6 x 10.5 long titleassets.cambridge.org/97805216/81728/index/9780521681728...factors leading to...

Index

Aboriginal customary law, 35–6, 458reconciliation, 31–2

accountability, 20, 41, 50, 65–6, 85, 283,300, 446

Norfolk Island, 472, 473, 475ACT Law Reform Commission, 147Administrative Appeals Tribunal, 473Administrators, 80, 271, 278Anson, W. R., 183appropriation power, 85–8, 89–91, 421Ashmore and Cartier Islands, 380, 397, 406,

476, 481Australia Acts 1986, 13, 28, 47, 66–74, 136

amendment of, 71, 72, 74characterisation test, 202, 204, 333, 344effect of, 145–6, 270entrenchment under, 199, 200extraterritoriality, 220–2factors leading to enactment of, 67–8legislative package, 68–9legislative power, 103, 116, 118, 334manner and form, 159–79prerequisites of section 6, 161–78republic, 331–2repugnancy, 141royal assent, 83

Australian Antarctic Territory, 380, 397,481–3

environmental protection, 483Australian Capital Territory, 148, 395, 405,

437–47Advisory Council, 439appointment and dismissal of ministers,

304Bill of Rights, 30, 206Chief Minister, 442, 443Commonwealth control, 446Commonwealth territories power, 438Constitution, 30, 86, 437–40constitutional history, 437–40dissolution of the Legislative Assembly,

101, 443, 444electoral system, 206, 439

enactment of legislation, 79entrenchment, 151, 204–6Executive, 257, 309, 321, 440, 443–5, 447executive power, 303–5, 444–5extraterritoriality, 210, 253finance, 445future of, 446–7Governor-General, 305, 441, 442, 443,

444judicial protection, 378–9judiciary, 440, 445–6Legislative Assembly, 205, 439, 440–2,

443legislative power, 113, 440manner and form, 205no representative of the Crown, 78, 304,

442parliamentary privilege, 99parliamentary triangle, 446prorogation, 101referendum requirement, 205, 208representation in Commonwealth

Parliament, 433, 439repugnancy, doctrine of, 430responsible government, 444restrictions on power, 427–32royal assent, 32, 80, 83royal prerogative powers, 309, 445seat of government, 28, 314, 394,

399–402, 437–40, 447self-government, 79, 147, 403, 418, 439,

440–6statutory protection of residents, 426Supreme Courtvoting rights, 433, 439Westminster principles, 445

Australian Constitutions Act (No 2) (1850),42, 43, 50

Australian Loan Council, 11Australian Natives’ Association, 62autocratic rule, 37–9, 268autrefois acquit and autrefois convict

doctrines, 241, 248

499

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500 INDEX

Bagehot, W., 277, 293, 294, 322Bailey, Kenneth, 7, 260, 266Balfour Declaration, 260, 263, 290Bashir, Governor Marie, 308Bentham, Jeremy, 38Bigge Reports, 38Bill of attainder, 354, 355, 357, 360Bill of Rights, 30, 111, 112, 165, 206Bjelke-Petersen, Premier Joh, 26, 283, 286,

349Blackstone, William, 137, 139, 141, 306

Commentaries, 137, 139, 306Bogdanor, Dr Vernon, 267, 273, 274Boilermakers’ principle, 365Boothby, Justice, 47, 143, 151, 166–8, 181

Auld v Murray, 181Driffield v Registrar-General, 180Re Ware; Ex parte Bayne, 180

boundaries, land, 211–12boundaries, sea, 212–15Bowen, Sir George, 55, 260Bryce, Lord, 183, 278

Cabinet, 258, 298–9Campbell, Sir Walter, 38, 283, 286

State Governors, 248, 260, 273, 274, 309Canada, 27, 68, 227, 233, 250, 253, 309,

325Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 156dominion status, 260, 263executive power, 252, 325refusal of dissolution, 291responsible government, 45, 46, 259

caretaker governments, 288, 302–3Ceylon, 187, 188, 345, 346, 348, 371Charter of Justice (NSW), 37, 38, 39, 48Chief Ministers, 302choice of law rules, 242, 243–7, 251Christmas Island, 380, 394, 397, 406, 460,

476–7, 478Administrator, 477consultation of residents, 476judicial powers, 380, 478legal regime, 478phosphate mining, 477representation in Commonwealth

