainmentProvisions)andTitleII(Mobile‐SourceProvisions).Table2.1‐6showstheNAAQScurrentlyineffectforeachcriteriapollutant.TheCAAQS(discussedbelow)arealsoprovidedforreference.
Greenhouse Gases
Climatechangeiswidelyrecognizedasanimminentthreattotheglobalclimate,economy,andpopulation.TheEPAhasacknowledgedpotentialthreatsposedbyclimatechangeinaCauseorContributeFinding,whichfoundthattheGHGemissionsfromnewmotorvehiclescontributetopollutionthatthreatenspublichealthandwelfareandwasanecessaryfindingpriortoadoptingnewvehicleemissionsstandardsthatreduceGHGemissions.FederalclimatechangeregulationunderthefederalCAAisalsocurrentlyunderdevelopmentforbothexistingandnewsources.StandardsforCO2emissionsfromnewfossil‐fuel‐firedelectricitypowerplantshavealsobeenproposedbyEPAandoutlinedinPresidentObama’s2013“ClimateActionPlan.”FederalvehicleemissionstandardshavebeenestablishedthatspecificallytakeintoaccounttheneedforGHGemissionsreductions.Despitetheseactions,thereisstillnocomprehensivefederaloverarchinglawspecificallyrelatedtothereductionofGHGemissions.
2.1.2.2 State Regulations
Air Quality
California Clean Air Act and California Ambient Air Quality Standards
In1988,thestatelegislatureadoptedtheCaliforniaCAA,whichestablishedastatewideairpollutioncontrolprogram.TheCaliforniaCAArequiresallairdistrictsinthestatetoendeavortomeettheCAAQSbytheearliestpracticaldate.UnlikethefederalCAA,theCaliforniaCAAdoesnotsetpreciseattainmentdeadlines.Instead,theCaliforniaCAAestablishesincreasinglystringentrequirementsforareasthatwillrequiremoretimetoachievethestandards.CAAQSaregenerallymorestringentthantheNAAQSandincorporateadditionalstandardsforsulfates,hydrogensulfide,visibilityreducingparticles,andvinylchloride.TheCAAQSandNAAQSarelistedtogetherinTable2.1‐6.ARBandlocalairdistrictsbearresponsibilityforachievingCalifornia’sairqualitystandards,whicharetobeachievedthroughdistrict‐levelairqualitymanagementplansthatwouldbeincorporated
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐8
February 2017ICF 54.15
intotheSIP.InCalifornia,EPAhasdelegatedauthoritytoprepareSIPstoARB,which,inturn,hasdelegatedthatauthoritytoindividualairdistricts.ARBtraditionallyhasestablishedstateairqualitystandards,maintainingoversightauthorityinairqualityplanning,developingprogramsforreducingemissionsfrommotorvehicles,developingairemissioninventories,collectingairqualityandmeteorologicaldata,andapprovingSIPs.TheCaliforniaCAAsubstantiallyaddstotheauthorityandresponsibilitiesofairdistricts.TheCaliforniaCAAdesignatesairdistrictsasleadairqualityplanningagencies,requiresairdistrictstoprepareairqualityplans,andgrantsairdistrictsauthoritytoimplementtransportationcontrolmeasures.TheCaliforniaCAAalsoemphasizesthecontrolof“indirectandarea‐widesources”ofairpollutantemissions.TheCaliforniaCAAgiveslocalairpollutioncontroldistrictsexplicitauthoritytoregulateindirectsourcesofairpollutionandtoestablishtrafficcontrolmeasures(TCMs).Carl Moyer Program
TheCarlMoyerMemorialAirQualityStandardsAttainmentProgram(CarlMoyerProgram)isavoluntaryprogramthatoffersgrantstoownersofheavy‐dutyvehiclesandequipment.TheprogramisapartnershipbetweenARBandthelocalairdistrictsthroughoutthestatetoreduceairpollutionemissionsfromheavy‐dutyengines.Locally,theairdistrictsadministertheCarlMoyerProgram.Toxic Air Contaminant Regulation
CaliforniaregulatesTACsprimarilythroughtheToxicAirContaminantIdentificationandControlAct(TannerAct)andtheAirToxics“HotSpots”InformationandAssessmentActof1987(“HotSpots”Act).Intheearly1980s,ARBestablishedastatewidecomprehensiveairtoxicsprogramtoreduceexposuretoairtoxics.TheTannerActcreatedCalifornia’sprogramtoreduceexposuretoairtoxics.The“HotSpots”ActsupplementstheTannerActbyrequiringastatewideairtoxicsinventory,notificationofpeopleexposedtoasignificanthealthrisk,andfacilityplanstoreducetheserisks.InAugust1998,ARBidentifiedDPMfromdiesel‐fueledenginesasTACs.InSeptember2000,ARBapprovedacomprehensiveDieselRiskReductionPlantoreduceemissionsfrombothnewandexistingdiesel‐fueledenginesandvehicles.Asanongoingprocess,ARBreviewsaircontaminantsandidentifiesthosethatareclassifiedasTACs.ARBalsocontinuestoestablishnewprogramsandregulationsforthecontrolofTACs,includingDPM,asappropriate.ARBhasadoptedseveralregulationstoreduceemissionsfromin‐usedieselvehiclesandenginesthroughoutCalifornia,includingtrucksandstationarysources(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2012).Insomecases,theTACreductionstrategiesalsoreducesmog‐formingemissionssuchasNOX.
Greenhouse Gases
CaliforniahasadoptedstatewidelegislationaddressingvariousaspectsofclimatechangeandGHGmitigation.Muchofthisestablishesabroadframeworkforthestate’slong‐termGHGreductionandclimatechangeadaptationprogram.TheformerandcurrentgovernorsofCaliforniahavealsoissuedseveralexecutiveorders(EOs)relatedtothestate’sevolvingclimatechangepolicy.Briefsummariesofkeypolicies,EOs,regulations,andlegislationatthestatelevelthatarerelevanttotheprojectaredescribedbelowinchronologicalorder.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐9
February 2017ICF 54.15
Executive Order S‐3‐05 (2005)
EOS‐3‐05isdesignedtoreduceCalifornia’sGHGemissionsto(1)2000levelsby2010,(2)1990levelsby2020,and(3)80percentbelow1990levelsby2050.Assembly Bill 1493—Pavley Rules (2002, Amendments 2009, 2012 Rule‐Making)
AssemblyBill(AB)1493(Pavley)requiresARBtoadoptvehiclestandardsthatwilllowerGHGemissionsfromnewlightdutyautostothemaximumextentfeasiblebeginningin2009.AdditionalstrengtheningofthePavleystandards(referredtopreviouslyasPavleyIIandnowreferredtoastheAdvancedCleanCars[ACC]measure)wasadoptedforvehiclemodelyears2017–2025in2012.Together,thetwostandardsareexpectedtoincreaseaveragefueleconomytoroughly54.5milespergallonin2025.Assembly Bill 32—California Global Warming Solutions Act (2006)
AB32codifiedthestate’sGHGemissionstargetbyrequiringthatthestate’sglobalwarmingemissionsbereducedto1990levelsby2020.The2008ClimateChangeScopingPlanforAB32(AB32ScopingPlan)identifiesspecificmeasurestoreduceGHGemissionsto1990levelsby2020andrequiresARBandotherstateagenciestodevelopandenforceregulationsandotherinitiativesforreducingGHGs.Thefirstupdatetothe2008ScopingPlanwasreleasedinFebruary2014andincludesrevisedGHGreductionestimatesbasedonupdatedstatewideGHGinventories.TheupdatealsodiscussestheneedforcontinuedGHGreductionprogresspost‐2020.ARBiscurrentlyworkingonasecondupdatetotheScopingPlantoreflectthe2030targetestablishedinExecutiveOrderB‐30‐15(discussedbelow).ARBisexpectingtopresentthefinal2030TargetScopingPlantotheboardinlate2016.Executive Order S‐01‐07—Low Carbon Fuel Standard (2007)
EOS‐01‐07mandated(1)thatastatewidegoalbeestablishedtoreducethecarbonintensityofCalifornia’stransportationfuelsbyatleast10percentby2020,and(2)thatalowcarbonfuelstandard(LCFS)fortransportationfuelsbeestablishedinCalifornia.ARBapprovedtheLCFSin2009andimplementedinLCFSasadiscreteearlyactionmeasureunderAB32andwithintheScopingPlan.Inaddition,ARBsubsequentlyapprovedamendmentstotheLCFSinDecember2011,whichbeganimplementationonJanuary1,2013.AstheresultofacourtrulingthatfoundproceduralissuesrelatedtotheoriginaladoptionoftheLCFS,ARBre‐adoptedtheLCFSregulationinSeptember2015,andthechangeswentintoeffectonJanuary1,2016.TheprogramestablishesastrongframeworktopromotethelowcarbonfueladoptionnecessarytoachievetheGovernor’s2030and2050GHGgoals.NotethattheLCFSregulationdoesnotapplytocertaintransportationapplications,includinglocomotivesandocean‐goingvessels.Also,themajorityoftheemissionsbenefitsduetotheLCFScomefromtheproductioncycle(upstreamemissions)ofthefuelratherthanthecombustioncycle(tailpipe)(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2016a).State CEQA Guidelines (2010)
TheStateCEQAGuidelinesrequireleadagenciestodescribe,calculate,orestimatetheamountofGHGemissionsthatwouldresultfromaproject.Moreover,theguidelinesemphasizethenecessityofdeterminingpotentialclimatechangeeffectsofaprojectandproposingmitigationasnecessary.Theyalsoconfirmthediscretionofleadagenciestodetermineappropriatesignificancethresholds,butrequirethepreparationofanEIRif“thereissubstantialevidencethatthepossibleeffectsofa
