THEORIES OF

ORGANIZATION

LORENJONE S. VALDEZDiscussant

Frederick Winslow Taylor The Principles of

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Taylor believes increasing the efficiency of the workmanscientifically would increase the not only the opportunity for more work, but also the realwealth of the world, happiness, and all manner of worthwhile improvements in the life of theworking person.

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

Under the old type of management success depends*

almost entirely upon getting the “initiative” of the workmen, and it is indeed a rare case in which this initiative is really attained.

Under scientific management the “initiative” of the workmen (that is, their hard work, their good-will, and their ingenuity) is obtained with absolute uniformity and to a greater extent than is possible under the old system; and in addition to this improvement on the part of the men, the managers assume new burdens, new duties, and responsibilities.

Positivism attempts to view the world rationally, free of subjective values,applying logic and reductionism to the process of determining cause and effect.

Taylorism seeks a careful, objective approachto the way work is done based on a rational, apparently scientific approach.

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT (An Analysis)

The positivistic paradigm under which Taylorism falls is anarrow view of the world that will not allow flexibility, will not consider the needs of a thinking, human person in the work organization, and will not tolerate multiple perspectives on organizations. For greater understanding, complex contemporary organizations particularly social organizations such as school systems need to be viewed from multiple perspectives that account for the complexity of the socio-political systems of such organizations.

HENRI FAYOLThe Principles of ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT

Fayolism focused on managerial practices that could minimize misunderstandings and increase efficiency in organizations. The focus is on enlightened managers on how to accomplish their managerial duties.

TOP-DOWN PERSPECTIVE

Focusing on the big picture first then moving to smaller items, Fayol focused on improving upper management first and then moved to improving efficiency of workers.

ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT

PLANNING

ORGNIZING

COMMANDING

COORDINATING

SUPERVISING

ELEMENTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT

Division of work- matching task demands with the workforce skills and abilities.

Delegation of Authority- the right to give orders.

Discipline- performing task with obedience and dedication.

Chain of commands- each subordinate should receive orders from only one hierarchical superior.

Fayol's Principles of Management

Congenial workplace- each group of activities directed toward activities should have only one manager and plan.

Individual versus general interest- the interest of individual and the whole organization must be treated with equal respect.

Compensation package- the pay receive of employees must be fair and satisfactory.

Centralization- retention of authority by managers.

Fayol's Principles of Management

Scalar chains- proper route of organizational communication.

Order- everything must be in its place.

Equity- established rules must be enforce with a sense of fair play.

Job Guarantee- employees given the time to adjust to their job.

Fayol's Principles of Management

Initiative- staff members should be given the opportunity to think for themselves.

Teamwork- managers should harmonize the interest of members by resisting to urge to split successful teams.

Fayol's Principles of Management

ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT

Fayolism's concern with the humanity of employees and his focus on training management instead of focusing on individual worker efficiency.

Every citizen is exposed to some form of management education and allowed to exercise management abilities first at school and later on in the workplace.

FAYOLISM VS

TAYLORISM

Taylor was concerned with task time, and improving worker efficiency.

Fayol was concerned with management and is generally agreed to consider more human and behavioral factors

VS

Taylor viewed management improvements as happening from the bottom up, or starting with the most elemental units of activity and making individual workers more efficient

Fayol emphasized a more top-down perspective focused on educating management on improving processes first and then moving to workers

VS

Taylor, F. W. (1996). “The principles of scientific management.” In J.M. Shafritz & J.S. Ott

(Eds.), Classics of organization theory (pp.66-79).

REFERENCES