Parliament, 433, 461, 476citizen initiated referenda, 84citizenship, Australian, 26, 265, 412, 419

Norfolk Island, 470Clunies Ross family, 478, 479coastal waters, 234, 235–7Cocos (Keeling) Islands, 380, 394, 397, 405,

406, 460, 476–7, 478–80

consultation of residents, 476, 479executive, 479recognition of Malay customs, 480representation in Commonwealth

Parliament, 433, 461, 476common law, 131, 241, 251

inheritance of, 98, 139principles of, 98, 99, 152rules of statutory construction, 154single in Australia, 240, 244, 341statutory presumption, 224, 238

Commonwealth Constitutionamendment of, 6, 27, 145, 331–2Braddon Clause, 8Chapter III, 380–91disjoinder of s 122, 383–91, 408–15, 420,

421draft Bill, 1891, 62drafting, 62, 63entrenchment, 207–8, 209extraterritoriality, 221, 253implied freedom of political

communication, see freedom ofpolitical communication

implied nationhood power, 29powers vested in State Governors by,

282protection of democratic government,

117reference power, 14–17relationship between s 51 and s 122,

407–15republic, 336–8restrictions on powers, 407–17, 420–33restrictions on State legislative power, 103,

116–17, 119sections 106 and 107, 63–5, 189–91State Parliaments, 119territories power, 393–433, 435

Commonwealth Grants Commission, 10, 439,472

Commonwealth Human Rights Bill 1973clause 5, 208clauses 5(2) and (3), 157, 208

Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act1900 (Imp), 1, 26, 63, 65, 136

paramountcy, 142, 145preamble, 5, 27, 263, 264, 330

Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Conference1952, 263

Commonwealth–State Ministerial Council,11

Commonwealth–State offshore settlement of1979, 214–15






INDEX 501

Commonwealth–State relations, 5, 13–21see federalismconstitutional, 8–28, 65financial, 7, 8–11Mutual Recognition Scheme, 12reference power, 14–20

Commonwealth territories, 436–88; see alsoexternal territories, territories, andnames of individual territories

consolidated revenue fund, 86Constitution Alteration (Establishment of

Republic) Bill 1999, 268, 319, 327,329, 335

appointment of the President, 321, 326Constitution of Queensland 2001, 30, 55, 105,

150, 196, 197–8, 261amendment of, 157Chapter 7, 33control of finance, 86entrenchment of, 200responsible government, 45

Constitutional Commission, 14, 33Constitutional Conventions, 5, 62, 267, 284,

291, 294, 489–90States, 2, 190, 402republic, 22, 322, 323–4, 325

constitutional conventions, 256, 284, 418,419, 436, 456, 458

constitutional evolution, 6, 263constitutional reform, 5, 19contracts and business enterprises, power to

engage in, 306, 312, 315–16Convention on the Continental Shelf, 213Convention on the Territorial Sea and the

Contiguous Zone, 213, 398, 483conventions and customs, 45, 46Coombs Royal Commission, 20cooperative federalism, 11–21, 25–6cooperation, intergovernmental, implied

principle of, 18federal cooperation, history of, 11,

13cooperative schemes, 20–1Coral Sea Islands Territory, 397, 406, 460,

483–4corporations power, 4, 11, 17, 395Council of Australian Governments (COAG),

12, 22–3, 24, 25, 28courts, 340, 352–4, 355, 362, 369

federal courts, 388–90institutional integrity, 342, 350territory courts, 390–1

crimes at sea, 242–3criminal jurisdiction, 238–42, 243

Crown: see SovereignCrown in right of a jurisdiction, 262customs and excise duties, 8, 9, 114, 314,

427–9

Dampier, William, 477Darling, Sir Ralph, 39Darwin Rebellion, 457de Chair, Sir Dudley, 269, 292deadlock avoidance procedures, 77, 89–94,

95, 97, 98, 171financial Bills and, 89–91

Deakin, Alfred, 2, 6defence power, 117–22, 135, 313, 397democratic government, protection of,

117–35Denison, Sir William, 462Deputy Governor, 271Dicey, A. V., 106, 108, 109, 183, 208, 306dominion status, 260, 263Durham Report, 259

electoral franchise, 40, 44, 56, 470, 474Elgin, Lord, 46enactment of legislation, 79–85English law, inheritance of, 137English law, reception in Australia, 137–41English statute law, application in Australia,