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐10
February 2017ICF 54.15
particularprojectarestillcumulativelyconsiderablenotwithstandingcompliancewithadoptedregulationsorrequirements”(Section15064.4).StateCEQAGuidelinesSection15126.4includesconsiderationsforleadagenciesrelatedtofeasiblemitigationmeasurestoreduceGHGemissions,whichmayinclude,amongothers,measuresinanexistingplanormitigationprogramforthereductionofemissionsthatarerequiredaspartoftheleadagency’sdecision;implementationofprojectfeatures,projectdesign,orothermeasuresthatareincorporatedintotheprojecttosubstantiallyreduceenergyconsumptionorGHGemissions;offsitemeasures,includingoffsetsthatarenototherwiserequired,tomitigateaproject’semissions;andmeasuresthatsequestercarbonorcarbon‐equivalentemissions.California Green Building Standards Code and Title 24 (2010)
TheGreenBuildingStandardsCode(CALGreen)appliestotheplanning,design,operation,construction,use,andoccupancyofnewlyconstructedbuildingsandrequirestheinstallationofenergy‐andwater‐efficientindoorinfrastructureforallnewprojectsbeginningafterJanuary1,2011.CALGreenalsorequiresnewlyconstructedbuildingstodevelopawastemanagementplananddivertatleast50percentoftheconstructionmaterialsgeneratedduringprojectconstruction.AdministrativeregulationstoCALGreenPart11andtheCaliforniaBuildingEnergyEfficiencyStandardswereadoptedin2013andtookeffectonJanuary1,2014.The2013BuildingEnergyEfficiencyStandardsare30percentmoreefficientthanthe2008standardsforcommercialconstruction.Part11alsoestablishedvoluntarystandardsinthe2008editionofthecodethatbecamemandatoryinthe2010editionofthecode,includingplanninganddesignforsustainablesitedevelopment,energyefficiency,waterconservation,materialconservation,andinternalaircontaminants(CaliforniaEnergyCommission2012).Thenextsetofenergyefficiencystandards(the2016BuildingEnergyEfficiencyStandards)takeeffectonJanuary1,2017.Senate Bills X 1‐2 and 350, Renewable Portfolio Standard (2011, 2015)
SenateBill(SB)X1‐2extendedtheRenewablesPortfolioStandard(RPS)enactedunderSBs1078and107torequireallCaliforniaelectricityproviderstoobtainatleast33percentoftheirenergyfromrenewableresourcesby2020.SB350,whichwassignedin2015,extendedtheRPSonceagaintorequire50percentrenewablesourcedenergyby2030.Senate Bill 32 and Assembly Bill 197 (2016)
SB32requirestheARBtoensurethatstatewideGHGemissionsarereducedtoatleast40%belowthe1990levelby2030,consistentwiththetargetsetforthinEOB‐30‐15.AB197createsrequirementstoformatheJointLegislativeCommitteeonClimateChangePolicies,requirestheARBtoprioritizedirectemissionreductionsandconsidersocialcostswhenadoptingregulationstoreduceGHGemissionsbeyondthe2020statewidelimit,requiresARBtopreparereportsonsourcesofGHGsandotherpollutants,establishessix‐yeartermsforvotingmembersofARB,andaddstwolegislatorsasnon‐votingmembersofARB.BothbillsweresignedbyGovernorBrownonSeptember8,2016.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐11
February 2017ICF 54.15
2.1.2.3 Local Regulations
Air Quality
SDAPCDhaslocalairqualityjurisdictionoverprojectsinSanDiegoCounty.Responsibilitiesoftheairdistrictincludeoverseeingstationary‐sourceemissions,approvingpermits,maintainingemissionsinventories,maintainingairqualitystations,overseeingagriculturalburningpermits,andprovidingCEQAcomplianceassistanceonanas‐neededbasis.SDAPCDisalsoresponsibleforestablishingandenforcinglocalairqualityrulesandregulationsthataddresstherequirementsoffederalandstateairqualitylawsandforensuringthatNAAQSandCAAQSaremet.SDAPCDhasadoptedairqualityplanstoimproveairquality,protectpublichealth,andprotecttheclimate.TheSanDiegoRegionalAirQualityStrategy(RAQS)identifiesfeasibleemissioncontrolmeasuresandprovidesexpeditiousprogresstowardattainingthestateozonestandards.SDAPCDhasalsodevelopedplansforattainingandmaintainingfederalozonestandards,includingthe2012maintenanceplanand2007attainmentplan,bothforthe1997ozonestandard.SDAPCDiscurrentlyworkingonupdatingtheRAQSanddevelopinganattainmentplanforattainingthefederal2008ozonestandard.Theprojectmaybesubjecttothefollowingdistrictrules.ThislistmaynotbeallencompassingasadditionalSDAPCDrulesmayapplytotheprojectasspecificcomponentsareidentified. Regulation2,Rule20.2—NewSourceReviewNon‐MajorStationarySources:establishes
AirQualityImpactAnalysis(AQIA)TriggerLevels,whichsetemissionlimitsfornon‐majornewormodifiedstationarysources.
Rule50—VisibleEmissions:establisheslimitstotheopacityofemissionswithintheSDAPCD.TheproposedfacilityissubjecttoRule50(d)(1)and(6)andshouldnotexceedthevisibleemissionlimitation.
Rule51—Nuisance:prohibitsemissionsthatcauseinjury,detriment,nuisance,orannoyancetoanyconsiderablenumberofpersonsortothepublic;orwhichendangerthecomfort,repose,health,orsafetyofanysuchpersonsorthepublic;orwhichcauseinjuryordamagetobusinessorproperty.
Rule52—ParticulateMatter:establisheslimitstothedischargeofanyparticulatematterfromnon‐stationarysources.
Rule54—DustandFumes:establisheslimitstotheamountofdustorfumedischargedintotheatmosphereinany1hour.
Rule55—FugitiveDustControl:setsrestrictionsonvisiblefugitivedustfromconstructionanddemolitionprojects.
Rule67—ArchitecturalCoatings:establisheslimitstotheROGcontentforcoatingsappliedwithintheSDAPCD.
SDAPCDhasnotdevelopedadvisoryemissionthresholdsorguidancetoassistleadagenciesindeterminingthelevelofsignificanceofaproject’semissionsinCEQAdocuments.However,theCountyhasdevelopedguidancethatincludesrecommendedscreeninglevelthresholdstoassistleadagenciesindeterminingthelevelofsignificanceofaproject’semissionsinCEQAdocuments.Furthermore,CountyCodeSection87.428,DustControlMeasures,alsorequiresallclearingandgradingtobecarriedoutwithdustcontrolmeasuresadequatetopreventcreationofanuisanceto
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐12
February 2017ICF 54.15
personsorpublicorprivateproperty.Clearing,grading,orimprovementplansmustrequirethatmeasuressuchasthefollowingbeundertakentoachievethisresult:watering,applicationofsurfactants,shrouding,controlofvehiclespeeds,pavingofaccessareas,orotheroperationalortechnologicalmeasurestoreducedispersionofdust.Theseprojectdesignmeasuresaretobeincorporatedintoallearth‐disturbingactivitiestominimizetheamountofPMemissionsfromconstruction.
Greenhouse Gases
TheCountyiscurrentlypreparingaClimateActionPlan(CAP).TheCAPwillbeacomprehensiveplanoutliningthespecificactivitiesthattheCountywillundertaketoreduceGHGemissionsinitsunincorporatedcommunities.TheCAPwillalsohelptheCountymeetstate‐mandatedGHGreductiontargets.TheCAPwillfocusonactivitiesthatcanachievethegreatestGHGemissionreductionsinthemosttechnologicallyfeasibleandcost‐effectivemanner.AdoptionoftheCAPisexpectedinthefallof2017.
2.1.3 Analysis of Project Effects and Determination of Significance
TheproposedprojectconsistsofanamendmenttotheZoningOrdinancerelatedtoaccessoryagriculturalusesinunincorporatedportionsoftheCountyoverwhichtheCountyhaslandusejurisdiction(seeSection1.4,ProjectDescription,forfurtherdetails).Specifically,theproposedprojectappliestopropertieswhereactiveagricultureexistswithintheCountyorpropertieswhereagriculturalusesareallowed.Duringthescopingprocessforthisproject,whichconsideredpotentiallysignificantenvironmentalimpactsandinvolveda30‐dayNoticeofPreparationpubliccommentperiod,allthresholdsrelatedtoairqualityandGHGemissionswereconsideredtobepotentiallysignificantandarethusevaluatedbelow.NocommentsonairqualityorGHGemissionswerereceivedduringthepubliccommentperiod.Asignificantimpactonairqualitywouldoccuriftheproposedprojectconflictedwithapplicableairqualityplans,violatedanyairqualitystandard,exposedsensitivereceptorstosubstantialpollutantconcentrations,orcreatedobjectionableodors.AsignificantimpactonGHGswouldoccuriftheproposedprojectgeneratedasubstantialamountofGHGemissionsorconflictedwithapplicableplansorpoliciesadoptedtoreduceGHGemissions.Eachoftheseissuesisevaluatedbelow.TheanalysisbelowisbasedontheevaluationguidanceandthresholdrecommendationswithintheCounty’sGuidelinesforDeterminingSignificanceforAirQuality(CountyofSanDiego2007a).
