Chapter 4

ANCIENT GREECE

EARLY PEOPLE OF THE AEGEAN

Classical Civilization

• Minoans: successful trade civilization in Crete

• Island of Crete= between Egypt & Greece, center for culture and trade along Aegean Sea

• Palace of Knossos= capital Included religious

shrines dedicated to gods• 1400 BC Minoan civilization

vanishes• Possibly wiped out by

invadersInvaded by Mycenaeans

MINOAN TRADERS(1750BC -1400 BC)

• Took over power after Minoans vanish

• Lived in city-states of Greek mainland

• Best known for fighting in Trojan War (1250 BC)

MYCENAEANS (1400BC- 1200 BC)

• Mythological Cause: Trojan prince kidnapped Greek queen Helen of Troy

-Greeks sailed to Troy, rescued kidnapped queen Helen

• Historic Cause: trade route turf war btwn Mycenaeans & Troy

• War lasted 10 years until Troy was burned

TROJAN WAR

• Most of what we know about Greece comes from poet, Homer

• Blind poet lived around 750 BC

• Wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey

Wrote about Greek warriors & heroes & display of honor & courage & eloquence

HOMER & GREECE

1100 BC, Dorians invade GreeceCaptured Mycenaeans

Greece was left an obscure, desolate land

Hundreds of years before Greece recuperated

CONQUERED

MINOANS MYCENAEANS DORIANS

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MINOANS, MYCENAEANS & DORIANS

RISE OF GREEK CITY-STATESSection 2

• Seas & water=link to the outside world

• Skilled traders & sailors• Developed unique

ideas about government

• Polis: city-state “city”

• Built many small city-states, separated by mountains & sea instead of one large empire

• Rivalries often led to war, but had same language & religions

GEOGRAPHY SHAPES GREECE

Polis= major city & surrounding countrysideAcropolis: high city/major cityBuilt on a hill, contained many templesMonarchy: hereditary ruler controls central gov’tAristocracy: ruled by landholding eliteOligarchy: city-state controlled by small wealthy group

GOVERNING GREECE

• New war technology develops increases power of middle class

• Phalanx: massive tactical formation where heavily armed soldiers

• Sparta: stressed military strength & training

• Bred & trained children to fight (boys & girls)

• Men: strict discipline & exercise regimen

• Women: exercised, trained, & had to have sons

NEW WARFARE

-Democracy: governed by the people

-Direct Democracy: every citizen votes on every law

-Representative Democracy: citizens vote for reps who make laws

-Legislature: council of citizens who became the law making body

NEW GOVERNMENT

ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY

What is an acropolis?What was the main focus o Spartan

culture?How were Spartan women & Athenian

women different?

Main Idea:

SUMMARY

Athens Sparta

GREEK CITY-STATESCHART THE DIFFERENCES

CONFLICT IN GREECEChapter4 Section 3

Key Terms

1. Alliance 2. Pericles 3. Ostracism

Focus Question: How did war with invaders and conflict among Greeks

affect city-states?

CONFLICT IN GREECE

Persian Empire= Large enough to include Greek city-states,

gov’t became difficult…led to war

Persian Wars: Greeks Won! …eventually

Athens most powerful city-state

Formed alliance w/ others Delian League

Alliance: formal agreement with other powers to cooperate

GREEKS & PERSIANS

Athens golden age led by Pericles

Good govt, good economy, more

democratic

Direct Democracy: citizens directly

contribute to daily gov’t

men in Assembly & Council were paid

(stipend)

LEADERSHIP

Athenians served on juries

Citizens who make the final judgment in a trial

Also voted to banish any threat to democracy

Ostracism: to banish

ORDER IN THE COURT!

Athens = prospered to cultural centerOther city-states jealous war

Peloponnesian War: Athens vs. SpartaSparta + Persia= defeated Athens

Athens economy was eventually revived

Summary???

REIGN OF PERICLES

CONFLICT IN GREECE

Persian Wars Athenian Democracy

Peloponnesian War

• Details • Details • Details

GLORY OF GREECEChapter 4 Section 4 & 5

Greek thinkers used observation and reason to explain

Philosophers: Lovers of wisdom

Explored areas of math, music, logic (rational)

Some defined proper behavior, some believed success= more important that

moral truthUsed rhetoric skills: art of skillful

speaking

PHILOSOPHERS

Socrates: believed in seeking truth &

knowledgePlato: Student of

Socrates, promoted knowledge

Set up school called Academy

Aristotle: student of Plato, promoted

reason

Set up school called Lyceum

PHILOSOPHERS

Greek artists/architects reflected beauty and

balance in their worksParthenon- most famous

example of Greek architecture

Sculptors carved figures in rigid poses, then more

natural forms with grace & perfection

ART & ARCHITECTURE

Playwrights wrote tragedies & comedies

Tragedy: tell of suffering and end in disaster

Comedy: humorous plays to mock/criticize society

History important area of study for Greeks

Herodotus: “Father of History”

Emphasized research & recording of events

LITERATURE & HISTORY

Philip II: king of Macedonia, built massive

empire & was assassinated before he was able to

conquer Persian EmpireAlexander the Great: took

the throne & began to conquer Persia

Died at 33 & people assimilated to Greek culture

Assimilated: absorbed, merged

LEADERSHIP

Alexandria: city center of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great

Great library, extravagant architecture, grand detail to glorify leaders

Called the Hellenistic age (for rulers)

GREECE + EGYPT

Pythagoras: mathematician,

developed formula for right triangle

Archimedes: applied physics to inventions

Aristarchus developed heliocentric (sun-

centered solar system theory)

Hippocrates: physician studied causes & cures

for illnesses

GREEK GEEKS