139–41entrenchment, 159–91, 343

see manner and formdouble, 151, 191, 192, 193–5, 205electoral, 168–70parliamentary, 199referendum requirement, 199single, 151, 192, 193, 205

equality before the law, 412, 413, 423euthanasia, 432–3, 441, 455Executive Chapter 8, 255–317

appointment of, 299–302, 324–6, 327constitutional and ceremonial roles, 339and enactment of legislation, 82, 83entrenchment of, 329–30Governor in Council, 294judicial power, 354–5position in ACT parliament and the, 116,

325powers and functions of, 317, 327–9the Queen in, 256removal, 327royal assent and, 32structure, 261–7, 305Territories Administrators, 309

Executive Council, 277, 294–8, 299






502 INDEX

executive power, 255–61, 269–313, 315–16,317, 334

Cabinet, 298–9caretaker governments, 302–3delegated power, 317ministers of state, 299–302office of the Governor, 270–1power to engage in contracts and business

enterprises, 315–16powers of the Queen, 267Premiers and Chief Ministers, 302reform of, 303reserve powers, 282–94restrictions on, 252–3role of Governors, 268–94royal prerogative powers, 306–8

abrogation, 311division, 313judicial review, 313

scope of, 305–17external affairs power, 11, 19, 67, 213, 242,

397, 416external territories, 405, 459–61

constitutional development, 460environmental protection, 461judicial protection, 380regulation of criminal activity, 461representation in Commonwealth

Parliament, 461rights of residents, 459, 460

extraterritoriality, 116, 210–54Australia Acts 1986, 220–2categories of, 228–43and choice of law rules, 243–7coastal waters and territorial sea, 235–7Commonwealth Constitution s 92, 253concept of, 215–16court proceedings and, 251–2criminal jurisdiction, 233–4, 237, 238–43high seas, 237–8incapacity to change law of another

jurisdiction, 222inconsistent State laws, 247–51jurisdiction, 222, 238–43land boundaries, 211–12legal foundation of restriction, 216–19maritime laws, 234–8rationale for, 219–24restriction on executive power, 252–3restriction on State power, 219–24, 252–3restrictions on territories, 253–4sea boundaries, 212–15Seas and Submerged Lands Act, 213–14Section, 92, 953

service and execution process, see courtproceedings

stamp duty and, 233statutory presumption, 222–4, 238sufficient connection, 217, 218, 224–8, 233

Federal Capital Commission, 438Federal Council of Australasia, 60Federal Courts, 341, 388–90federal funding, conditions on, 9, 10, 12federal judges, appointment to royal

commissions and non-judicial bodies,367

federalism, 3, 5cooperative, 3, 11–13, 17–18, 325coordinate, 2executive, 20renegotiation of, 29and the republic, 319and responsible government, 258

federation, 1, 35, 59–65, 264, 306, 402,415

constitutional evolution, 6future, 7, 12new States, 435principles for and structure of, 61–2referenda on, 63role of Governors, 268support for, 60

finance, 85–9consolidated revenue, 86, 87–9, 279constitutional principles, 86–7Financial Agreements, 11, 287procedural requirements, 87

fishing offences, 237Fitzgerald Commission of Inquiry, 297, 349Fitzroy, Governor, 59, 60Forsey, Dr Eugene, 293forum non conveniens, 421freedom

of access to the seat of government, 401of association, 423, 424of information, 473of movement, 423, 432of religion, 410, 420, 421–2, 427of speech, 99of trade and commerce between the States,

253freedom of political communication, implied,

8, 30, 122–35, 356, 401, 422–5implication from State Constitutions,

131–3and legislative power, 103, 122–35, 420territories, 133–5, 429






INDEX 503

full faith and credit, 114, 428–9fundamental rights, protection of, 108–13

Game, Sir Philip, 285, 287–8, 292, 293Gipps, Governor, 41, 57goods and services tax, 9Governor

accountability, 41acting on advice, 82, 260, 261, 276, 277,

278, 283, 292–3appointment of, 260, 269, 270, 271–2assent, 80, 85, 279constitutional rights, 262, 277, 293, 294,

322discretion of, 283, 293dismissal of, 273, 274dismissal of Premiers, 287office of the Governor, 270–1powers of, 42, 46, 274–81, 282powers vested in State Governors by the

Commonwealth Constitution, 282reserve powers, 82, 282–94role of, 85, 259–60, 268–94, 297Royal Instructions to, 276sovereign immunity, 308tenure, 273–4