2.1.3.1 Air Quality Plan
Guidelines for the Determination of Significance
ThefollowingsignificanceguidelinefromAppendixGoftheStateCEQAGuidelinesappliestoboththedirectandcumulativeimpactanalyses.Asignificantimpactwouldresultiftheprojectwould: Conflictwithorobstructimplementationoftheapplicableairqualityplan.Forthepurposesofthisanalysis,“conflictwithorobstructimplementation”isdefinedascircumstancesinwhichtheprojectwouldworsenexistingairqualityviolationsorexceedthegrowthprojectionsdevelopedbytheCountyandSanDiegoAssociationofGovernments(SANDAG).Aprojectisdeemedinconsistentwithairqualityplansifitwouldresultinpopulationand/or
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐13
February 2017ICF 54.15
employmentgrowththatexceedsestimatesusedtodevelopapplicableairqualityplans,which,inturn,wouldgenerateemissionsnotaccountedforintheregionalemissionsbudgets.Therefore,theproposedprojectisevaluatedtodetermineifitisconsistentwiththelandusedesignationsandgrowthanticipatedintheRAQSandozoneattainmentandmaintenanceplanspreparedfortheSanDiegoregion.
Analysis
SanDiegoCountyiscurrentlydesignatedasanonattainmentareaforthefederal8‐hourozonestandardandthestateozone,PM10,andPM2.5standards(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard2014;EPA2015a).TheRAQSistheregion’splanforimprovingairqualityandattainingthefederalandstateairqualitystandards.TheRAQSreliesoninformationfromARBandSANDAGtoprojectfutureemissionsanddetermineappropriateemissionsreductionstrategies.SDAPCDhasalsoadoptedanozonemaintenanceplan.TheproposedprojectconsistsofamendmentstothezoningordinancetopromoteandencourageadditionallanduseactivitiesonactiveagriculturallandsthroughouttheCounty.AlthoughtheproposedprojectwouldamendtheexistingZoningOrdinance,nochangeinlanduseswouldoccur,andtheproposedprojectwouldremainconsistentwiththeexistinglandusedesignationasdelineatedintheCountyGeneralPlan.BecausetheproposedprojectincludesdevelopmentthatisconsistentwiththeusesallowedbytheLandUseElementandagriculturalzones,thenewdevelopmentwasanticipatedinSANDAGgrowthprojectionsusedinestablishingtheRAQSandSIP.Therefore,itconformstotheforecastandwouldnotconflictorobstructimplementationoftheairqualityplans.Impactswouldbelessthansignificantandnomitigationmeasuresarerequired.
2.1.3.2 Violate Air Quality Standards
Guidelines for the Determination of Significance
ThefollowingsignificanceguidelinefromAppendixGoftheStateCEQAGuidelinesappliestoboththedirectandcumulativeimpactanalyses.Asignificantimpactwouldresultiftheprojectwould: Violateanyairqualitystandardorcontributesubstantiallytoanexistingorprojectedairquality
violation.Forthepurposesofthisanalysis,“violateanyairqualitystandardorsubstantiallycontributetoanexistingorprojectedairqualityviolation”isdefinedascircumstancesinwhichconstructionoroperationalemissionsexceedthepertinentairqualitythresholds,asdescribedinAppendixDunderRegionalThresholdsforAirBasinAttainmentofStateandFederalAmbientAirQualityStandards.AsdescribedinAppendixD,emissionsinexcessofSanDiegoCounty’sscreeninglevelthresholds(SLTs)wouldbeexpectedtohaveasignificantimpactonairqualitybecauseanexceedanceoftheSLTsisanticipatedtocontributetoCAAQSandNAAQSviolationsintheCounty.
Emissions Assumptions and Modeling Methodology
Implementationoftheproposedprojectwouldreviseandintroducenewpermittingrequirementsforagriculturalareas.Severaloftheserevisionswouldpromotethedevelopmentofusesthatareaccessorytoagriculturalactivities,includingmicrobreweries,dairyoperations,andretailstores.Table2.1‐7summarizesthe14usesassociatedwiththeprojectandidentifieswhetherthechanges
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐14
February 2017ICF 54.15
tothedraftZoningOrdinancewouldinduceincreasesinconstructionoroperationalcriteriapollutantorGHGemissions.AsshowninTable2.1‐7,severalusesassociatedwithagriculturalactivitiessupportedbytheprojectcouldresultinincreasedcriteriapollutantandGHGemissions(identifiedas“moderate”and“high”foremissionspotential).Forexample,constructionofnewbuildingswouldgenerateemissionsthatcouldresultinshort‐termairqualityandGHGimpacts.Operationofthebuildingswouldresultinlong‐termcriteriapollutantandGHGemissionsfrommobile(i.e.,vehicletrips),area(i.e.,periodicpaintemissionsfromfacilityupkeep),andenergy(i.e.,naturalgascombustion).OperationalGHGemissionswouldalsobegeneratedbyelectricityandwaterconsumption,aswellaswastegeneration.Certainuses,suchasmicrobreweries,wineries,anddairies,couldalsoresultinprocess‐relatedemissions—forexample,microbrewinggeneratesROGduringfermentation.LivestockmanagementcanalsogenerateCH4andN2Oemissions.ThedraftZoningOrdinancerevisionsidentifymaximumfloorareasandacreagesforeachnewuse,asapplicable.Thenumberofnewbuildingsandusesthatcouldbeinducedbythepermittingrevisionsiscurrentlyunknown.Accordingly,toillustratethepotentialairqualityandGHGimpactsfromconstructionandoperationofnewdevelopment,arepresentativeprojectwithineachusecategorywiththepotentialtogeneratemoderateorhighemissionswasevaluated.Table2.1‐8summarizesthekeymodelingassumptionsforeachprojectbyuse.Becauseagriculturaltourism,aquaponics/fishmarkets,andmobilebutcheringwouldnotsupportrelativelyfewnewbuildingconstructionoroperationalvehicletrips,theyhavearelativelylowemissionspotential(seeTable2.1‐7).Assuch,anillustrativeemissionsanalysiswasnotperformedfortheseusetypes.Constructionandoperationalemissionsforeachoftheprojecttypesexceptanimalraising2wereestimatedusingtheCaliforniaEmissionsEstimatorModel(CalEEMod),version2013.2.2.CalEEModdoesnotcontainlandusetypesforanyoftheprojectuses.Accordingly,therepresentativeprojectsweremodeledusingthefollowinglanduseassumptions,whichareconsideredmostsimilartothepotentialprojecttypes. Homestay=Hotel Microbrewery,Winery,andDairy=RefrigeratedWarehouse RoadsideSalesandAgriculturalStore=ConvenienceStoreEmissionsfromconstructionactivityandoperationalareasources,energyconsumption,wateruse,andwastewatergenerationwerequantifiedusingmodeldefaultsbasedontheprojectsizesandselectedlandusetypes,withthefollowingexceptions.Thesedefaultswerereplaced,basedonavailableinformation,tocapturetheuniqueenergyandwaterdemandsassociatedwithmicrobreweries,wineries,anddairies. CalEEModdefaultsforelectricity,naturalgas,andindoorwaterconsumptionforarefrigerated
warehousewerereplacedbasedondataspecifictomicrobreweries.Itwasassumed120,000kilowatts(kWh),10,400therms,and2.5milliongallonsofwaterwouldbeconsumedannuallytoproduce248,000gallonsofbeer(SoundBrewingSystems2016).
CalEEModdefaultsforelectricity,naturalgas,andoutdoorwaterconsumptionforarefrigeratedwarehousewerereplacedbasedondataspecifictowineries.Itwasassumed481,000kWhand
2Revisionstotheanimalraisingprovisionswouldnotpermitanynewbuildingsthatwouldgenerateconstructionoroperationalemissions.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐15
February 2017ICF 54.15
5,900thermsareconsumedannuallyatasmallwinery,andthat5.8milliongallonsofirrigationwaterareneededtosupportvinestoproduce12,000gallonsofwineperyear(Wuetal.2013;Dunne2014).
CalEEModdefaultsforelectricityandoutdoorwaterconsumptionforarefrigeratedwarehousewerereplacedbasedondataspecifictoCaliforniadairies.Itwasassumed900kWhand12,337gallonsofwaterareconsumedeachyearperdairyhead(LooperandWaldner2007;Ludingtonetal.2007).
