Team CTime ManagementAlexandria Velez, Elizabeth, Patricia,

Patricia, & Samuel

There is a problem in time management in the doctoral community. Despite attending introductory and orientation courses, time management issues are occurring. This problem has negatively impacted the doctoral students because of stress, poor organization, and productivity challenges. One possible cause of this problem is the rigorous and multiple demands of the doctoral degree. Potential qualitative evidence found through research investigations may produce causes of ineffective time management and strategies to remedy the situation.

Problem Statement

PAPES Model

Based on the Ladder of Inference Model (Argris, 1990; Senge et al., 1994) and the Attitude Choice Model (Ritter-Williams, 2007)

Replicable – Remain same size but different application

Generalizable – Completely away from current field of interest

Scalable – Same industry but different size of organization

Flexible – Built into any organization for current interest

Responsibilities of the Model

Headquarters: Atlanta, GA Type of Business: package delivery Package delivery or parcel delivery is the shipping of packages

(parcels) or high value mail as single shipments. Employees: 398,300 Worldwide (324,000 U.S.; 74,300 International) Daily Delivery Volume: 15.6 million packages and documents Daily U.S. Air Volume: 2.2 million packages and documents Daily International Volume: 2.3 million packages and documents Service Area: More than 220 countries and territories; every address in

North America and Europe Customers: 8.5 million daily (1.1 million pick-up, 7.4 million delivery) Facilities: 823 facilities in more than 120 countries

United Parcel Service

Headquarters: New York, NY Type of Business: website development and hosting This organization develops websites for other organizations such as

NYTimes, HGTV, Sotheby’s International Real Estate, and Hearst. Employees: 107 total (60+ in New York, USA, 20+ in Chennai, India,

20+ in Brasov, Romania) Clients: 60+ Service area: Global

Gabriels Technology Solutions

Headquarters: California, U.S. Type of Business: technology company This organization produces computer hardware, computer software,

consumer electronics, and distributes digital media. Employees: 60,400 (as of 2011) Retail stores: 367 Industry: computer hardware, computer software, consumer electronics,

digital distribution Product lists: Mac, iPod, iPhone, iPad, Apple TV, Mac OS X, iLife,

iWork, iOS Service list: Apple Store, Apple Store online, App Store, iTunes Store,

iBooks, iCloud

Apple, Inc.

Headquarters: Phoenix, AZ Type of Business: educational This organization establishes degrees and certifications for students. Students: 600,000 (as of 2010) Service area: Online and campus in USA Doctoral degree program concentration:

Doctor of Management in Organizational Leadership in Information Systems and Technology

University of Phoenix: Information Technology Program

Situation: Completing an essay homework assignment

Influences: The course requires that the homework

assignment is to be completed within one week

Day 1: Review the course requirements

Day 1: Research course materials

Consequences:

Day 2: Ask professor questions for the assignment

Day 2: Research external materials

Day 3: Create an outline and draft

Day 3: Run through Write Point and Plagiarism

checker

Intervention:

If the draft is acceptable, finish writing paper.

If draft is not, go back to Consequences #1.

Results:

Better Time Management: Once the draft is finished,

the result is a finished essay.

Situation: Creating a website in 6 months.

Influences: The client requests a brand new design to be completed within a month

Gabriels negotiates time and costs with clients to three months and $4 million to build a new website design

Gabriels communicates with all applicable teams (such as developers, system operations, and data processing) for two weeks

Gabriels develops design and prepares any new technology for the hosting servers for one month

Consequences:

Teams collaborate with managers for further feedback

Teams produce web product on test server

The clients evaluate the design for quality assurance on a test server

Intervention:

If the product is approved, the test server gets published by appropriate teams

If the product is not approved, go back to Consequences #1.

Results:

Better Time Management: Once the product is approved, the result is a successful completion of the product and the product goes public.

University of Phoenix: Information Technology Course Gabriels Technology Solutions

Using the PAPES Model: Replicable

Situation: Trailer from Harrisburg Hub late to Annapolis

Delivery Center

Influences: 100 packages in the trailer, scheduled to arrive

at 930am

Package Car Drivers depart at 9am

20 package in trailer Guarantee 12noon delivery

Preload shift ends at 9am

Consequences:

Hold all drivers, center start late

Hold preload longer

Use Part Time drivers and how many needed

Intervention:

Next Day Air car leaves at 7:00pm

Drivers must be in building by cutoff

Results:

Better Time Management: The Next Day Air car

leaves on time for next day delivery guarantees

Situation: Creating a website in three months.

Influences: The client requests a brand new design to be completed within three months

Gabriels negotiates time and costs with clients to three months and $4 million to build a new website design

Gabriels communicates with all applicable teams (such as developers, system operations, and data processing) for two weeks

Gabriels develops design and prepares any new technology for the hosting servers for one month

Consequences:

Teams collaborate with managers for further feedback

Teams produce web product on test server

The clients evaluate the design for quality assurance on a test server

Intervention:

If the product is approved, the test server gets published by appropriate teams

If the product is not approved, go back to Consequences #1.