Governor-General, 60, 80, 266and the ACT, 442, 443, 444constitutional crisis, 274disallowance of legislation, 80Northern Territory, 451, 452reserve powers, 276, 282–94, 443

Governor-in-Council, 261, 275, 281–2,294–8

Grey, Earl, 41, 59

Hannah, Sir Colin, 270, 272Hasluck, P., 67, 272, 278, 291, 296

Governors-General, 266, 277, 283, 293,297–8

Heard and McDonald Islands, 380, 397, 406,460, 484–5

High Court, 4, 6right of appeal to, 13, 341, 368, 382, 383,

387, 391, 392, 488high seas, 234, 237–8Hindmarsh, Governor, 52Hobson, Captain William, 57, 58Hollingworth, Dr Peter, 273, 274, 497honours, imperial, 308horizontal fiscal equalisation, 10House of Representatives Committee on

Legal and Constitutional Affairs onAustralian Law in Antarctica, 483, 485

Human Rights and Equal OpportunityCommission, 353, 470

Illinois electoral system, 464, 470Imperial Conferences, 260imperial law, repugnancy to, 143–4imperial power and restrictions, 66–74implied freedom of political communication,

see freedom of politicalcommunication incompatibility,doctrine of, 354, 358, 362, 365–6

inconsistency, 143–4, 147, 430India, 325

of State laws, 247–51Indian Ocean territories, 476–7Indigenous people, 31–2, 252, 423institutional integrity, 357–76

judicial, 342, 350, 354, 356, 359, 392Inter-State Commission, 13interference in the judicial process,

369–76intergovernmental agreements, 9, 21–5, 28International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights, 470

Jenks, Edward, 36, 44, 259, 300Jennings, Sir Ivor, 152, 184Jervis Bay Territory, 394, 395, 433, 437,

447–8Joint Committee on Constitutional Review, 5Joint Petroleum Development Area, Timor

Sea, 242Joint Standing Committee on National

Capital and External Territories, 464,466, 468, 469, 470, 472, 473, 474, 476

judges, 358, 364–8security of tenure, 356, 360, 363, 368–9

judicial independence, 340, 352, 353–4, 355,362, 364, 367, 376

judicial intervention in legislative process, 96interference in judicial process, 369–76interference in judicial tenure, 368–9

judicial power, 345, 349, 352–5, 360Commonwealth Constitution, Chapter III,

308, 356–76, 380–91; restrictions onState power, 357, 376

Commonwealth Parliament, 354–5Commonwealth position, 351–5Commonwealth power and s 71 courts,

352–4entrenched protection, 343–4Executive, 354–5institutional integrity, 357–75Kable principle, 360–4






504 INDEX

judicial power (cont.)persona designata appointments, 364–8public confidence, 358separation of powers, 344–9State protection, 341–2, 343–9Supreme Courts, 356

judicial power and the territories, 310–11,376–80

ch III, 380disjointed view, 383–7integration view, 387–91summary, 391–2

judicial review, 87–9, 94–6, 99, 100, 152,172

Kable principle, 350, 351, 357, 358, 359,360–4, 368, 374

Keith, Arthur Berriedale, 191, 193–292responsible government,106, 107, 218, 259

Kerr, Sir John, 273, 285, 290, 327

La Trobe, Charles, 53Lang, Permier Jack, 269, 285, 287–8, 292Laverack, Lt-Gen Sir John, 269law of the forum (lex fori), 244, 245, 250laws, process of enacting, 78–85League of Nations, 397, 398, 460, 486, 487Legislative Councils, 32, 39–40, 41, 89legislative power, 83, 103–13, 135, 164,

175–9, 313colonial parliaments, 47, 49, 216extraterritorial, 67, 224, 252fundamental rights, 108–13grant of, 217, 218plenary power, 106–7, 149, 340, 402restrictions on, 159, 175, 216–19scope of, 314, 316States, 63, 65, 104–13, 334

legislative process, 82–5, 94judicial intervention, 96–8judicial review, 94–6

legislature, 76–102, 182, 209bicameral, 77, 119capacity to entrench legislation, 179, 182‘constitution’ of, 167, 168, 180parliamentary terms, 101prorogation and dissolution, 101–2reconstituted, 179, 183–7, 207, 208

lex fori, 244, 245, 250lex loci delicti, 244, 245, 246Liberal Party, policy on federalism, 12Lieutenant-Governor, 271local government recognition of, 33–4Lord Birkenhead LC, 158

