section 10.2 (pg. 279-285): the process of cell division
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- Section 10.2 (Pg. 279-285): The Process of Cell Division
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- Chromosomes -Are genetic information bundled into packages of DNA -Make it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell division -Are packaged differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes -Prokaryotes: small, circular chromosome -Eukaryotes: multiple chromosomes Prokaryote Eukaryote
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- Eukaryotic Chromosomes -Are made of chromatin -DNA coils around proteins called histones -DNA coiled around histones forms a unit called a nucleosome -Chromosome shape is supercoiled chromatin
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- Prokaryotic Cell Cycle -Prokaryotic cell division is called binary fission 1)Cell grows and chromosome duplicates 2) Cell membrane pinches in 3) Cell divides into two daughter cells Prokaryotic Cell
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- The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle -Is when a cell grows, prepares for cell division, then divides -Is separated into two major parts: 1)Interphase 2)Cell division -Interphase and cell division have their own phases
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- Interphase -Is the portion of a cells life in between cell division -G 1 phase: Cell Growth Cell grows and performs normal functions -S phase: DNA Synthesis DNA is copied for cell division -G 2 phase: Preparation for Cell Division Organelles and molecules are copied for cell division
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- Cell Division -Is also called M phase -Contains the phases of cell division -Mitosis Is the division of the nucleus Has 4 separate phases -Cytokinesis Is the division of the cytoplasm
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- DNA During Cell Division -Forms replicated chromosomes Each half of the chromosome is called a sister chromatid They are held together by a centromere -Is separated into daughter chromatids during cell division
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- Before Cell Division -Cells are in interphase Nucleus is intact DNA has NOT yet formed chromosomes Centrioles are lumped together near the nucleus
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- Phases of Mitosis 1) Prophase Replicated chromosomes condense Nuclear envelope disappears Nucleolus disappears Centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell Mitotic spindle forms from centrioles
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- Phases of Mitosis 2) Metaphase Chromosomes attach to the spindles and line up along the center (midline) of the cell
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- Phases of Mitosis 3) Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and move along the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell
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- Phases of Mitosis 4) Telophase Nuclear envelope re-forms around chromatids Nucleolus re-forms Chromatids uncoil into chromatin Spindle breaks apart Centrioles move near the re-forming nuclei
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- Cytokinesis -Completes cell division by splitting the cell membrane and cytoplasm in two -Different in animal and plant cells In animal cells the cell membrane pinches the cell in two In plant cells a cellulose cell plate forms in between the nuclei to make a cell wall
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