Section 2The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages (p. 67-118)

Section 2, Part 2Threats from Within and Without (pp. 83-97)

Introduction Historical eras are marked by key events that identify that era

Apostolic Times (30-300)—persecution and apologetical defense Patristic Era (200-700/800)—fathers and doctors of the Church defend the

Church against heresy at Ecumenical Councils Early Middle Ages (500-1000)—monasticism, Islam, east-west tension,

barbarian-papal-secular tension Moving into the High Middle Ages (1000-1350)

Age characterized by disputes Great Schism—11th century Crusades—11th and 12th century Decline in the Papacy—13th and 14th century

Three Articles A. 19 -- The Eastern Schism (pp. 84-88) A. 20 -- The Crusades (pp. 88-92) A. 21 -- Challenges to the Papacy (pp. 92-96)

Article 19: The Eastern Schism (pp. 84-88) Great Schism—324 to 1054 and beyond (can you find other causes)

Geographical differences Rome and Constantinople

Linguistic Differences West—Latin; East—Greek and Syriac

Theological Differences Arianism and Nestorianism

Hierarchical Differences Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalem

Church-State Relational Differences West—pope; East—emperor over patriarch

Icon Usage Differences Pope, John Damascene, and Nicaea II vs Leo III and Iconoclasm

Filioque Really about the word ecumenical—9th century Emperor Photius vs. the West

The Straw that Broke the Camels Back (or was it the 4th Crusade of 1204 ) Papal Authority—Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius: Objective vs. Subjective

Homeworkp. 97; 1-2 (Section 2, Part 2 HW)

Read pp. 88-96 (AA. 20-21) in the e-Book for discussion tomorrow

Article 20: The Crusades (pp. 88-92) Goal is to learn without rationalizing or judging--“let he who is without sin…” First Crusade (1096-1099)

Recently separated East and West uniting over a common enemy (infidels) Turks controlled parts of Asia Minor, Nicaea in 1084 and threatened Constantinople Memories of Jerusalem’s fall in 1009; desire for pilgrimages, holy sites, & stop persecution

Pope Urban II (1088-1099) rallied troops at Council of Clermont in 1095 in France Military: Recovered Jerusalem, fortified Constantinople, took back parts of Asia Minor Moral: Byzantines were suspicious of the knights methods and motives Knights received spiritual (indulgences) and temporal rewards (loot and lands)

Second Crusade (1145-1149) Preached by Pope Eugene III and Bernard of Clairvaux in response to fall of Edessa Military failure—lost all lands taken in First Crusade and Jerusalem

Third Crusade—King’s Crusade (1189-1192) Led by Richard the Lion-Hearted, Phillip II, and Frederick Barbarossa Failed to recapture Jerusalem but opened up pilgrimages and trade to it again

Article 20 cont.: The Crusades (pp. 88-92) Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)

Preached by Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) to recapture Jerusalem via sea root Diverted to Constantinople to retake Byzantine throne for emperor for compensation Overcome by zeal—attacked citizens and looted churches Pope Innocent III denounced the crusaders Led to psycho-subjective split between east and west

Later Crusades Children’s Crusade of 1212 did not end in the peaceful occupation of Jerusalem but

rather in death and enslavement Other smaller crusades for cultural or political reasons also failed

Christian control of/in the Holy Land ended in 1291 when Acre fell Outcomes of the Crusades

(+): goods; inventions; scholarly advances; Renaissance; minor military success (-): military losses; permanent damage in east-west relations; scandal

We must learn from historical mistakes rather than using history as an excuse

Article 21: Challenges to the Papacy (pp. 92-96) 13th and 14th century is a period of Church decline and State rise

Weak popes after Innocent III in 1216 such as Boniface VIII (1294-1303) Strong kings like Edward I and Phillip II encouraged nationalism

Clerical taxation, arrest of Boniface VIII, and election of French Pope Clement V (1305-15)

The Avignon Papacy (1305-1377) Clement V appointed 9 of 10 cardinals French in 1305 and moved to France in 1309 Affluent lifestyle, Bishop of Rome, French kings, Hundred Years War (1337-1453), lack

of independence Gregory XI moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377 Inspiration of the Italian 3rd Order Dominican Mystic Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)

Article 21 cont.: Challenges to the Papacy (pp. 92-96)

Western Schism Gregory XI died in Rome in 1378 and Urban VI was elected under pressure in Rome French cardinals returned to Avignon, deposed Urban and elected Clement VII

Countries aligned themselves along political lines while common people were confused Church Council elected Alexander V to resolve but he died on way to Rome Another Council is called to elect John XXII Nobody relents since temporal power and influence are at stake Council of Constance resolves with the election of Martin V in 1417 Antipope Clement VIII resigned in 1429 finally resolving the issue For us scandal, for them Concilliarism—Church council has final voice in spiritual matters

Pope Pius II (1458-1464) condemned and re-emphasized Papal Primacy

The Black Death (bubonic plague)—1347 20 million Europeans (1/3); especially cities; from Sicily; bacterial; naval rat fleas Death permeated art, music, and folklore (Thomas a’Kempis’s Imitation of Christ) Despite Church corruption; offered aid; led to clerical decline in number and quality

Homework p. 97; 3-7

Study for the Section 2, Part 2 Quiz (pp. 83-97; AA. 19-21) tomorrow

Make sure the Section 2, Part 2 HW (p. 97; 1-7) is ready to turn in tomorrow