Results:

Better Time Management: Once the product is approved, the result is a successful completion of the product and the product goes public.

United Parcel Service Gabriels Technology Solutions

Using the PAPES Model: Generalizable

Situation: Create an Operating System security patch

within 3 months.

Influences:

Test for stability

Test for compatibility

Test for security

Consequences:

Teams collaborate with managers for further feedback

Teams produce beta

Teams derive feedback from quality assurance

Intervention:

If the product is approved, the software patch gets published.

If the product is not approved, go back to Consequences #1.

Results:

Better Time Management: Once the product is

approved, the result is a successful completion of the

product and the product goes public.

Situation: Creating a website in 6 months.

Influences: The client requests a brand new design to be completed within a month

Gabriels negotiates time and costs with clients to three months and $4 million to build a new website design

Gabriels communicates with all applicable teams (such as developers, system operations, and data processing) for two weeks

Gabriels develops design and prepares any new technology for the hosting servers for one month

Consequences:

Teams collaborate with managers for further feedback

Teams produce web product on test server

The clients evaluate the design for quality assurance on a test server

Intervention:

If the product is approved, the test server gets published by appropriate teams

If the product is not approved, go back to Consequences #1.

Results:

Better Time Management: Once the product is approved, the result is a successful completion of the product and the product goes public.

Apple, Inc. Gabriels Technology Solutions

Using the PAPES Model: Scalable

Situation: Add website legal policies by the end of the day.

Influences: Client communicates and provides content.

Managers assign task to front-end web development member.

Consequences: Developer forgets task

Developer has higher priorities

Developer works on task

Intervention: If developer is not on task or does not respond, manager checks status of progress

If developer is on task, manager submits to client for review

Results: Better Time Management: Once the page is approved, the result is a successful completion of the page and the page

goes public.

Using the PAPES Model: FlexibleGabriels Technology Solutions

This is the PAPES model. This model emphasizes the flow of time management in the doctoral community. There are six levels of the PAPES model:1. Situation. This is the event situation of this model.2. Influence. This discusses the outside influences that

may contribute to the event.3. Consequences. There can be several consequences to

each event and influence.4. Intervention. 5. Results.6. The affects of the results.

PAPES Model

Data or experiences are observable. We can analyze processes within the organization to

determine time management deficiencies. Beliefs and assumptions are obtainable.

We can compare time management efficiencies within and outside of our industry.

Interventions can be implemented. Results can be measured for time management

improvements Reflective analysis occurs to determine if

desirable outcome is reached Undesirable results loops back around

PAPES Model Concepts

PAPES Model Reflects PRAXISHow the model promotes reflective praxis

Praxis means “theory plus action” Kemmis, S.

(2010)

Praxis relates the parts to the whole

It is the purpose of putting theoretical

knowledge to practice

Change is continuous

Change is our only constant

Change is progress

Change in present and future interventions

The lives of today's doctoral students are complex. "Family concerns, employment, finances, community issues, demands from friends, responsibility as a parent, and responsibility to aging parents are some of the demands on today's doctoral students" (Smith et al., 2006, p.22).

"The importance of reserving chunks of time for reflection, and the difficulty of doing so, have been themes in time management writing for decades" (Dean & Webb, 2011).

Empirical Evidence

Decreased stress (allows leader to have more energy, better attitude)

Improved organization (leads to increased productivity)

Less chaotic environment (leadership sets the tone for the company, and it is contagious)

Allows balance (time available for family or outside interests)

Allows for a structured but flexible approach to each day (leaders have better control over their day, which encourages calmness and stability, and minimizes reactivity)

Benefits of effective time management: Leadership

Interpersonal relationships suffer under the effects of stress

Community requires time to be established Allows community to devote time to issues

that need to be addressed Allows community to devote time to

maintaining and furthering community

Benefits of effective time management: Community building

Dean, D., & Webb, C. (2011). Recovering from information overload. Mckinsey Quarterly, (1), 80-88.

Smith, R. L., Maroney, K., Nelson, K. W., Abel, A. L., & Abel, H. S. (2006). Doctoral programs: Changing high rates of attrition.Journal Of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 45(1), 17-31.

van der Meer, J., Jansen, E., & Torenbeek, M. (2010). It's almost a mindset that teachers need to change: First year students need to be inducted into time management. Studies in Higher Education, 35(7), 777-791. doi:10.1080/03075070903383211

Kemmis, S. (2010). Research for Praxis. Knowing doing. Pedogogy, Culture & Society. 18(1), p. 9-27.

Macan, T. (1994). Time Management: Test of a Process Model. Journal of Applied Psychology. 79(3), p. 381-391.

References

Comments? Questions?