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G. H. Quester; Plant Membranes, R. S. Alberte; The Geometry of FractalSets, S. J. Taylor; Books Received ...................................... 1379

REPORTS Transformation of a Tundra River from Heterotrophy to Autotrophy by Additionof Phosphorus: B. J. Peterson et al ...1383

Increase of Atmospheric Methane Recorded in Antarctic Ice Core: B. Stauffer,G. Fischer, A. Neftel, H. Oeschger . 1386

Transcription of Novel Open Reading Frames of AIDS Retrovirus During Infectionof Lymphocytes: A. B. Rabson et al .1388

The t(14;18) Chromosome Translocations Involved in B-Cell Neoplasms Resultfrom Mistakes in VDJ Joining: Y. Tsujimoto, J. Gorham, J. Cossman,E. Jaffe, C. M. Croce .1390

Site-Specific Increased Phosphorylation of pp6Ov-src After Treatment of RSV-Transformed Cells with a Tumor Promoter: A. F. Purchio, M. Shoyab,L. E. Gentry .............. ............................................ 1393

Abnormal Visual Pathways in Normally Pigmented Cats That Are Heterozygousfor Albinism: A. G. Leventhal, D. J. Vitek, D. J. Creel ..... ............... 1395

Glucocorticoids Potentiate Ischemic Injury to Neurons: Therapeutic Implications:R. M. Sapolsky and W. A .Pulsinelli.....................................

Persistent Noncytopathic Infection of Normal Human T Lymphocytes with AIDS-Associated Retrovirus: J. A. Hoxie, B. S. Haggarty, J. L. Rackowski,N. Pillsbury, J. A. Levy . ................................................

Characterization of gp41 as the Transmembrane Protein Coded by the HTLV-III/ ( KLAV Envelope Gene: F. diM. Veronese et al. ...... ...................... 14

Atrial Natriuretic Factor Ameliorates Chronic Metabolic Alkalosis by IncreasingGlomerular Filtration: M. G. Cogan ...................................... 1405

Deficient Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Innervation in the Sweat Glands of CysticFibrosis Patients: P. Heinz-Erian, R. D. Dey, M. Flux, S. I. Said .... ....... 1407

Technical Comments: Spinal Reflexes in Microgravity: Measuring H ReflexesDuring Space Flight: D. G. Ruegg; M. F. Reschke; Lunar Sample 14425:Corrected Analysis: B. P. Glass and J. A. O'Keefe ...... .................. 1409

AND Automated Sample Processing; Artificial Intelligence Systems: Labeled DNA;m Pump; Pulse Generator for Monoclonal Antibody Production; Chart

Recorders; Incubator Accessory; Coagulation Analyzer ..... ............... 1412

COVER

Extremely rare tyrosinase-negative al-bino cat (cc) which completely lacksmelanin pigmentation. Homozygous al-binos (cc) and normally pigmented catswhich carry the recessive allele fortyrosinase-negative albinism (Cc) ex-hibit congenital visual system defects.One to 2 percent of the human Popua-tion carries a recessive allelenism. See page 1395. [Donnell J. Creel,Veterans Administration Medical Cen-ter, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148]

PRODUCTSMATERIALI

27 September 1985, Volume 229, Number 4720

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR Use ofTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a forum for the presentation and This eddiscussion of important issues related to the advancement ofscience, including the presentation of minority or confficting symposiulpoints of view, rather than by publishing only material on which aconsensus has been reached. Accordingly, all articles published in infestatiorScience-including editorials, news and comment, and bookreviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of the held at thauthors and not official points of view adopted by the AAAS orthe institutions with which the authors are affiliated. fTontiers

EnthusiasPublisher: WILLIAM D. CAREY the siatithe literati

Editor: DANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR. some of tlDeputy Editors During I

PHILIP H. ABELSON (Engineering and Applied Sciences), JOHN identified.I. BRAUMAN (Physical Sciences), GARDNER LINDZEY (SocialSciences) pheromon

Ftr Ba Other phePHILIP W. ANDERSON, DAVID BALTIMORE, ANSLEY J. COALE, compound

JOSEPH L. GOLDSTEIN, LEON KNOPOFF, SEYMOUR LIPSET, WAL-TER MASSEY, OLIVER E. NELSON, ALLEN NEWELL, RUTH PAT- in other cRICK, VERA C. RUBIN, HOWARD E. SIMMONS, SOLOMON H. The eaiSNYDER, ROBERT M. SOLOW

populatioiBoard of Reviewing Editors areuexcellare excelli

JAMES P. ALLISON, QAIS AL-AWQATI, LUIs W. ALVAREZ, DONL. ANDERSON, KENNETH J. ARROW, C. PAUL BIANCHI, ELIZA- confined tBETH H. BLACKBURN, FLOYD E. BLOOM, MICHAEL S. BROWN,JAMES H. CLARK, STANLEY FALKOW, NINA V. FEDOROFF, GARY the gypsyFELSENFELD, DOUGLAS J. FUTUYMA, THEODORE H. GEBALLE, infestatiolSTEPHEN P. GOFF, PATRICIA S. GOLDMAN-RAKIC, RICHARD M.HELD, GLORIA HEPPNER, JOHN IMBRIE, ERIC F. JOHNSON, noted. W]KONRAD B. KRAUSKOPF, PAUL E. LACY, JOSEPH B. MARTIN,JOHN C. MCGIFF, MORTIMER MISHKIN, JOHN S. PEARSE, males. UnYESHAYAU POCKER, FREDERIC M. RICHARDS, JAMES E.ROTHMAN, RONALD H. SCHWARTZ, OTTO T. SOLBRIG, ROBERT they can tT. N. TJIAN, VIRGINIA TRIMBLE, GEERAT J. VERMEIJ, MARTING. WEIGERT, GEORGE M. WHITESIDES, WILLIAM B. WOOD, traps IS oHARRIET ZUCKERMAN limited, ti

Editorial s ture mainlManaging Editor: PATRICIA A. MORGAN infested. IAssistant Managing Editors: NANCY J. HARTNAGEL, JOHN E.