Macquarie, Governor, 57Madison, James, 2Magna Carta, 140, 141manner and form, 116, 149–81, 189, 209

adoption and management of provisions,200

characterisation test, 164, 165, 166, 179,196, 202, 204

Commonwealth, 207–8and deprivation of power, 178entrenchment of provisions, single and

double, 191–2, 195–204and exercise of power, 178grounds, 154, 158, 179–91judicial review, 172parliamentary sovereignty, 152–3prerequisites for, 161–78relation to the legislative process, 172–9requirements, 170–2, 178, 183, 194, 202,

205severance, 195States, 159–91, 195–204Territories

ACT, 204Norfolk, 207NT, 206

Melbourne, A.C.V., 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 45responsible government, 45State Constitutions, 43, 57

Melbourne Corporation principle, 8, 250, 309,337

members of parliament, qualifications of, 168Ministerial Councils, 22, 24ministerial responsibility, 258, 299, 464ministers, 261, 283, 299, 300, 301Mitchell, Sir James, 269monarchical system, entrenchment of, 332–4money Bills, power over, 77

Napier, Governor, 50National Capital Authority, 441National Capital Development Commission,

439National Competition Policy, 22National Crime Authority, 19National Electricity laws, 18National Land Ordinance 1989, 441National Rail Freight Scheme, 22National Road Transport Scheme, 22National Water Initiative, 11Native title, 139Nauru, 397, 435, 460, 485, 487–8New Guinea, 397, 398, 407, 409, 435, 460,

485






INDEX 505

New South Wales, 36, 37, 211British intervention, 269Constitution, 43–4, 86, 88, 179deadlock avoidance procedures, 90, 91,

92, 93, 95entrenchment, 195–6, 333, 343–4Executive Council, 39fixed term of Parliament, 279–80constitutional history, 37–48Governor’s discretion, 279–80Independent Commission Against

Corruption, 473inheritance of English law, 40, 137Law Reform Commission, 267, 308Legislative Assembly, 44Legislative Council, 38, 39–40, 41–2, 44,

92Privy Council Appeals Abolition Bill 1979

(NSW), 67responsible government, 42–8Scrutiny Committee, 21statutory protection, 426Supreme Court, 38, 39

New Tax System of 1999, 7New Zealand, 46, 57–9, 109, 185

Constitution, 57–9dominion status, 58, 260, 263House of Representatives, 58Legislative Council, 58legislative power, 58

Norfolk Island, 394, 397, 405, 406, 461–76accountability, 472, 473, 475Administrator, 460, 465, 466, 467, 474assent or disallowance of laws, 465Chief Minister, 460, 474citizen-initiated referenda, 470code of conduct for members of the

Legislative Assembly, 473constitutional evolution, 461constitutional history, 461–3decision-making processes, 464, 473, 475descendants of Bounty mutineers, 462,

463, 475dismissal of ministers, 467, 468dissolution of the Legislative Assembly,

466, 468, 474electoral system, 464, 470entrenchment, 151, 207Executive, 257, 325, 462, 466–8Executive Council, 380, 460, 463, 467executive power, 468extraterritoriality, 210, 253franchise, 470, 474future of, 472–5

Governor, 462immigration and customs control, 464independence from the Commonwealth,

471judicial protection, 379–80judiciary, 379, 468legal regime, 469, 475Legislative Assembly, 460, 464–6, 474legislative power, 113, 464ministerial responsibility, 464, 467Norfolk Island Council, 463parliamentary privilege, 99prorogation, 101referenda, 208, 470–1relationship with the Commonwealth, 472,

475representation in Commonwealth

Parliament, 433, 461, 469, 475representative government, 464, 472reserve powers, 467, 468responsible government, 464restrictions on legislative power, 464royal assent, 465self-government, 79, 460, 462, 464–8,

475structure and powers, 464–8taxation regime, 471–2‘thirty-nine laws’, 462, 463voting rights, 469Westminster conventions, 466

Norfolk Island Amendment Bill 2003, 419Northcott, Lt-Gen Sir John, 269Northern Territory, 52, 395, 405, 408,