OperationalemissionsfrommobilesourceswereestimatedusingthetripgenerationassumptionsprovidedbyChenRyan(2016)andsummarizedinTable2.1‐8.Allvehicletriplengthsweresetto9milespertheCounty’sTransportationImpactFee.Itwasconservativelyassumedallconstructionwouldtakeplaceimmediatelyfollowingadoptionoftherevisedordinancein2017.Asnotedabove,beerandwineproductioncanresultinROGemissions.Likewise,fugitiveN2Oemissionscanbereleasedduringfertilizerapplicationatwineries.LivestockmanagementalsorepresentsasourceofCH4andN2Ofrommanuremanagementandentericfermentation.Processemissionsfrombeerandwineproductionwereestimatedassuming4.17poundsofROGareemittedper1,000barrelsofbeerand6.2poundsofROGareemittedpergallonofwine(SanJoaquinValleyAirPollutionControlDistrict2010,2015).FugitiveGHGemissionsfrommanuremanagementandentericfermentationwereanalyzedusingemissionsfactorsfromICLEI(2012)andEPA(2015b).Itwasconservativelyassumedthatnewanimalswouldbedairycows,whichhavethehighestCH4andN2Oemissionsperhead.EmissionsresultingfromfertilizeruseatvineyardswerecalculatedusingemissionfactorsfromARB(2013).Theanalysisalsoaccountsforincreasedcarbonsequestrationatvineyardsassumingacarbonstockfactorof1.2metrictonsperacre(KroodsmaandField2006).AsdiscussedinSection2.10,WaterSupplyandGroundwater,themajorityoftheunincorporatedareaisreliantoneitherseparategroundwater‐dependentdistrictsorprivatewellsthatareunaffiliatedwiththeSanDiegoCountyWaterAuthority.Thewater‐relatedGHGcalculationscontainedhereinassumethatallproject‐relatedwateruseshaveassociatedsupply‐,conveyance‐,treatment‐,anddistribution‐relatedenergyrequirements.Becausetheseprocessesconsumemoreelectricitythanwaterdeliveredbyaprivatewell,theemissionsanalysisrepresentsaconservativeassessmentofpotentialwater‐relatedGHGimpacts.Theinstallation,use,anddisposalofrefrigerationsystemslikeairconditioners,chillers,andrefrigeratorsmayresultinrefrigerantleaks.Thesefugitiveleakscanresultinsmall,butpotentemissionsofhigh‐GWPgasesthatconsistmostlyofhydrofluorocarbons(HFCs).Becausetheexactrefrigerationrequirementsarenotknownatthistime,refrigeration‐relatedhigh‐GWPgassesarediscussedqualitatively.
Analysis
Potentialviolationofairqualitystandardsisanalyzedseparatelyforconstructionandoperations.General Construction‐Related Impacts
AsshowninTable2.1‐7,severalusesassociatedwithagriculturalactivitiessupportedbytheprojectcouldresultinincreasedcriteriapollutantemissions.However,thenumberofnewbuildingsandusesthatcouldbeinducedbythepermittingrevisionsiscurrentlyunknown.Accordingly,toillustratethepotentialairqualityimpactsfromconstructionofnewdevelopment,arepresentativeprojectwithineachusecategorywiththepotentialtogeneratemoderateorhighemissionswas
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐16
February 2017ICF 54.15
evaluated.EmissionswereestimatedusingCalEEModbasedonthemaximumfloorareasandacreagesforeachnewuse,asshowninTable2.1‐8.ItwasconservativelyassumedallconstructionwouldtakeplaceimmediatelyfollowingadoptionoftherevisedZoningOrdinancein2017.Table2.1‐9summarizestheanticipatedcriteriapollutantemissionsfromconstructionofeachproject.AsshowninTable2.1‐9,emissionsfromconstructionoftherepresentativeprojecttypeswouldnotexceedtheCounty’sthresholdsofsignificance.Accordingly,constructionofindividualprojectsinducedbythepermittingrevisionswouldnothaveadirectairqualityimpact.However,thereisthepotentialthatmultipleusescouldbeconstructedsimultaneously.Theexactnumberandtimingofallconstructionactivitiesthatcouldoccurasaresultoftheprojectareunknown.BasedontheillustrativeanalysispresentedinTable2.1‐9,foursimultaneousmicrobreweries,wineries,ordairiescouldbeconstructedatthesametimebeforeanemissionsthresholdisexceeded.Iffiveprojectswereconstructedatonce,NOXemissionswouldbe259poundsperdayandwouldexceedtheCounty’sSLTs.SanDiegoandSonomaCountieshavethehighestdensitiesofbreweriesandwineriesperacreinthestate.3Iftheexistingdensitiesareappliedtohalftheprojectstudyarea(185,100acres),8newbreweriesand83newwineriescouldbedevelopedasaresultoftheproject.ExtendingthesamelogictotheCounty’sfourdairies,onenewdairymaybedevelopedwiththepermittingrevisions.Assuch,itishighlylikelyfiveormoremicrobreweries,wineries,ordairieswouldbeconstructedatthesametime,resultinginashort‐termimpact.Simultaneousconstructionoftheotheranalyzeduses—homestay,roadsidesales,andagriculturalstores—wouldfurthercontributetotheemissionsexceedance.Therefore,ifmultipleprojectsarebuiltsimultaneously,constructionimpactsrelatedtoaviolationofanairqualitystandardwouldbepotentiallysignificant(ImpactAQ‐1).General Operational‐Related Impacts
Developmentaccessorytoagriculturalactivitiesthatarepromotedbytheproposedprojectrepresentsalong‐termsourceofcriteriapollutants.Newbuildingswouldgenerateemissionsfromenergy,mobile,andareasources.Energysourcesincludenaturalgascombustionforspaceheating,whereasmobilesourcesarevisitorandemployeevehicletrips.Areasourcesincludeconsumerproducts,landscapingequipment,andtheperiodicapplicationofpaintforfacilityupkeep.MicrobreweriesandwineriesalsoreleaseROGduringthemaltingandfermentationprocesses,respectively.Thenumberofnewbuildingsandusesthatcouldbeinducedbythepermittingrevisionsiscurrentlyunknown.Accordingly,toillustratethepotentialairqualityimpactsfromoperationofnewdevelopment,arepresentativeprojectwithineachusecategorywiththepotentialtogeneratemoderateorhighemissionswasevaluated.EmissionswereestimatedusingCalEEModbasedonthemaximumfloorareasandacreagesforeachnewuse,asshowninTable2.1‐8.Itwasconservativelyassumedallprojectswouldbeginoperationin2018immediatelyfollowingconstruction.Table2.1‐10summarizestheanticipatedcriteriapollutantemissionsfromoperationofeachproject.AsshowninTable2.1‐10,emissionsfromoperationoftherepresentativeprojecttypeswouldnotexceedtheCounty’sthresholdsofsignificance.Accordingly,operationofindividualprojectspromotedbythepermittingrevisionswouldnothaveadirectairqualityimpact.However,atfull
3Therearecurrently116breweriesinSanDiegoCounty(2.7millionacres)and450wineriesinSonomaCounty(1millionacres)(ChenRyan2016).
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐17
February 2017ICF 54.15
buildout,multipleuseswouldoperatesimultaneously.Theexactnumberofnewusesthatcouldoccurasaresultoftheprojectareunknown.Asanillustrativeexampleofpotentialoperationalimpactsatfullbuildout,developmentassociatedwiththethreeuseswiththelargestemissionspotential—microbreweries,wineries,andcreameries/dairies—wereestimatedbasedonexistinglandusedensities.Asdiscussedabove,itisassumedthat8newbreweries,83newwineries,and1newcreamery/dairymaybedevelopedwiththepermittingrevisions.AsnotedintheTransportationImpactAssessment(TIA)(ChenRyan2016),itisunreasonabletoassumethateveryeligibleparcelwithintheCountywillconstructorincorporatetheimprovementsthatwouldbeallowedbytheproposedproject.TheTIAanalyzespotentialtrafficimpactsatfull‐buildassumingthat7%oftheeligibleparcelswouldconstructorimplementimprovements.Thisvaluerepresentsanaverageacrossallimprovementtypes;itispossiblemoreorlessbreweries,wineries,anddairiescouldbedeveloped.Accordingly,sincetheairqualityanalysispresentsemissionsassociatedwithbreweries,wineries,anddairiesasanillustrativeexampleofpotentialimpacts,theassessmentassumesahigherpenetrationratetoensureimpactsarenotunrepresented.4Totaloperationalemissionsgeneratedbytheseusesbasedontheindividualprojectemissions(seeTable2.1‐10)aresummarizedinTable2.1‐11.AsshowninTable2.1‐11,allemissionsexceptSO2fromatheoreticalfullbuildoutscenarioformicrobreweries,wineries,andcreameries/dairieswouldexceedCountythresholdsofsignificance.Operationalemissionsfromtheotheranalyzeduses—homestay,roadsidesales,andagriculturalstores—wouldfurthercontributetotheemissionsexceedances.Therefore,ifmultipleprojectsoperatesimultaneously,operationalimpactsrelatedtoaviolationofanairqualitystandardwouldbepotentiallysignificant(ImpactAQ‐2).
2.1.3.3 Exposure of Receptors to Substantial Pollutant Concentrations
Guidelines for the Determination of Significance
ThefollowingsignificanceguidelinefromAppendixGoftheStateCEQAGuidelinesappliestoboththedirectandcumulativeimpactanalyses.Asignificantimpactwouldresultiftheprojectwould: Exposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialpollutantconcentrations.Forthepurposeofthisanalysis,schools,daycarefacilities,placesofassembly,medicalfacilities,parks,andresidencesareconsideredsensitivereceptorlocations.A“substantialpollutantconcentration”isdefinedaslevelsinexcessofapplicableCountythresholds,asdescribedinAppendixDunderHealth‐BasedThresholdsforProject‐GeneratedPollutantsofHumanHealthConcern.AsdescribedinAppendixD,emissionsinexcessofSanDiegoCounty’sSLTswouldbeexpectedtohaveasignificantimpactonairqualitybecauseanexceedanceoftheSLTsisanticipatedtocontributetoCAAQSandNAAQSviolationsintheCounty.
