Chapter 27

Chapter 27Section 1 Early Difficulties

Leadership in the PacificGeneral Douglas MacArthur:Son of Arthur MacArthurDistinguished GeneralServed in PhilippinesWounded TwiceWWI1937 RetiresPhilippines AdvisorPresident Orders:Roosevelt Recalls to Active DutySummer 1941Command of all U.S. Army Units in Pacific

The Pacific TheatreJapan Attacks:Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941Hitler Declares WarAgainst AmericaDec. 11, 1941December 8, 1941Bomb PhilippinesClark Air Force Base

Following Weeks:BurmaBorneoNetherlands East IndiesWake IslandHong Kong

The PhilippinesSignificance:Planes Provide Air SupportPacific Fleet in Philippines Fleet WithdrawsThreat of Planes Taiwan Air Base

Fighting in the PhilippinesBattle of Bataan:General Douglass MacArthurUnited States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)American & Filipino Held out Against Imperial Army4 MonthsBy MarchEntire Western PacificJapanese ControlExcept PhilippinesMacArthur's Orders:Retreat to Bataan PeninsulaRapid EvacuationSupplies & Food

Bataan Peninsula

Japanese Control

The PhilippinesJapanese Advance in Philippines:No Air or Navy OppositionAdvance toward Manila Japanese Pressure:Keep Pressure onWar of AttritionRoosevelt OrdersMacArthur to AustraliaMacArthur Vows Philippines"I Shall ReturnSurrender:April 9, 194275,000 Soldiers12,000 Americans63,000 Filipinos

Soldiers in the PhilippinesBataan Death March:Soldiers left on Peninsula Surrender April 194270,000 Soldiers Forced to March65 Mile MarchCamp O'DonnellFell Behind...ExecutedMarch Toll:10,000 DiedSun TreatmentMud EatingGeneral Homma Lead Japanesehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQWdETwFACs

Early War Difficulties Java SeaLeading to a Conflict:Japanese Invasion (2) Approaching East End of Java February 27, 1942(ABDA) Intercept FleetAmerican-British-Dutch-AustralianDifference in LanguageLack of Common TrainingNon Modern ShipsInferior Air SupportBattle of Java Sea:Large Japanese Force SentInstantly Overwhelm ABDA4 Older Destroyers (WWI)Return to Port Surabaya RefuelSeveral Ships SunkDoorman's OrdersFlea back to Port

Early Difficulties Sunda StraitBattle of Sunda Strait: (Feb. 28, 1942)Houston & Perth Fleeing Java Sea Find Landing Force at Bantam BayJapanese Invasion:Supported Widely Dispersed Cruisers & DestroyersAllied Response:Attack TransportsJapanese Response:Warships Close inFire a Total...90 Torpedoes

Sunda Strait ResultsAttack Results:Both Ships Sunk2 Japanese Ships Sunk 3 Transports Severely Damaged

Java Sea AftermathResounding Japanese Victory:Ends ABDA ResistanceInvasion Forces Land JavaFleet Losses: (1st Java)ABDA Lost: (14 Total)3 Cruisers3 DestroyersJapanese Lost:2 DestroyersRemaining ABDA Fleet:Remaining Units of Fleet Destroyed Battle of Sunda Strait2nd Battle of Java Sea

Indian Ocean March 31, 1942 May 10, 1942Japanese Forces:Annihilate ABDA at Java Carrier Force (Kido Butai)Admiral Nagumo Head Westward to Indian OceanIndian Ocean Raid:Operation CDestroy British Naval PowerIndian OceanSecure Westward FlankEliminate British AccessOil: Persian GulfRubber: CeylonIslands ControlHarbor & Naval BaseOperations ContinueBurmaCeylon

Indian Ocean AftermathJapanese Fleet: (Kido Butai)"Intimidate" British Fleet Capture Key LocationsBasesPrepare Invasion of CeylonJapanese Invasion:CeylonNever Takes PlaceFirst Carrier Striking ForceRecalled to JapanDoolittle Raid

Response to Pearl HarborDoolittle Raid:16 B-25 Bombers "Mitchell" 5 Man CrewLaunch off Aircraft Carrier (USS Hornet)April 18 Mid-Afternoon Encountered Enemy 400 Miles AwayLaunch 600 Miles Away

Doolittle RaidsRaid Results:Targets were Hit (Minimum Damage)Boosted American Moralehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yXzYxUC93AJapanese:Recall Forces (Home Defense)Medal Return With InterestCivilians ConcernedThe Raid Men:No Planes Reach ChinaMen Escorted by ChineseTwo Crews Captured8 Airmen3 ExecutedJapan Punishes Chinese...250,000 MurderedJapanese High Command EmbarrassedRecall 1st Air FleetSecure 'Pacific Frontier