448–59Administrator, 80, 325, 449, 451–2, 453,

455assent of the Administrator, 79Cabinet, 452Commonwealth control, 451, 454, 455–6Constitution, 30, 86, 449, 456–7, 458constitutional guarantees, 456–7constitutional history, 448–50disallowance of legislation, 455entrenchment, 151, 206–7, 208euthanasia, 432–3, 441, 455evolution into statehoodExecutive, 257, 450, 452–5Executive Council, 452executive power, 454extraterritoriality, 210, 253federal jurisdiction, 391finance, 457future of, 458–9Governor-General, 451, 452






506 INDEX

Northern Territory (cont.)judicial protection, 378judiciary, 455Legislative Assembly, 449, 450–2Legislative Council, 449legislative power, 113parliamentary privilege, 99prorogation, 101representation in Commonwealth

Parliament, 433, 434, 457reserve powers, 452responsible government, 453royal assent, 450royal prerogative powers, 309–10Select Committee on Constitutional

Development, 435self-government, 79, 403, 417, 418, 449,

450–5statehood, 28, 394, 435, 458structure and powers, 450–5Supreme Court, 378, 451, 455voting rights, 434, 457Westminster conventions, 452, 453

O’Connell, D. P.extraterritoriality, 216, 219, 254Imperial constitutional law, 180, 195,

462republic, 335, 338special majority requirement, 150,

180Offshore Settlement, 214offshore waters, 248

coastal waters, 234, 235–7high seas, 234, 237–8internal waters, 213territorial sea, 234, 235–7

Ombudsman, 116, 473

Pakington, Sir John, 42, 43Papua New Guinea, 485–7

Executive Council, 486House of Assembly, 487legal regime, 486Legislative Council, 486

Papua, Territory of, 397, 408, 409, 435paramount law, 73, 136, 141–3, 150, 181,

376parliament, 77, 116, 119–22, 176, 186

control of finance, 85–7exercise of its power, 176, 177Governor’s powers, 278–81judicial power, 354–5legislative power, 176

power to bind its successors, 152, 153–9powers delegated to the Executive, 115,

306, 317prorogation and dissolution, 101–2reconstruction of, 186, 187terms of, 101unicameral, 77

parliamentary privilege, 81, 87, 95, 96,98–101, 172

exercise of, 100immunities, 98judicial review, 99, 100powers, 98, 99

parliamentary scrutiny committees, 21parliamentary secretary, 301parliamentary sovereignty, 115, 152, 153,

158–9, 183, 185parliamentary terms, 101parliamentary triangle, 438, 446peace, order and good government, 217, 218,

342penal settlement, 137persona designata cases, 361, 362, 363,

364–8Phillip, Captain Arthur, 37, 268, 461political association, freedom of, 122, 123,

134, 135power to engage in contracts and business

enterprises, 306, 312, 315–16Premiers

appointment of, 285, 302dismissal of, 285–90refusal of dissolution, 290–2

Premiers’ Conferences, 21, 23Privy Council, appeal to, 66, 67

Committee for Trade and Plantations, 59Judicial Committee of, 84

procedural fairness, 273, 286, 373property, acquisition of, 420, 425, 426, 431proportional representation, 77, 206

Queen, 66, 78, 265, 266–7acting on advice, 263head of State, 266powers of, 29, 256, 267relationship with Commonwealth ministry,

264relationship with the States, 264, 265reserve powers, 283

Queensland, 55, 240assent of the Governor, 82boundaries, 55Constitution, 55, 86, 200, 316, 332Constitutional Convention, 31






INDEX 507

Queensland (cont.)constitutional history, 55Constitutional Review Commission, 29, 31,

158, 175, 290Electoral and Administrative Review

Commission, 21entrenchment, 196–200, 271franchise, 56Legal, Constitutional and Administrative

Review Committee, 81, 87, 157,199–200, 337

Legislative Assembly, 56Legislative Assembly, Members’ Ethics and

Parliamentary Privileges Committee,301

Legislative Council, 56, 57, 77legislative power, 56manner and form, 187recognition of Indigenous people, 31, 32recognition of local government, 33, 34representative government, 56responsible government, 55–7Scrutiny of Legislation Committee, 21, 200separation from NSW

railways, 13, 60Ranasinghe principle, 186, 187–9, 206, 207reconciliation, 31–2reference power, 13, 14–16, 18–20representative government, 1, 40–2, 59, 121,

