section 1: reproductive systems
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Chapter 36 Human Reproduction. and Development. Section 1: Reproductive Systems. Section 2: Human Development Before Birth. Section 3: Birth, Growth, and Aging. Human Reproduction and Development. Chapter 36. 36.1 Reproductive Systems. Human Male Reproductive System. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Section 1: Reproductive Systems
Section 2: Human Development Before Birth
Section 3: Birth, Growth, and Aging
Chapter 36 Human Reproduction and Development
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36.1 Reproductive Systems
Human Male Reproductive System
Human Reproduction and DevelopmentChapter 36
Reproductive glands are called the testes and are located outside the body cavity in a pouch called the scrotum.
A temperature lower than 37°C is required for the development of sperm.
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Sperm Cells
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Develop in the testes in the seminiferous tubules.
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Travel to the epididymis and are stored
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Travel through the vas deferens.
The two vas deferens join together and enter the urethra.
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Male Hormones
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Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is necessary for the production of sperm.
Three hormones influence testosterone production. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Human Female Reproductive System
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Egg cells are produced in the ovaries. Inside each ovary are oocytes, which are
immature eggs. The egg travels through an oviduct, a tube
that connects to the uterus. The cervix at the lower end of the uterus has a
narrow opening into the vagina, which leads to the outside of the female’s body.
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Estrogen and progesterone are steroid hormones made by cells in the ovaries.
The anterior pituitary gland also produces LH and FSH.
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The Menstrual Cycle
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The length of the menstrual cycle can vary from 23 to 35 days.
The cycle can be divided into three phases: the flow phase, the follicular phase, and the luteal phase.
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Ovulation
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36.2 Human Development Before BirthHuman Reproduction and Development
Fertilization Process of a sperm
joining with an egg Sperm and eggs
each are haploid, and each normally has 23 chromosomes.
Fertilization restores the diploid number of 46 chromosomes.
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Eventually the plasma membrane becomes weak enough that one sperm can penetrate the egg.
Immediately following this penetration, the egg forms a barrier to prevent other sperm from entering the now-fertilized egg.
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The tip of each sperm cell is a specialized lysosome called an acrosome that weakens the plasma membrane surrounding the egg.
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Early Development
The fertilized egg is called a zygote.
By the third day, the embryo, called a morula, leaves the oviduct and enters the uterus.
Around 30 hours after fertilization, the zygote undergoes its first mitosis and cell division
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By the fifth day, the morula has developed into a blastocyst.
The blastocyst attaches to the endometrium around the sixth day and is fully implanted by Day 10.
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Extraembryonic Membranes
Four extraembryonic membranes form.
These membranes are the amnion, the chorion, the yolk sac, and the allantois.
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The Placenta Provides food and oxygen and removes
wastes The placenta has two surfaces
A fetal side that forms from the chorion and faces the fetus
A maternal side that forms from uterine tissue
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A. As an embryo develops, the chorionic villi begin to grow into the uterine wall.
B. Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes diffuse across maternal and fetal blood vessels, and are carried to and from the fetus through the umbilical cord.
C. The placenta contains tissue from both mother and fetus.
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Visualizing the Placenta
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Three Trimesters of Development Human development takes around 266 days
from fertilization to birth. The time span is divided into three trimesters.
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The First Trimester
All tissues, organs, and organ systems begin to develop.
At the end of eight weeks, the embryo is called a fetus.
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The Second Trimester Period of growth The fetal heartbeat might be heard.
The Third Trimester The fetus continues to grow at a rapid rate. Fat accumulates under the skin to provide
insulation for the fetus once it is born.
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Diagnosis in the Fetus Ultrasound
Procedure in which sound waves are bounced off the fetus
Determines if the fetus is growing properly Determines the position of the fetus in
the uterus Determines the gender of the fetus
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Amniocentesis Amniocentesis is
performed in the second trimester.
Fluid from the amniotic sac is removed and analyzed.
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Chorionic Villus Sampling Chorionic villus sampling
is performed during the first trimester.
Cells from the chorion are removed and analyzed by karyotyping.
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36.3 Birth, Growth, and Aging
Birth Birth occurs in three stages: dilation,
expulsion, and the placental stage. The beginning of the birthing process is
called labor.
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Dilation Another sign the
baby is going to be born is the dilation of the cervix.
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Expulsion Stage
The mother consciously will contract her abdominal muscles to help push the baby, usually head first, through the vagina in the expulsion stage.
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Placental Stage The placenta
detaches from the uterus and leaves the mother’s body along with extraembryonic membranes in the placental stage.
