Crete is considered the cradle of early civilization

(however, Crete got much of its culture from Egypt

and Mesopotamia

SECTION 1: EARLY

PEOPLE OF THE AEGEAN

Minoans Trade and Prosper

between 1600-1400 BCE as they traded with Egypt and Mesopotamia

Through trade, with Egypt and Mesopotamia, they acquired ideas about technology

in areas like writing and architecture, which they then used themselves

Minoan Art at Knossos (palace) included religious shrines and frescoes on walls

(reflecting values)

The art reflects the importance of the sea; it also tells us that Minoan women might

have enjoyed more rights than women in other civilizations

By 1400 B.C., the Minoan Civilization had vanished. Archeologists

are not sure why, but it may have been due to a natural disaster.

However, invaders certainly played a role.

Trade and War in Mycenae

started with the domination of the mainland before overrunning Crete (1400 – 1200 BCE)

Sea Trade Brings Wealth to the Mycenaens by trading with Sicily, Italy, Egypt, Mesopotamia; Took a lot of skills from the Minoans, including writing

Lived in separate city -states; in each, a warrior king built fortresses from which he ruled the surrounding villages

The Trojan War (1250 BCE) was between Troy (located in present day Turkey) and Mycenae over economic rivalry (straits connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea), but Greek legend tells of a Trojan Prince Paris who kidnaps Helen (Mycenaean queen); Troy was destroyed and burnt to the ground

Trojan War once thought to be a legend, but evidence was found proving that it truly did occur.

Homer and the Legends of Greece

Not long after defeating Troy, the Mycenaeans came under

attack from another group of Greek -speaking peoples: the

Dorians, who invaded from the North.

As Mycenaean power faded, their people abandoned their

cities and trade declined.

Sadly, people forgot many skills, including writing – it is like

the civilization moved back a step for a couple hundred years

Much of what we know of the Trojan War comes from two

great epic poems, the Iliad (about Trojan War) and The

Odyssey (Odysseus's journey home after war), both credited to

Homer.

Main Idea #1: Crete is considered the cradle of early western civilization

Main Idea #2: Minoans were the first to develop

Main Idea #3: Mycenae developed next (known for the Trojan War)

Main Idea #4: Homer wrote the Iliad and Odysseyrepresenting Greek morals and values

CHAPTER 4: ANCIENT GREECE

SECTION 1: EARLY PEOPLE OF THE AEGEAN

City -states were unique to the Greeks (polis), but

the Greeks used many aspects of the Egyptians

and the civilizations of Mesopotamia.

SECTION 2: THE RISE OF

GREEK CITY-STATES

Geography Shapes Greece and helped to make Greece unique compared to

earlier civil izations (r iver valleys)

The Greeks who farmed the valleys or settled on the scattered islands did

not create large empires like the Egyptians or Persians.

Instead, they created city -states cut off from one another by mountains or

water.

Life by the Sea was centered around trade (traded olive oil, marble, wine)

came back with grains, metals, and ideas (such as the Phoenician alphabet,

which was adapted into the Greek alphabet)

Governing the City -State was unique with the development of the polis-a

city and its surrounding countryside

Each city -state was built on 2 levels (1) Acropolis on top of hil l dedicated

to Greek gods and goddesses and (2) on flatter land below a walled main

city; Populations were fairly small, which gave residences responsibility

Types of Government Evolves: monarchy (one king, hereditary) , to an

aristocracy (hereditary landholding elite), to an oligarchy (small wealthy

elite), to a democracy

Sparta: A Warrior Society began as Dorians invaded, settled,

enslaved the conquered the Southern part of Peloponnesus

had 2 kings and a council of elders and an assembly of citizens

(male born Spartans) and 5 ephors (officials who ran day to day

affairs)

Daily life ruled by discipline started at birth: boys began

military training at 7, at age 20 a man could marry, at age

30 he took his place in the assembly (always being taught

strict and harsh discipline)

Women of Sparta were expected to produce strong baby

boys (warriors), had to obey their fathers or husbands, and

had rights (property, ran the household)