4AsnotedintheTransportationImpactAssessment(TIA)(ChenRyan2016),itisunreasonabletoassumethateveryeligibleparcelwithintheCountywillconstructorincorporatetheimprovementsthatwouldbeallowedbytheproposedproject.TheTIAanalyzespotentialtrafficimpactsatfull‐buildassumingthat7%oftheeligibleparcelswouldconstructorimplementimprovements.Thisvaluerepresentsanaverageacrossallimprovementtypes;itispossiblemoreorlessbreweries,wineries,anddairiescouldbedeveloped.Accordingly,sincetheairqualityanalysispresentsemissionsassociatedwithbreweries,wineries,anddairiesasanillustrativeexampleofpotentialimpacts,theassessmentassumesahigherpenetrationratetoensureimpactsarenotunrepresented.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐18
February 2017ICF 54.15
Analysis
Theanalysisofproject‐relatedimpactsonhumanhealthfocusesonthoselocalizedpollutantswiththegreatestpotentialtoresultinasignificant,materialimpactonhumanhealth.Thisisconsistentwiththecurrentstate‐of‐practiceandpublishedguidancebytheCaliforniaAirPollutionControlOfficersAssociation(2009),OfficeofEnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessment(2015),andARB(2005).ThesepollutantsarelocallyconcentratedDPMandCO.Diesel Particulate Matter
HealthrisksrelatedtoDPMareassessedqualitativelybasedonanticipatedprojectemissionsandproximitytosensitivereceptors.ProjectsthatrequireconstructionactivitywouldgenerateDPMemissionsfromtheuseofheavy‐dutyequipmentandtrucks.AsshowninTable2.1‐9,microbreweries,wineries,andcreameries/dairiesareanticipatedtogeneratethehighestPMemissionsofallusespromotedbytheproposedproject.TheseuseswouldalsogenerateminorDPMemissionsfrommaterialdeliveriesandexportofbottledbeveragesandotherproducts.Diesel‐poweredprocessingequipmentmayalsogenerateDPMemissions.Cancerhealthrisksassociatedwithexposuretodieselexhaustaretypicallyassociatedwithchronicexposure,inwhicha70‐yearexposureperiodisassumed.Basedonthemaximumallowablebuildingsizes,constructionactivitiesatindividualprojectsitesareanticipatedtobeshort‐termandwouldnotexceed2years(refertoAppendixD).Inaddition,DPMconcentrations,andthuscancerhealthrisks,dissipateasafunctionofdistancefromtheemissionssource.Becauseagriculturaloperationsaretypicallylocatedinruralareas,thenumberofsensitivereceptorsaffectedbyindividualprojectsisexpectedtobeminimal.SDAPCDRule1200alsoestablishesacceptablerisklevelsandemissioncontrolrequirementsfornewandmodifiedfacilitiesthatmayemitoperationalTACs,includingDPM.5UnderRule1200,permitstooperatemaynotbeissuedwhenemissionsofTACsresultinanincrementalcancerriskgreaterthan1in1millionwithoutapplicationofbestavailablecontroltechnologyorahealthhazardindex(chronicandacute)greaterthanone. GiventheruralnatureofanticipatedconstructionandrequiredcompliancewithSDAPCDRule1200,implementationoftheprojectisnotanticipatedtoexposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialDPMconcentrations.Thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant.Carbon Monoxide Hot‐Spots
TheCountyrequiresananalysisoflocalizedCOconcentrationsassociatedwithtrafficcongestiontoensureconcentrationsremainbelowCAAQSandNAAQS.AsdiscussedinAppendixD,theCountyhasdevelopedasetofpreliminaryscreeningcriteriathatcanbeusedtodeterminewhetheraprojectwouldcauseorcontributetoanexistingorfutureviolationoftheambientairqualitystandards.Thecriteriaareplacementofreceptorswithin500feetofasignalizedintersectionoperatingatorbelowlevelofservice(LOS)E,ordegradationofroadintersectionswithpeak‐hourtripsexceeding3,000toLOSEorworse.Theproposedprojectwouldnotsupportanysensitivelandusesandthereforewouldnotplacenewsensitivereceptorswithin500feetofasignalizedintersectionoperatingatorbelowLOSE.
5Specifically,Rule1200appliestoanynew,relocated,ormodifiedemissionunitthatmayincreaseemissionsofoneormoreTACandforwhichanAuthoritytoConstructorPermittoOperateisrequiredpursuanttoRule10,orforwhichaNoticeofIntentionorApplicationforCertificationhasbeenacceptedbytheCaliforniaEnergyCommission.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐19
February 2017ICF 54.15
AlthoughthetrafficstudypreparedbyChenRyan(2016)didnotanalyzeintersectionoperations,itdoesindicatethattheprojectwouldimpactsevenroadwaysegmentsoperatingatLOSF.6Accordingly,theprojectmayfailtheCounty’ssecondCOscreeningcriteriaatintersectionsalongtheaffectedroadwaysegments,resultinginelevatedCOconcentrationsandpotentialhealthrisks.AscreeninganalysiswasperformedtoconfirmthatimplementationoftheprojectwouldnotcauseCOhot‐spots.TheanalysisutilizeddailytrafficcountsprovidedbyChenRyan(2016)alongtheLilacRoad(betweenValleyCenterRoadandNewRoad19)segment,whichhasthehighestprojectandcumulativeplusproject‐relatedtraffic.Itwasconservativelyassumedthatpeak‐hourvolumestravelalongtheroadwayat5mphatyear2016emissionrates.Becausepeakhourvolumeswerenotavailable,dailyvolumeswereconvertedtopeakhourusingaconversionfactorof5,whichisacommonpractice(Cookpers.comm.).Convertingdailytopeakhourprovidesaconservativeyetrealisticassessmentofprojecttrafficimpactsasadditionalvehicleswouldbespreadthroughoutseveralhoursoftheday,andduringeventhemostcongestedtimeswouldtravelatspeedsabove5mph.ElevatedCOconcentrationsaretypicallyfoundinareaswithsignificanttrafficcongestion.COisapublichealthconcernbecauseitcombinesreadilywithhemoglobinandreducestheamountofoxygentransportedinthebloodstream.Table2.1‐12presentstheresultsoftheworst‐caseCOscreening,whichwasmodeledusingtheCALINE4dispersionmodel.Worst‐casecumulativeplusproject(2035)trafficconditionswithin2016emissionratesweremodeledtoprovideaconservativeanalysisofpotentialimpacts.AsshowninTable2.1‐12,COconcentrationsarenotexpectedtocontributetoanynewlocalizedviolationsofthe1‐or8‐hourambientairqualitystandards.Becausethescreening‐levelanalysisconcentratesthehighestpeakhourvolumesatasingleroadwaysegmentatalowtravelspeed,actualCOconcentrationsthatwouldbegeneratedatmultipleintersectionsthroughouttheCountywouldnotresultinCOhot‐spots.Consequently,thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant.
2.1.3.4 Objectionable Odors
Guidelines for the Determination of Significance
ThefollowingsignificanceguidelinefromAppendixGoftheStateCEQAGuidelinesappliestoboththedirectandcumulativeimpactanalyses.Asignificantimpactwouldresultiftheprojectwould: Createobjectionableodorsaffectingasubstantialnumberofpeople.Forthepurposeofthisanalysis,anodor‐producingfacility,asdefinedbyARB(2005),createsan“objectionableodor”ifitresultsinanuisanceviolation,perSDAPCDRule51.Thepotentialfortheprojecttocreateobjectionableodorsisassessedqualitativelybasedontheproposedlandusetypesandproximitytosensitivereceptors.
Analysis
TheproposedprojectwouldpromoteandencourageadditionalagriculturaluseswithintheCounty.AgriculturalactivitiesareconsideredbytheCountyandARB(2005)ashavingahighpotentialtogeneratenuisanceodors.Usetypesmostlikelytoresultinodorsincludecreameries/dairiesand
6Theprojectwouldimpactfiveadditionalroadways,butthesehavebeenacceptedbytheCounty’sMobilityElementasoperatingatLOSF(ChenRyan2016).
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐20
February 2017ICF 54.15
animalraising.Potentialodorsassociatedwiththeseuseswouldbecausedbyanimalwastegeneratedandstockpiledonsite.Microbreweriesandwineriesmayalsoresultintemporaryodorsduringfermenterventing.Althoughthenumberofpeopleexposedtopotentialodorsisanticipatedtobeminimal,odordispersionduringwindeventsmayleadtooffsitenuisanceviolations.Therefore,impactsrelatedtoobjectionableodorswouldbepotentiallysignificant(ImpactAQ‐3).
2.1.3.5 Generate Substantial GHG Emissions
Guidelines for the Determination of Significance
ThefollowingsignificanceguidelinefromAppendixGoftheStateCEQAGuidelinesappliestoboththedirectandcumulativeimpactanalyses.Asignificantimpactwouldresultiftheprojectwould: Generategreenhousegasemissions,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,thatmayhaveasignificant
impactontheenvironment.Forthepurposesofthisanalysis,asignificantlevelofGHGemissionsisacircumstanceinwhichconstructionoroperationalemissionsexceedthepertinentGHGthresholds,asdescribedinAppendixDunderThresholdsforGreenhouseGases.