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Infancy The first two years of life
Childhood and Adolescence Childhood is the period of growth and
development that extends from infancy to adolescence.
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Begins between ages 8 to 13 in girls and ages 10 to 15 in boys.
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Puberty marks the beginning of adolescence.
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Adulthood At the end of adolescence, physical growth is
complete, marking the beginning of adulthood. Physical changes perhaps are the most
noticeable signs of aging. Other changes include a decrease in muscle
mass, a slowing of overall metabolism, and a decreased pumping ability of the heart.
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Chapter Diagnostic Questions
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Describe the function of the yolk sac.
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A. cushions the embryoB. nourishes the embryoC. forms the placentaD. forms red blood cells
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What structure is indicated in the image?
A. allantoisB. amnionC. chorionD. embryo
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The two meiotic divisions of egg production yield how many eggs?
A. oneB. twoC. fourD. six
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B. a temperature lower than 37° C
What condition is necessary in order for the seminiferous tubules in the testes to produce sperm cells?
A. a slightly acidic environment
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C. nutritive fluids from the seminal vesiclesD. the release of gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
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Which hormone influences the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty?
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A. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)B. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)C. luteinizing hormone (LH)D. testosterone
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Which two hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland regulate the levels of testosterone in males and estrogen in females? (Two answers.)
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A. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)B. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)C. luteinizing hormone (LH)D. progesterone-activating hormone (PAH)
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D. Blood supply to the endometriumdecreases.
What prevents the menstrual cycle from continuing once an egg has been fertilized?
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A. Progesterone levels remain high.B. Estrogen levels decrease.C. The corpus luteum degenerates.
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True or False
In order for sperm cells to enter a females reproductive system during intercourse, there must be a strong ejaculation of semen.
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D. They weaken the egg’s plasmamembrane.
Why are several hundred sperm cells needed for the fertilization of an egg?
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A. They carry hormones to the egg.B. They contribute DNA to the egg.C. They help each other swim to the egg.
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What is the hollow ball of cells that attaches to the wall of the uterus around the sixth day after fertilization?
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A. the amnioteB. the blastocystC. the morulaD. the zygote
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What is the thin tissue layer that forms a fluid-filled sac around the developing embryo?
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A. amnionB. allantoisC. chorionD. yolk sac
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During which trimester has all of the fetus’ tissues, organs, and organ systems begunto form?
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A. first trimesterB. second trimesterC. third trimester
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C. muscle contractions in the wall of theuterus
What begins the process of labor?
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A. dilation of the cervix
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B. detachment of the placenta from theuterus
D. the release of amniotic fluid out of thevagina
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Which hormone stimulates growth by increasing the rates of protein synthesisand breakdown of fats?
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A. adrenocortisin hormoneB. human growth hormoneC. parathyroid hormoneD. thyrotropin-releasing hormone
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Which hormone promotes growth by increasing metabolic rate?
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A. calcitroninB. prolactinC. testosteroneD. thyroxine
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True or False
Testosterone and progesterone are the female hormones produced in the ovaries.
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What term is used to describe a fertilized egg?
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A. blastocystB. oocyteC. polar bodyD. zygote
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Which is the correct order of development of the fertilized egg?
A. blastocyst, morula, zygoteB. zygote, morula, blastocystC. oocyte, zygote, blastocystD. morula, zygote, blastocyst
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Which hormone causes ovulation to occur at the end of the follicular phase?
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A. FSHB. LHC. estrogenD. progesterone
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What triggers a new menstrual cycle and the beginning of menstrual flow?
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A. a decline in progesteroneB. a decrease in LH productionC. formation of the corpus luteumD. thickening of the endometrium
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Where does fertilization occur?
A. in the ovaryB. in the oviductC. in the uterusD. in the cervix
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True or False
There is about a three-day span time within the female menstrual cycle in which fertilization can occur.
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What substances cannot pass through the placenta between the mother and fetus?
A. alcohol and drugsB. blood cells and plasmaC. HIV and other virusesD. metabolic waste products
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Why is a baby at great risk if it is born during the second trimester?
A. It cannot get nutrients from proteins.B. Its brain has not yet developed.C. It has not accumulated enough fat.D. Its immune system is not fully functional.
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Image BankChapter 36
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seminiferous tubuleepididymisvas deferensurethrasemenpubertyoocyte
oviductmenstrual cyclepolar body
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Vocabulary
Section 1
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morulablastocystamniotic fluid
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labordilationexpulsion stageplacental stageadolescenceinfancyadulthood
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Ovulation
Visualizing the Placenta
Animation
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