259, 268, 321evolution of, 40, 47and manner and form, 149and responsible government, 120

republic, 74,265, Chapter, 9 318–39combination republic and monarchy,

335–6Commonwealth Constitution, 336–8Commonwealth power to impose State

republics, 336–8entrenchment of, 329–30entrenchment of monarchy, 332–4formal head of executive, 321–4

appointment, 324–7powers, 327–9removal, 327title, 324

forms of, 320–3, 330, 335–6key issues, 328legal obstacles to, 330office of the Governor, 270political principles involved, 319Republic Advisory Committee, 294, 318,

331, 332

scope of Commonwealth power, 339State advisory committee on, 318

repugnancy, doctrine of, 116, 118, 136–48,161, 359, 455

abolition of, 67, 73, 118, 334effect of Australia Acts, 145–6inconsistency, 143–4, 430and paramount imperial law, 47, 84,

141–4and State law, 334, 358, 359and territory law, 146–8, 429, 430

reserve powers, 256, 276, 284, 293–4, 322,328–9

responsible government, 42–7, 59, 257–61,268, 305

conventions of, 258executive branch and, 256and federalism, 258principles of, 20, 91, 115, 259, 317, 321,

351and representative government, 120and the republic, 322reserve powers and, 282

restrictive procedures, see manner and formroyal assent, 32, 61, 79, 83, 91

instructions for, 82removal of, 83State Constitutions, 43, 44, 50territories, 32, 80, 83, 450, 465

Royal Commission into Matters Relating toNorfolk Island (Nimmo Report), 461,463, 469, 471

Royal Commission on the Constitution, 5Royal Instructions to Governors, 276royal prerogative powers, 306–15

classification of, 308division between the Commonwealth, the

States and the territories, 313–15domestic prerogatives, 308–9executive power and, 259, 306extraterritoriality, 252, 253judicial review, 310–11responsible government and, 259self-governing territories, 309–10source of, 307–8statutory abrogation, 311–13

royal style and title, 263, 265

Seas and Submerged Lands Act, 213–14seat of government, 314, 394, 399–402,

437–40, 447secession, 26–8self-government, right to, 421Senate, 2, 4, 13, 24, 29, 426, 433, 434






508 INDEX

separation movements, 6separation of powers, 108, 114–16, 344–9

Commonwealth doctrine of, 342, 343,351–5, 360, 366, 378

entrenchment of, 348State Constitutions, 342, 357, 361territories, 377, 392

South Australia, 29, 33, 52, 87, 167Boothby affair, 151, 166–8, 180boundaries, 51, 211Constitution, 31, 44, 51–3, 88, 93, 179,

333constitutional history, 51deadlock avoidance procedures, 90, 91,

92, 93, 96, 200dissolution of the House of Assembly, 53,

101, 280entrenchment, 200–1inheritance of English law, 138Legislative Council, 42, 52, 53, 200responsible government, 51–3

Sovereign, 262, 318constitutional and ceremonial roles, 320divisibility of, 262, 263, 265, 335

sovereignty of the people, 32, 65–6, 83, 158,209

State Constitutions, 63, 65, 187Bill of Rights, 30enactment of legislation, 79entrenchment, 30, 195–204executive branch, 255, 257Governors and, 268legislative power, 104‘patriation’ of, 264political communication, implied freedom

of, 131–3power of Commonwealth amendment,

336–8protection of democratic government, 118references to the Queen, 320reform of, 29, 34, 303responsible government, 261royal assent, 43, 44, 50separation of powers, 342status as local Acts, 105–6

State courts, federal jurisdiction in, 13State Governors, 13, 321, 330

constitutional and ceremonial roles, 321,323

political neutrality, 323, 325powers and functions of, 327–9reserve powers, 322

statehood, 59–65, 434–5, 447

States, 1, 2–7, 8–28, 67, 210, 238Commonwealth Constitution s 106, 63, 65,

356–76constitutional evolution, 35–75, 263creation of new, 13extraterritoriality, 216financial assistance to, 8, 10freedom of trade and commerce, 253future of, 1, 74–5goods and services tax, 9incapacity to change law of another

jurisdiction, 222judicial power, 356–76judicial protection, 343–9judicial systems, 341–2, 356legislative power, 8, 78, 104–13, 214, 218,

221, 334legislatures, 76manner and form provisions, 157, 336offshore waters, 225plenary power, 149, 340referrals to the Commonwealth, 16–17republic, 318, 320–30, 336–8restrictions on legislative power, 103,