Analysis
GHGemissionsduringconstructionandoperationwereassessedusingthesamemethodsasdescribedaboveinSection2.1.3.2,ViolateAirQualityStandards.TheimpactofGHGemissionsisanalyzedseparatelyforconstructionandoperationsGeneral Construction‐Related Impacts
AsshowninTable2.1‐7,severalusesassociatedwithagriculturalactivitiessupportedbytheprojectcouldresultinincreasedGHGemissions.However,thenumberofnewbuildingsandusespromotedbythepermittingrevisionsiscurrentlyunknown.Accordingly,toillustratethepotentialGHGimpactsfromconstructionofnewdevelopment,arepresentativeprojectwithineachusecategorywiththepotentialtogeneratemoderateorhighemissionswasevaluated.EmissionswereestimatedusingCalEEModbasedonthemaximumfloorareasandacreagesforeachnewuse,asshowninTable2.1‐8.Itwasconservativelyassumedallconstructionwouldtakeplaceimmediatelyfollowingadoptionoftherevisedordinancein2017.Table2.1‐13summarizestheanticipatedGHGemissionsfromconstructionofeachproject.AsshowninTable2.1‐13,therepresentativeprojectswouldgeneratebetween58and323metrictonsCO2eduringtheconstructionperiods.ConsistentwiththeCounty’sGHGguidance,construction‐relatedGHGemissionswereamortizedovera20‐yearperiodanalyzedwiththeoperationalemissionsdiscussedbelow.General Operational‐Related Impacts
Developmentofaccessoryusestoagriculturalactivitiesthatarepromotedbytheproposedprojectrepresentalong‐termsourceofGHGemissions.Newbuildingswouldgenerateemissionsfromenergyconsumption,mobileandareasources,andfromwaterconsumptionandwastewaterandwastegeneration.WineriesalsorepresentbothasourceandsinkofGHGemissions,generatingN2OduringfertilizerapplicationandsequesteringCO2throughphotosynthesis.Livestockmanagement
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐21
February 2017ICF 54.15
representsasourceofCH4andN2Ofrommanuremanagementandentericfermentation.Allofthesesourcesweretakenintoaccountwhenassessingproject‐generatedGHGemissions.Thenumberofnewbuildingsandusesthatcouldbeinducedbythepermittingrevisionsiscurrentlyunknown.Accordingly,toillustratethepotentialGHGimpactsfromprojectoperation,arepresentativeprojectwithineachusecategorywiththepotentialtogeneratemoderateorhighemissionswasevaluated.EmissionswereestimatedusingCalEEModbasedonthemaximumfloorareasandacreagesforeachnewuse,asshowninTable2.1‐8.Itwasconservativelyassumedallprojectswouldbeginoperationin2018immediatelyfollowingconstruction.Table2.1‐14summarizestheanticipatedGHGemissionsfromoperationofeachproject.Amortizedconstructionemissionsarealsoprovided,consistentwithCountyguidance.AsshowninTable2.1‐14,emissionsfromoperationoftherepresentativewineryandmicrobreweryprojecttypeswouldexceedtheCounty’sinterimscreeninglevelof900metrictonsCO2e.AsdiscussedinAppendixD,thisscreeninglevelisrecommendedbytheCountyasanindicatorforprojectsthatrequirefurtheranalysisandmitigationandmayresultinsignificantGHGimpacts.Thenumberofnewbuildingsandusesthatcouldbeinducedbythepermittingrevisionsiscurrentlyunknown.Therefore,theanalysishereindisclosespotentialGHGemissionsusinganillustrativeexampleofpotentialprojectbuildout.Additionaldetailtoallowforfurtheranalysisofprojectemissionsisnotavailableatthistime.Accordingly,the900metrictonsCO2escreeninglevelisusedasanindicatorofprojectsignificanceinthiscase.Becauseoperationofindividualprojectspromotedbythepermittingrevisionsexceed900metrictonsCO2e,implementationoftheproposedprojectmaypotentiallyhaveadirectGHGimpact.Moreover,atfullbuildout,multipleuseswouldoperatesimultaneously.Theexactnumberofnewusesthatcouldoccurasaresultoftheprojectareunknown.Asanillustrativeexampleofpotentialoperationalimpactsatfullbuildout,developmentassociatedwiththethreeuseswiththelargestemissionspotential—microbreweries,wineries,andcreameries/dairies—wereestimatedbasedonexistinglandusedensities.Asdiscussedabove,itisassumedthat8newbreweries,83newwineries,and1newcreamery/dairymaybedevelopedwiththepermittingrevisions.7Totaloperationalandamortizedconstructionemissionsgeneratedbytheseusesbasedontheindividualprojectemissions(seeTable2.1‐14)aresummarizedinTable2.1‐15.AsshowninTable2.1‐15,GHGemissionsfromatheoreticalfullbuildoutscenarioformicrobreweries,wineries,andcreameries/dairieswouldexceedtheCounty’sinterimscreeninglevelof900metrictonsCO2e.Operationalemissionsfromtheotheranalyzeduses—homestay,roadsidesales,andagriculturalstores—wouldfurthercontributetotheemissionsexceedances.Therefore,impactsrelatedtogreenhousegasemissionswouldbepotentiallysignificant(ImpactAQ‐4).
7AsnotedintheTIA(ChenRyan2016),itisunreasonabletoassumethateveryeligibleparcelwithintheCountywillconstructorincorporatetheimprovementsthatwouldbeallowedbytheproposedproject.TheTIAanalyzespotentialtrafficimpactsatfull‐buildassumingthat7%oftheeligibleparcelswouldconstructorimplementimprovements.Thisvaluerepresentsanaverageacrossallimprovementtypes;itispossiblemoreorlessbreweries,wineries,anddairiescouldbedeveloped.Accordingly,sincetheairqualityanalysispresentsemissionsassociatedwithbreweries,wineries,anddairiesasanillustrativeexampleofpotentialimpacts,theassessmentassumesahigherpenetrationratetoensureimpactsarenotunrepresented
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐22
February 2017ICF 54.15
2.1.3.6 Consistency with GHG Plans, Policies, and Regulations
Guidelines for the Determination of Significance
ThefollowingsignificanceguidelinefromAppendixGoftheStateCEQAGuidelinesappliestoboththedirectandcumulativeimpactanalyses.Asignificantimpactwouldresultiftheprojectwould: Conflictwithanapplicableplan,policy,orregulationadoptedforthepurposeofreducingthe
emissionsofgreenhousegases.Forthepurposesofthisanalysis,applicableplansincludetheAB32ScopingPlan,SB32,theCounty’sGeneralPlan,andEOS‐3‐05.
Analysis
TheAB32ScopingPlanandSB32representthemostapplicableplans,policies,orregulationsadoptedforthepurposeofreducingGHGemissions.AB32codifiedtheState’sGHGemissionsreductiontargetsfor2020andidentifiedtheacceptablelevelofGHGemissionsinCalifornia,withreductionscomingintheformofchangestovehicleemissionsandmileagestandards,sourcesofelectricity,andenergyefficiency.Remainingreductionswillneedtocomefromplans,policies,orregulationsthatwillrequirenewfacilitiestohavelowercarbonintensitiesthantheyhaveunderbusinessasusual(BAU)conditions.TheAB32ScopingPlandetailsspecificGHGemissions‐reductionmeasuresthattargetspecificGHGemissionssources.TheScopingPlanconsidersarangeofactions,includingdirectregulations,alternativecompliancemechanisms,monetaryandnon‐monetaryincentives,voluntaryactions,andmarket‐basedmechanisms(e.g.,acap‐and‐tradesystem).Alsoincludedaremobile‐sourceemissionsreductionmeasures(Pavley,LowCarbonFuelStandardvehicleefficiencymeasures),energyproduction–relatedemissions‐reductionmeasures(naturalgastransmissionanddistributionefficiencymeasures,naturalgasextractionefficiencymeasures),andtheRPS(electricity).WhiletheARB’s2030ScopingPlanforachievingSB32hasnotyetbeenpublished,itisanticipatedtoextendandfurthermuchofthepoliciesandprogramsincludedintheAB32ScopingPlan.Asaresult,project‐relatedGHGemissionswouldbereducedthroughseveraloftheAB32andSB32ScopingPlanmeasures.Atthelocallevel,theCountyiscurrentlypreparingaCAPthatwillprovideaframeworkformeetingstate‐mandatedGHGreductiontargets.AdoptionoftheCAPisexpectedinthefallof2017.Untilthen,themostrelevantlocalplanistheCounty’sGeneralPlan,whichlaysoutthelong‐termlanduseplanningframeworkforfuturegrowthanddevelopmentpatternswithintheunincorporatedareasoftheCounty.TheproposedprojectisforaZoningOrdinanceAmendmentthatintroducesnewpermittingrequirementstopromotethedevelopmentofusesthatareaccessoriestoagriculturalactivities,includingmicrobreweries,dairyoperations,andretailstores.AsdiscussedinSection3.1.1,LandUseandPlanning,theproposedprojectwouldbeconsistentwiththeCounty’sGeneralPlan’sgoalsandpoliciespertainingtoagriculturaldevelopmentwithintheCounty.Onanindividualbasis,projectsallowedundertheZoningOrdinanceAmendmentwouldgenerallybesmallandresultinminoramountsofemissions;however,takenasawhole(i.e.,maximumnumberofuses)theymayresultinasubstantialincreaseinGHGemissions.Individualprojects,suchasmicrobreweriesandwineries,wouldlikelyresultinthehighestGHGemissionsgiventheamountofprocess‐relatedinputsrequired,includingelectricityandwateraswellascoolingrequirementsandfugitivereleases.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐23
February 2017ICF 54.15
TheprojectwouldbeconsistentwithAB32,SB32,andtheCounty’sGeneralPlanbyprovidingforusesthatareconsistentwiththeCounty’sGeneralPlan’sgoals,policies,anddevelopmentpatternspertainingtoagriculturaldevelopmentwithintheCounty.TheseuseswouldnothindertheState’sabilitytomeetthereductiongoalsofAB32orSB32.Asdiscussedabove,EOS‐03‐05establishedalong‐termgoalofreducingstatewideGHGemissionsto80percentbelow1990levelsby2050.Achievingthislong‐termGHGreductionpolicywillrequiresystemicchangesinhowenergyisproducedandused.Thesedeepreductionsaretobeachievedonlywithsignificantchangesinelectricityproduction,transportationfuels,andindustrialprocesses,suchasincreasingenergyefficiency,avoidingwasteemissions,andreplacinghighglobalwarmingpotentialgases.Thechangesnecessitatedtoachievethesetargetswillrequireadditionalpolicyandregulatorychanges,whichareunknownatthistime.Moreover,thereiscurrentlynostatewideplanthatlaysouttheframeworkastoexactlyhowthestateplansonachievingthistargetandtowhatextentactionisrequiredatthelocalandprojectlevelinordertoachievethetarget.Therefore,theextenttowhichtheproject’semissionsandresultingimpactswouldbemitigatedthroughimplementationofsuchchangesisnotknownandwouldthusbeinconsistentwithplans,policies,orregulationsadoptedforthepurposedofreducingGHGemissionsinthelong‐term.Therefore,impactsrelatedtoconflictswithanapplicableplan,policy,orregulationwouldbepotentiallysignificant(ImpactAQ‐5).