Athens evolves into a Democracy as they chose the officials, citizens judged

court cases, and citizens created an assembly

A Limited Democracy as only citizens could participate in

government. Citizenship was restricted to landowning men, and

slaves have no rights

Women in Athens played the most significant role in religious

ceremonies, managed the household, and were rarely seen outside

the home

Educating the youth (boys only) occurred in reading, writing, music,

poetry, public speaking, military training, and athletics was done for

only those who could afford it

Forces for Unity: language, honored the same ancient heroes, common festivals and prayed to the same gods

Mythology and Religion centered around polytheism as gods lived on Mount Olympus in northern Greece (Zeus, Ares the god of war, Aphrodite the goddess of love, Athena the goddess of wisdom)

Greeks consulted oracles who were priests (they could speak to the gods)

Honored the gods through processions, sacrifices, plays, singing, athletic competitions

Viewed foreigners as barbarians– Greeks felt unique and superior in comparison

FLASH DRAFT!!!!!

DEBATE!!!!!

Which was more successful…Athens or

Sparta?

Main Idea #1: Greek city-states developed using different

types of governments

Main Idea #2: Sparta was militaristic , and stressed

Sparta over the individual

Main Idea #3: Athens practiced democracy , and stressed

individual rights

Main Idea #4: Forces for Unity : language, same heroes,

common festivals and the same gods

CHAPTER 4: ANCIENT GREECE

SECTION 2: THE RISE OF GREEK CITY-STATES

Greek city -states were often at odds with each

other, but threats from Persians helped to pull

all the Greek city -states together for protection

SECTION 3: CONFLICT IN

THE GREEK WORLD

The Persian Wars

started as the Persians took over Ionia (Greek city -state), and the

Ionian Greeks eventually rebelled

Athens sent ships to help them, which would trigger later conflict

Darius I was furious at the role Athens played in helping Ionians,

so they planned to punish Athens by landing their army at

Marathon, a plain north of Athens.

Athenians Win at Marathon even though Greeks were greatly

outnumbered

Greek City -States Unite as Xerxes (son of Darius I) attacked and a

small Spartan force guarded the pass at Thermopylae (led by

Leonidas), but the Spartans eventually fell

The Greeks used a fleet to sink the Persian ships, and the Greeks

eventually defeated the Persians (marked the end of Persian

invasions)

The Delian League

Victory in the Persian Wars brought the Greek

city-states together, and they formed an

alliance to cooperate and come to one

another’s defense.

Modern Scholars call this the Delian League,

as it met in Delos

From the start, Athens dominated

The Age of Pericles (statesmen) and Direct Democracy

the golden age for Athens (460 BCE – 429 BCE)

Athenian Democracy became direct, and had citizens perform day -

to-day operations of government

Council of 500, met several times a year, paid government

officials, and used a jury

Athenian citizens could also ostracize (banish) public figures who

they deemed unfit

The Peloponnesian War (27 yrs): Delian League against the

Peloponnesian League (Sparta and other Greeks)

Sparta and other city -states resented Athens, and formed the

Peloponnesian League

Sparta defeats Athens, as Athens could not use its navy

Sparta allies with Persia, and a plague killed many Athenians

Main Idea #1: Persian Wars were between the Persians

and multiple Greek City -States (Greeks eventually win)

Main Idea #2: Age of Pericles was the golden age for

Athens

Main Idea #3: Peloponnesian War (27 years) was between

the…

Delian League & Athens

-versus-

Peloponnesian League & Sparta (WINNER)

CHAPTER 4: ANCIENT GREECE

SECTION 3: CONFLICT IN THE GREEK WORLD

SECTION 4: THE GLORY

THAT WAS GREECE EVEN IN THE MIDST OF WAR, GREEK

ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE ARTS

REPRESENTED THE HEIGHT OF HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT IN THE WESTERN WORLD

Philosophers: Lovers of Wisdom

worked to understand why things happened using math & logic

Debating Morality and Ethics by sophists challenged accepted

ideas using rhetoric (speaking)