Battle of Coral Sea(May 7-8 1942)Japan's Aggression:Extending Defensive PerimeterSuccess Indian OceanJapanese Escort:Large Convoy2 Heavy CarriersShokakuZuikaku

American AdvantageSignals Intelligence:Message Intercepted2 Carrier Groups Sent to Coral SeaLexingtonYorktownMay 7, 1942:Early in BattleAmerican Aircraft Sink ShohoAustralian/American Cruisers Block Invasion Japanese Pilots Attack Group

Battle of Coral SeaMay 8, 1942:Japanese PilotsFind American CarriersHeavily Damage YorktownSunk Lexington First Carrier - Carrier BattleNever Saw One Another

Coral Sea ResultsU.S. Results:Strategic VictoryInvasion ThwartedSupply Line Remains OpenFirst Substantial Warship KillShohoLexington SunkYorktown Severely DamagedJapanese Results:Japanese Heavy CarriersSeverely DamagedCouldn't take Part in next OperationJapanese First Major Failure Another Insulthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qj-bAJgwej4Yamamoto:Master Plan FailsDefeat American FleetMidway

Preparing for an InvasionMidway Significance:Last IslandAmerican ControlInvade Pearl HarborEliminate Fleet BaseAdvantage in PacificThe Purpose:Draw Out Pacific Fleet Defeat itJapanese EmbarrassedDoolittle Raid (April)Coral Sea (May)

Yamamotos Master Plan3 Phase Plan:Phase 1:Vice Admiral NagumoCarrier ForceSuppress MidwayLong-Range Strike PowerAmerican WarshipsPhase 2:Admiral YamamotoBattleship GroupHeavy Gun PowerPhase 3:Vice Admiral Kondo Battleship & Cruiser ForcesCapture MidwayAleutian Islands:Simultaneous OperationStrategic Diversion

Battle GroupsAmerica:Quickly Repair Yorktown3 Heavy Carriers Enterprise, Hornet, YorktownJapan:Unable to Repair 2 Heavy CarriersCoral Sea4 Heavy CarriersKido ButaiSuperior Training & Tactics

American FleetAmerican Good Fortune:Superior Communications Intelligence Early Warning of AttackChester Nimitz:Pacific Fleet CommanderCarriers to Pearl HarborRefuel & RearmEscape Japanese SubsSets AmbushCarriers Sent Northeast June 2ndSubmarines Cover Midway

Battle of Midway June 4-6 1942Japanese Attack:Midway IslandAircraftCarrier Fleet Located:Americans Launch AircraftTorpedo Planes Dive-BombersJapanese Re-Arming AircraftTorpedoesAttack CarriersAmerican Aircraft:Torpedo PlanesNo HitsDraw Anti-Air FireFighters

Good Fortune"Act of God":Dive Bombers LostFollow Destroyer Wake CarriersHit & Sink3 Carriers (Akagi, Kaga, Soryu)Planes-Fuel-BombsExplode on Flight DeckHiryu Launch Counterattack Cripple YorktownYorktown Aircraft Sinks Hiryu

Midway ResultsJapanese Carrier Force: Kido Butai (1st Air Fleet)DestroyedEnds Offensive CapabilitiesLost Carriers Skilled PilotsJapan High Water Mark:Prior to MidwayJapan had Naval SuperiorityChoose When & Where to AttackAfter MidwayTwo Fleets EqualAmericans Going on OffensiveGuadalcanal Campaign: (August 7, 1942-February 7, 1943)Japanese Lack Carrier AdvantageAmericans 1st Major Land Offensive in PacificAmericans Offensive-Japanese Defensivehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v4I6RGRW50&feature=fvw

Battle of MidwayAdvantages/ReviewAdmiral Yamamoto's plan is intercepted and decoded by the U.S.

Advantages:Quick repairs to Yorktown allow the U.S. to commit 3 Heavy Carriers against Japan's 4 and had forewarning of Japan's intentions. Also had a little luckJapan had superior training and tactics

Attack:Americans discover group and launch land and carrier based attacks. Torpedo plane based attack failed but did bring Japanese fighters down to lower altitude leaving high-altitude attack open.Bombers lost follow destroyer back to Carrier Division.3 Carriers were (Akagi, Kaga, Soryu) heavily hit and sunkHiryu launch a counterattack and cripple Yorktown (later sunk-sub)Kidu Butai Japanese Carrier force destroyed

End of Japanese strategic offensive capabilitiesLost main carriers and unreplacable skilled pilots