2.1.4 Cumulative Impacts Analysis ThegeographicscopeforthecumulativeanalysisofairqualityincludestheSDAB,whichencompassestheentireCounty,includingbothincorporatedandunincorporatedareasandtribalandpublicagencylands.BecauseGHGsareglobalpollutants,thegeographicscopefortheGHGanalysisismuchbroaderandconsidersglobaleffectsofproject‐generatedemissions.
2.1.4.1 Air Quality Plan TheRAQSistheregion’splanforimprovingairqualityandattainingthefederalandstateairqualitystandards.ThecontrolstrategiesandemissionsforecastsanalyzedintheRAQSaccountforcurrent,planned,andreasonablyforeseeableprojectsintheSDAB.Accordingly,theRAQSconsistencyanalysiscompletedinSection2.1.3,AnalysisofProjectEffectsandDeterminationofSignificance,isinherentlycumulative;asdiscussedabove,becausetheproposedprojectincludesdevelopmentthatisconsistentwiththeusesallowedbytheLandUseElementandagriculturalzones,thenewdevelopmentwasanticipatedinSANDAGgrowthprojectionsusedindevelopmentoftheRAQSandSIP.Therefore,theprojectwouldnotconflictwithorobstructimplementationoftheairqualityplansorcontributetoacumulativelyconsiderableimpact.
2.1.4.2 Violate Air Quality Standards SanDiegoCountyiscurrentlyinmarginalnonattainmentforthefederal8‐hourozonestandardandnonattainmentforthestateozone,PM2.5,andPM10standards(seeTable2.1‐4).Thenonattainmentstatus,whichisaresultofpastandpresentprojects,maybefurtherimpededbyreasonablyforeseeablefutureprojects.TheprojectwouldresultinacumulativelyconsiderablenetincreaseofcriteriapollutantsifemissionsexceedtheCounty’sthresholdsduringconstructionorlong‐termoperation.Inaddition,cumulativeimpactscouldoccurifemissionsofconcernfromotherpast,present,orreasonablyforeseeablefutureprojectswithinproximityoftheprojectwouldexposenearbyreceptorstosubstantialpollutantconcentrations.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐24
February 2017ICF 54.15
Asdiscussedabove,concurrentconstructionandoperationofagriculturalusespromotedbytheprojectwouldexceedtheCounty’sapplicableairqualitythresholds.TheseemissionswouldoccurduringthesameperiodasotherprojectsintheSDAB,furthercontributingtotheemissionsexceedances.Accordingly,theprojectwouldcontributetoacumulativelyconsiderableimpactonairqualitystandards(ImpactAQ‐6).
2.1.4.3 Exposure of Receptors to Substantial Pollutant Concentrations TheprojectisnotanticipatedtoexposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialDPMorCOconcentrations.GeographicallyproximateconstructionactivitiesassociatedwithplannedandreasonablyforeseeableprojectsmayexposeadjacentreceptorstoincreasedhealththreatsfromlocalizedCOorandDPM.Effectswouldvaryaccordingtotheequipmentused,locationsofemissionsourcesandreceptors,andunderlyingmeteorology.However,giventheremotenatureoftheprojectareaandthefactthatconstructionanoperationalactivitieswouldbespreadthroughoutthe370,200‐acrestudyarea,receptorexposuretoCOorDPMinexcessofCountythresholdsisunlikely.Accordingly,theproposedprojectwouldnotcontributetoacumulativelyconsiderableimpactfromexposureofreceptorstosubstantialpollutantconcentrations.
2.1.4.4 Objectionable Odors TheprojectwouldpromoteagriculturalactivitiesthatareconsideredbytheCountyandARB(2005)ashavingahighpotentialtogeneratenuisanceodors.Theseodoremissionswouldbemagnifiedwhencombinedwithodorsfromgeographicallyproximateprojects.Similartoreceptorexposuretosubstantialpollutantconcentrations,effectswouldvaryaccordingtounderlyingmeteorologyandthelocationsofodorsourcesandreceptors.Althoughthenumberofpeopleexposedtopotentialodorsisanticipatedtominimal,giventhenatureofagriculturalactivities,cumulativeodoremissionswithinthestudyareamaycreateanuisanceviolation,perSDAPCDRule51.Accordingly,theprojectwouldcontributetoacumulativelyconsiderableimpactonodors(ImpactAQ‐7).
2.1.4.5 Generate Substantial GHG Emissions Climatechangeisaglobalproblem,andGHGsareglobalpollutants,unlikecriteriaairpollutants(suchasozoneprecursors),whichareprimarilypollutantsofregionalandlocalconcern.Giventheirlongatmosphericlifetimes,GHGsemittedbycountlesssourcesworldwideaccumulateintheatmosphere.NosingleemitterofGHGsislargeenoughtotriggerglobalclimatechangeonitsown.Rather,climatechangeistheresultoftheindividualcontributionsofcountlesspast,present,andfuturesources.Therefore,GHGimpactsareinherentlycumulative,andtheGHGanalysispresentedinSection2.1.3isacumulativeimpactanalysis.Asdescribedabove,concurrentconstructionandoperationofagriculturalusespromotedbytheprojectwouldexceedtheCounty’sGHGSLT.Accordingly,theprojectwouldcontributetoacumulativelyconsiderableimpactonGHGemissions(ImpactAQ‐8).
2.1.4.6 Consistency with GHG Plans, Policies, and Regulations TheGHGanalysispresentedinSection2.1.3isacumulativeimpactanalysis.Asdiscussedabove,theprojectwouldbeconsistentwithAB32,SB32,andtheCounty’sGeneralPlanbyprovidingforusesthatareconsistentwiththeCounty’sGeneralPlan’sgoals,policies,anddevelopmentpatternspertainingtoagriculturaldevelopmentwithintheCountythatwouldnotresultinemissionthat
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐25
February 2017ICF 54.15
wouldimpedeprogresstoward2020or2030targets.However,asthereisnoframeworkforachievinglong‐termreductiontargets(2050),itisunknownexactlyhowthestateplansonachievingthesetargetsandtowhatextentactionisrequiredatthelocalandprojectlevelinordertoachievethesetargets.Accordingly,theprojectwouldcontributetoacumulativelyconsiderableimpactonlong‐termGHGreductionplanningefforts(ImpactAQ‐9).
2.1.5 Significance of Impacts Prior to Mitigation TheproposedprojectwouldresultinpotentiallysignificantimpactsrelatedtoconstructionandoperationalcriteriapollutantandGHGemissions(ImpactsAQ‐1,AQ‐2,AQ‐4,andAQ‐5,direct/indirect,andAQ‐6andAQ‐8,cumulative),aswellasodors(ImpactAQ‐3,direct,andAQ‐7,cumulative).Theproposedprojectwouldresultinless‐than‐significantimpactsrelatedtoconsistencywithapplicableairqualityplansandexposureofsensitivereceptorstosubstantialpollutantconcentrations.
2.1.6 Mitigation Measures 2.1.6.1 Air Quality Plan
TheprojectwouldnotconflictwithorobstructimplementationoftheRAQSandSIP.Thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationmeasuresarerequired.
2.1.6.2 Violate Air Quality Standards SimultaneousconstructionandoperationofagriculturalusespromotedbytheprojectwouldexceedtheCounty’scriteriapollutantthresholds,andassuch,mayviolateairqualitystandards.Mitigationmeasures(describedbelow)havebeenidentifiedthatwouldreduceconstructionandoperationalemissions,butnotbelowasignificantlevel.