Socrates (sophist) questioned tradition as he developed

“Socratic method” (series of questions to seek truth)

at age 70 he was accused of corrupting the city’s youth and

disrespecting gods, found guilty and put to death

Plato, famous student of Socrates, Envisions a Perfect Society,

rejected democracy, wrote The Republic (state should run all

aspects of the citizens’ lives) and created 3 classes: (workers,

soldiers, philosophers)

Aristotle, famous student of Plato, pursues the Golden Mean

(“moderate course”)

Ancient Greek

PhilosophersKnown for in History If he had a job today, what

would it be?

make up a quote that he might

say….

OR Film title about his life

Would Society today

embrace / support his

ideas?

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

Socrates Plato Aristotle

“student”

“grad assistant”

“college professor”

Which title belongs to

which Greek philosopher?

Idealism in Architecture and Ar t

reflected a concern with balance, order, and beauty

Monumental Architecture focused on harmony and order(Parthenon –

rectangle and columns)

Statues looked more realistic, but very idealistic (bodies looked perfect)

Greek Literature centered around comedy, drama, and history

Greek literature began with the epic poems of Homer

The most significant addition was in the area of drama, comedy, and history

focusing on religious festivals, Greek tragedies, Greek customs, and the

retelling of Greek wars

Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides all wrote Greek tragedies

The goal of Greek tragedies was to stir up emotions of fear and pity

The

Parthenon

inspires

buildings in

the USA

centuries

later

Main Idea #1: Greek Philosophers searched for why things happened using math and logic

Main Idea #2: Well known Greek Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Main Idea #3: Architecture & Art focused on balance and order

Main Idea #4: Greek Literature (aka: epic poems) focused on drama, comedy, and history

CHAPTER 4: ANCIENT GREECE

SECTION 4: THE GLORY THAT WAS GREECE

SECTION 5:

ALEXANDER AND THE

HELLENISTIC AGE ATHENS FELL TO MACEDONIA, BUT

GREEK CULTURE SPREAD TO INDIA

UNDER ALEXANDER THE GREAT

The Empire of Alexander the Great began with his father Phil l ip I I

Philip II Conquers Greece in 359 BCE through an alliance with Greek city -

states, he was assassinated, Olympia outmaneuvered his other wives to put

her son on the throne

Alexander Takes Persia, Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt

Alexander’s early death due to a fever left the empire to three generals

(divided up the empire into 3 regions: 1. Macedonia & Greece, 2. Egypt, 3.

Persia)

The Legacy of Alexander was the spread of Greek culture

Cultures combine through assimilation from Egypt to India as Greek culture

was instilled- lead to Hellenistic world (Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian

influences)

Alexandria (Egypt): The Cultural Capital was located on the sea lanes

between Asia and Europe, which increased trade (marble, spices, and ivory)

Pharos was an enormous lighthouse soaring 440 feet into the air, and

Alexandria had a zoo, museum, laboratories, and lecture halls

ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE AND ROUTE

Hellenistic Arts and Sciences created temples, palaces,

and public buildings (bigger than Greeks)

New Philosophies: Stoicism (Zeno was the founder) –

avoid desires and disappointments by accepting

calmly whatever life brought, and preached high moral

standards and morally equal

Advances in Math and Astronomy: Pythagoras (right

triangle), Euclid (geometry), Aristarchus (heliocentric),

Archimedes (physics)

Improving Medical Practice as Hippocrates studied the

causes of illnesses

Main Idea #1: Empire of Alexander the Great included the

Middle East, Asia Minor, Southeast Europe, and into India

Main Idea #2: Legacy of Alexander the Great was his

policy of assimilation (spreading Greek culture)

Main Idea #3: Hellenistic Period is the spread of Greek

culture BC 323 – 30 BC (following Alexander the Great’s

death)

CHAPTER 4: ANCIENT GREECE

SECTION 5: ALEXANDER AND THE HELLENISTIC

AGE