116–17, 356–76separate Sovereign, 264sovereign rights of, 213template Acts, 18

Strickland–Holman crisis, 269Strickland, Sir Gerald, 260, 292Supreme Courts, 341, 356surrender of State or territory, 13, 52,

393–35

Tasmania, 48, 137, 291Constitution, 44, 88, 91, 334constitutional history, 48entrenchment, 201Executive Council, 48Legislative Council, 42, 48responsible government, 48–9

taxation, 8, 85, 86, 279, 426–7territorial sea, 234, 235–7territories, 1–2, 28–9, 146, 398–9, 402–4

Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth), 406Assemblies, 420capacity to contract and to engage in

business, 310, 432Commonwealth acquisition birth of,

395–8Commonwealth Constitution, Chapter III,

380–92, 402–4, 416Commonwealth surrender of, 435






INDEX 509

compulsory acquisition of property, 431Constitutions, 29–34, 105, 380–91,

436constitutional conventions, 419constitutional status of, 2, 404–6, 407courts, 390–1, 392customs and excise, 427disjoinder of s122, 383–91, 408–15, 420,

421euthanasia, 432–3evolution to statehood, 434–5executive, 257, Chapters 11 and 12external, 380, 405, 406, 459–61formation of, 395–6, 397–8, 460former territories, 485–8freedom of trade, commerce and

intercourse, 432implied freedom of political

communication, 429inconsistency with Commonwealth law,

429Indian Ocean territories, 476–7internal, 406Islands in The Sun Report, 448, 462, 469,

472, 473, 480, 483, 484judicial protection, 376–92legislative power, 113–14, 146, 253, 254,

419–20paramount law, 136part of the federation, 405, 411reasons for acquisition, 393–4representation in Commonwealth

Parliament, 433–4representative government, 134and the republic, 320residents’ rights, 2, 28, 29, 111, 412restrictions on, 133, 253–4, 257, 427–33statehood, 434seat of government, 399–402self-governing territories, 146–8, 418–20,

431legislative war, 4–19restrictions on, 427–33

self-government, 28, 136, 394, 418–19, 436scope of s122 power 402–4status of, 404–6uninhabited, 481–5

territories power, 18, 28, 310, 393–435characterisation, 416–17disjoinder, 408–15entrenchment of legislation, 208executive branch, 257paramount law, 146

restrictions on, 133, 257, 407–17, 420–7acquisitions power, 425freedom of religion, 421–2implied freedom of political

communication, 422–5taxation, 426

Territory of the Coral Sea Islands, 380Townsley, W. A., 48Treaties Council, 22, 23–4

Uniform Tax Scheme of 1942, 7, 9Uniform Taxation cases, First and Second,

66uninhabited territories, 481United Kingdom and Australia, constitutional

links, 66–73United Nations, 126, 460, 479, 486, 487United States

Constitution, 345, 381, 399, 401presidential model, 320

Van Diemen’s Land: see Tasmaniavertical fiscal imbalance, 3, 8, 9–10Victoria, 42, 53, 54, 138

boundaries, 54, 211Constitution, 43, 47, 53–5, 93, 96, 333,

344Constitution Commission, 202constitutional history, 53deadlock avoidance procedures, 90, 91, 93entrenchment, 201–3Federal–State Relations Committee, 21inheritance of English law, 138Legislative Assembly, 54, 280–1, 291Legislative Council, 54recognition of local government, 33, 34referendum requirement, 201responsible government, 53–5Scrutiny Committee, 21Supreme Court, 202

Wade, H.W.R., Sir William, 152, 184, 292Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, 51Wentworth, William Charles, 39, 41, 45Western Australia, 36, 50, 138

Commission on Government, 82Constitution, 30, 49–51, 65, 88, 121, 332constitutional history, 49electoral system, 120entrenchment, 203–4, 271Executive Council, 49, 50external territories and, 478, 480Legislative Assembly, 42, 51






510 INDEX

Western Australia (cont.)Legislative Council, 49, 50, 51office of the Governor, 204prorogation, 102representative government, 50responsible government, 49–51Royal Commission Report on Parliamentary

Deadlocks, 90

secession, 26Uniform Legislation and General Purposes

Committee, Western Australia, 21Westminster conventions, 257, 299, 300,

328, 339Wheare, K. C., 6, 263

Young, Governor, 60






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