Mitigation Measures
M‐AQ‐1:Duringtheenvironmentalreviewprocessforfuturediscretionarypermits,theCountyGuidelinesforDeterminingSignificanceforAirQualitywillbeapplied.Whenimpactsaredeterminedtobesignificant,feasibleandappropriateproject‐specificmitigationmeasureswillbeincorporated.Gradingcangeneratefugitivedust,includingPM10andPM2.5.Projectsthatinvolvesitegrading,excavation,orsubstantialmaterialmovementwillimplementthefollowingdustcontrolmeasuresduringconstruction,asapplicable,incompliancewithSDAPCDRule55. Waterthegradingareasaminimumoftwicedailytominimizefugitivedust. Stabilizegradedareasasquicklyaspossibletominimizefugitivedust. Applychemicalstabilizerorpavethelast100feetofinternaltravelpathwithinthe
constructionsitepriortopublicroadentry. Installwheelwashersadjacenttoapavedapronpriortovehicleentryonpublicroads. Removeanyvisibletrack‐outintotraveledpublicstreetswithin30minutesofoccurrence. Wetwashtheconstructionaccesspointattheendofeachworkdayifanyvehicletravelon
unpavedsurfaceshasoccurred.
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐26
February 2017ICF 54.15
Providesufficientperimetererosioncontroltopreventwashoutofsiltymaterialontopublicroads.
Coverhaultrucksormaintainatleast12inchesoffreeboardtoreduceblow‐offduringhauling.
Suspendallsoildisturbanceandtravelonunpavedsurfacesifwindsexceed25mph. Cover/wateronsitestockpilesofexcavatedmaterial. Enforcea15mphspeedlimitonunpavedsurfaces. Ondrydays,sweepupanydirtanddebrisspilledontopavedsurfacesimmediatelyto
reducere‐suspensionofparticulatemattercausedbyvehiclemovement.Cleanapproachroutestoconstructionsitesdailyforconstruction‐relateddirtindryweather.
Hydroseed,landscape,ordevelopasquicklyaspossiblealldisturbedareasandasdirectedbytheCountyand/orSDAPCDtoreducedustgeneration.
Limitthedailygradingvolumes/area.M‐AQ‐2:Duringtheenvironmentalreviewprocessforfuturediscretionarypermits,theCountyGuidelinesforDeterminingSignificanceforAirQualitywillbeapplied.Whenimpactsaredeterminedtobesignificant,feasibleandappropriateproject‐specificmitigationmeasureswillbeincorporated.Constructionprojectstypicallyrequireequipmentsuchasbulldozers,graders,loaders,scrapers,backhoes,andheavytrucks.Projectapplicantswillutilizeclean‐diesel,alternativefuel,orotherenginecontrolstoreduceequipmentandvehicleexhaustemissionsduringconstruction.Projectapplicantswillimplementthefollowingcontrolmeasures,asapplicable,toreduceequipmentandexhaustrelatedemissions. Requireequipmenttobemaintainedingoodtuneandtoreduceexcessiveidlingtime. Utilizealternativefuels,suchascompressednaturalgas,renewablediesel,anddiesel. RequiretheuseofequipmentthatmeetsEPATier4orhigher(aspromulgated)emission
standards. Requireolderequipmentberetrofittedwithadvancedenginecontrols,suchasdiesel
particulatefilters,selectivecatalyticreduction(SCR),orcooledexhaustgasrecirculation.M‐AQ‐3:Duringtheenvironmentalreviewprocessforfuturediscretionarypermits,theCountyGuidelinesforDeterminingSignificanceforAirQualitywillbeapplied.Whenimpactsaredeterminedtobesignificant,feasibleandappropriateproject‐specificmitigationmeasureswillbeincorporated.Buildingconstructionmayresultinoff‐gassingofROGfromarchitecturalcoatingsandpaintsthatexceedtheCounty’sthreshold.ProjectapplicantswillreduceROGemissionsrelatedtoarchitecturalcoatingsthroughtheuseoflowVolatileOrganicCompound(VOC)coatings(VOCcontentlessthanorequalto50gramsperliter).M‐AQ‐4.Duringtheenvironmentalreviewprocessforfuturediscretionarypermits,theCountyGuidelinesforDeterminingSignificanceforAirQualitywillbeapplied.Whenimpactsaredeterminedtobesignificant,feasibleandappropriateproject‐specificmitigationmeasureswillbeincorporated.Projectapplicantswillimplementthefollowingcontrolmeasures,asapplicable,toreduceoperationalrelatedcriteriapollutantandGHGemissions.GeneralStrategies
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐27
February 2017ICF 54.15
Increaseenergyefficiencybyatleast10percentbeyondtheTitle24standardinplaceatthetimeofconstruction,unlessdemonstratedtobeinfeasible.
UtilizelowVOCcoatings(VOCcontentlessthanorequalto50gramsperliter)forperiodicpaintingandfacilityupkeep.
Plantshadetreeswithin40feetofthesouthsideorwithin60feetofthewestsideofproperties.
Utilizecoolroofmaterials(albedogreaterthanorequalto30)orinstallgreenroofs. Installsolarwaterheaters. Maximizeinteriordaylightandutilizehighefficiencylighting. Increaseroof/ceilinginsulationbeyondtheAmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerationand
AirConditioningEngineersStandard90.1‐2010. Installlow‐wateruseappliancesandfixturestoreduceindoorwaterconsumptionby
aminimumof10percentrelativetothe2008PlumbingCodebaseline. Designandinstallabackbonerecycledwatersystemtosupplytolandscapedspaces. Installweather‐basedirrigationcontrollerstoreduceoutdoorwaterconsumption. Compostfoodwasteandotherformsoforganicwaste,asfeasible. Provideeasilyaccessibleandwell‐maintainedrecyclingbinsforvisitoruse. Provideshuttlesforvisitorsandemployeesfromthenearesttown. Incorporateonsiterenewableenergyproduction,includinginstallationofphotovoltaiccells
orotheroptions.AdditionalStrategiesforMicrobreweries
Prepareandimplementanenergymanagementsystem(EMS)toimproveprocess‐andfacilityenergy‐efficiencyandreduceoverallenergyconsumption.Table2.1‐16listspotentialmeasuresthatmaybeincorporatedintotheEMS.PleaserefertotheGeneralStrategiessectionforpotentialmeasurestoreducewaterconsumptionandwastegeneration.
AdditionalStrategiesforWineries,andDairies
PrepareandimplementanEMStoimproveprocess‐andfacilityenergy‐efficiencyandreduceoverallenergyconsumption.Table2.1‐17listspotentialmeasuresthatmaybeincorporatedintotheEMS.PleaserefertotheGeneralStrategiessectionforpotentialmeasurestoreducewaterconsumptionandwastegeneration.
AdditionalStrategiesforDairies
PrepareandimplementanEMStoimproveprocess‐andfacilityenergy‐efficiencyandreduceoverallenergyconsumption.Table2.1‐18listspotentialmeasuresthatmaybeincorporatedintotheEMS.PleaserefertotheGeneralStrategiessectionforpotentialmeasurestoreducewaterconsumptionandwastegeneration.
Becausethemitigationmeasureslistedabovewillnotbeappliedtofuturenon‐discretionaryactionsthatwillresultfromtheproposedzoningordinanceamendment,impactswouldremain
-
County of San Diego Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Section 2.1. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases
Draft Final Environmental Impact Report Agriculture Promotion Project 2.1‐28
February 2017ICF 54.15
potentiallysignificantandunavoidable.Chapter4,ProjectAlternatives,providesadiscussionofalternativestotheproposedprojectthatwouldresultinsomereducedimpactsassociatedwithairqualityascomparedtotheproposedproject.
2.1.6.3 Exposure of Receptors to Substantial Pollutant Concentrations TheprojectisnotanticipatedtoexposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialDPMorCOconcentrations.Thisimpactwouldbelessthansignificant,andnomitigationisrequired.
2.1.6.4 Objectionable Odors TheprojectwouldpromoteagriculturalactivitiesthatareconsideredbytheCountyandARB(2005)ashavingahighpotentialtogeneratenuisanceodors.AsdiscussedinSection2.5,HydrologyandWaterQuality,agriculturaloperationsintheCountyarerequiredtoimplementstormwaterbestmanagementpractices(BMPs)toprotectwaterquality.TotheextentthattheseBMPsreducemoistureinmanurestockpilesandpreventanimalwaste(andassociatedodor)runoff,ambientodorsfromanimaloperationsmaybelessened.Thefollowingmitigationmeasurehasbeenidentifiedtoreduceodors,butnotbelowasignificantlevel.
Mitigation Measure
M‐AQ‐5:Duringtheenvironmentalreviewprocessforfuturediscretionarypermits,theCountyGuidelinesforDeterminingSignificanceforAirQualityshallbeapplied.Whenimpactsaredeterminedtobesignificant,feasibleandappropriateproject‐specificmitigationmeasuresshallbeincorporated.Creameries/dairiesandanimalraisingmaygenerateodorsfromanimalwaste.Microbreweriesandwineriesmayalsoresultintemporaryodorsduringfermenterventing.Projectapplicantswillimplementbestmanagementpracticestocontrolodors.Animal‐RelatedOperations
Animalstallswillbecleanedatleastonceperdayincludingtheremovalofanimalwasteandsoiledbedding.
Animalwastewillbestockpiledinanenclosed,coveredcontainmentvesseltoensureanaerobicoff‐gassingandassociatedodorgenerationisminimized.Thecontainmentvesselwillprotectanimalwastestockpilesfromheavyweatherconditions,includingwindandrainwhichmaycausesiltationandaccelerateanaerobicdecompositionofthewaste.
Ifaprojectsiteislocatedwithin1mileofresidentsand/orsensitivereceptors,containmentvesselsstoringanimalwastewillbelocatedatthefurthestfeasibledistancefromnearbyresidentsand/or