RINGLE o otoProduction Editor: ELLEN E. MURPHY or controlNews Editor: BARBARA J. CULLITON A notabNews and Comment: COLIN NORMAN (deputy editor), MARK

H. CRAWFORD, CONSTANCE HOLDEN, ELIOT MARSHALL, R. pheromonJEFFREY SMITH, MARIORIE SUN, JOHN WALSHEuropean Correspondent: DAVID DICKSON cides. In ?Research News: ROGER LEWIN (deputy editor), RICHARD A.

KERR, GINA KOLATA, JEAN L. MARX, ARTHUR L. ROBINSON, M. against th1MITCHELL WALDROP tAdministrative Assistant, News: SCHERRAINE MACK; Editorial traps, ancAssistant, News: FANNIE GROOM pOpUlatiOrSenior Editors: ELEANORE BUTZ, RUTH KULSTAD p ut

Associate Editors: MARTHA COLLINS, SYLVIA EBERHART, about 70 ICAITILIN GORDON, WILLIAM GREAVES, BARBARA JASNY, STE-PHEN KEPPLE, EDITH MEYERS, LOIS SCHMITT Infestat

Assistant Editor: LISA MCCULLOUGHBook Reviews: KATHERINE LIVINGSTON, Editor; LINDA In forests

HEISERMAN, JANET KEGGLetters Editor: CHRISTINE GILBERT trapping,Contributing Editor: RUTH L. GUYER repellentsProduction: JOHN BAKER, HOLLY BISHOP, KATHLEEN

COSIMANO, ELEANOR WARNER; ISABELLA BOULDIN, SHARON and pathoRYAN, BEVERLY SHIELDS

Covers, Reprints, and Permissions: GRAYCE FINGER, Editor; forests inGERALDINE CRUMP, CORRINE HARRISGuide to Scientific Instruments: RICHARD G. SOMMER beetles wManuscript System Analyst: WILLIAM CARTEREDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1333 H Street, NW, experts ar

Washington, D.C. 20005. Telephone: 202-326.6500. For "Infor- Some cmation for Contributors" see psge xi, Science, 28 June 1985.

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SCIE:NCE

and Research on Pheromoneslitorial was written in response to the stimulus of an interestingrm on pheromones and to stories in the media about a large-scalen of gypsy moths in northeastern United States. The symposium,e annual meeting of the AAAS, dealt with some of the currentof research on the physiology and regulation of pheromones.*,m of the participants was contagious and led to a scan of some ofure and to a telephone stroll to tap the knowledge and judgment of'he leaders in the field.the past 20 years, more than 1000 insect sex attractants have beenMany have been synthesized in the laboratory and tested. The

ies of some of the insects are single, optically active compounds.cromones are made up of closely controlled mixtures of severalds. Sometimes both enantiomers of a compound are employed, butases a racemic mixture is ineffective.rly enthusiasm about the use of pheromones to control insectns has dwindled. Although there is a consensus that pheromonestent baits for traps, their successful application has been largelyto monitoring, for which they are highly useful. Experience withmoth in the Northeast is illustrative. In the area of maximum

n, populations of moths greater than 10,000 per hectare have been'hen a female moth emerges, she is close to a large number ofider these circumstances, almost all the females are mated beforebegin to emit pheromones. Therefore, the use of the attractant in)f little help. In contrast, when populations of gypsy moths arehe attractant has a major role. Today the Department of Agricul-ltains 400,000 traps in areas of the country that are currently notThese have served an alerting function that has led to eradicationI of local infestations.)le success in control of agricultural pests has involved the use of aie for monitoring and trapping coupled with application of pesti-North and South Carolina, cotton farmers participate in a programie boll weevil. The numbers of insects are monitored in 250,000d insecticides are applied only when needed to hold down then. As a result, the amount offertilizer used has been decreased bypercent, and costs of control have dropped.Lion of conifers by beetles leads to large-scale destruction of trees.s, the use of pesticides is not practical, and the best hope isdisruption of the beetles' behavior by the use of attractants oror fostering natural enemies of the beetles, including predators

gens. Large-scale use of pheromones in about a million traps inNorway and Sweden during a massive infestation by spruce

ias accompanied by a decrease in the number of insects, butre unsure about the relative roles of traps and natural enemies.)f the current research frontiers include studies of modes ofsis of pheromones, mechanisms of their modes of action, andto discover amines that mimic in structure natural neuroaminesIby insects. Some of the questions being asked are: What are theof synthesis of pheromones? How do genes regulate specificVhat are the genetic controls on reception and perception? Is theghtly controlled or plastic? Can the pheromone system mutate?male moth is flying on the plume of a pheromone emitted by aie sensory detection apparatus must be very efficient, and once ahas been detected, the molecule must be destroyed if sensitivity isntained. Studies with a moth that uses an ester have shown that theontain an esterase that quickly degrades the ester. Are relatedna active in other insects?-PHILIP H. ABELSON

kic Chemistry of Insect Hormones and Pheromones," symposium arranged by G. D.tthe AAAS annual meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., 29 May 1985.