Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management

Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Annual Meeting, November 1981, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

EDITOR:

Stephen V. Topp E.I. DuPont, Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina, U.S.A.

NORTH-HOLLAND NEW YORK • AMSTERDAM • OXFORD

CONTENTS

P r e f a c e xvii

U n p u b l i s h e d P a p e r s xix

E d i t o r s xxi

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WASTE FORMS

AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE SOLID FORMS FOR

SAVANNAH RIVER HIGH LEVEL WASTES

J . A . S t o n e

THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTION OF THE COMPONENTS OF IMITATOR GLASSES OF GLASSIFIED RADIOACTIVE WASTES WITH VARIOUS SURROUNDING ROCKS

V. I. Spitsyn, A. A. Minaev, L. I. Barsova, P. Ya. Glazunov and V. N. Vetchkanov

BEHAVIOR OF TITANATE - BASED WASTE FORMS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 15 R. G. Dosen

IRON - ENRICHED BASALT FOR CONTAINMENT OF NUCLEAR WASTES 23 J. M. Welch, P. V. Kelsey, Jr., S. P. Henslee, R. L. Tallman, R. P. Schuman, R. M. Horton, C. W. Sill, D. E. Owen, and J. E. Flinn

STUDIES OF POLLUCITE 31 E. R. Vance, B. E. Scheetz, M. W. Barnes, and B. J. Bodnar

EVALUATION OF CERAMIC "MATERIALS TO IMMOBILIZE ICPP CALCINES 37 B. A. Staples, H. S. .Cole, J. C. Mittl

IMMOBILIZATION OF SAVANNAH RIVER HIGH-LEVEL WASTES IN SYNROC: RESULTS FROM PRODUCT PERFORMANCE TESTS 49

J. Campbell, C. Hoenig, C. Brazan, R. Ryerson, and R. Van Konynenburg

VI

57 " THE APPLICATION OF FE MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY TO THE

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUCLEAR WASTE FORMS 59 P. G. Huray, M. T. Spaar, S. E. Nave, and J. M. Legan

XPS VALENCE STATE DETERMINATION OF NP AND PU IN MULTICOMPONENT BOROSILICATE GLASS AND APPLICATION TO LEACHED 76-68 WASTE GLASS SURFACES 67

D. P. Karim, D. J. Lam, H. Diamond, A. M. Friedman, D. G. Coles, F. Bazan, and G. L. McVay

IMMOBILIZATION OF HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR REACTOR WASTES IN SYNROC: A CURRENT APPRAISAL 75

V. M. Oversby and A. E. Ringwood

RUTHERFORD BACKSCATTERING INVESTIGATION OF THE LEACHING CHARACTERISTICS OF BOROSILICATE GLASS 83

L. A. Boatner, H. Naramoto, C. W. White, and B. C. Sales

DEVELOPMENT OF SPHENE-BASED GLASS CERAMICS TAILORED FOR CANADIAN WASTE DISPOSAL CONDITIONS 91

P. J. Hayward and E. V. Cecchetto

THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF SYNROC C AS A HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE FORM 99

K. D. Reeve, E. J. Ramm, D. M. Levins, J. L. Woolfrey, and W. J. Buykx

THE LEACHING BEHAVIOR OF THE SWEDISH KBS GLASSES ABS-39 AND ABS-41 107

H. P. Hermansson and H. Christensen

RESPIRABLE FINES PRODUCED BY IMPACTS OF SIMULATED ALTERNATIVE HIGH-LEVEL WASTE MATERIALS 115

L. J. Jardine, G. T. Reedy, and W. J. Mecham

A METHODOLOGY FOR CHARACTERIZING BRITTLE FRACTURE OF SOLID WASTE FORMS FROM ACCIDENTAL IMPACTS 125

W. J. Mecham, L. J. Jardine, and M. J. Steindler

ALKOXIDE DERIVED AMORPHOÜS SOLIDS AS AN ALTERNATIVE NUCLEAR WASTE FORM 133

J. M. Pope and D. E. Harrison

IMMERSION AND LEACH TESTS ON SOLIDIFIED DECONTAMINATION WASTES FROM DRESDEN UNIT 1 141

R. E. Barletta, J. W. Adams, and R. E. Davis

STABILITY OF I AND Sr RADIOPHASES IN CEMENT MATRICES 147 M. W. Barnes, B. E. Scheetz, L. D. Wakeley, S. D. Atkinson, and D. M. Roy

THE SYSTEM SrMo04-BaMo04-CaMo04: COMPATIBILITY RELATIONS, THE IMPLICATIONS FOR SÜPERCALCINE CERAMICS 155

B. E. Scheetz, W. P. Freeborn, J. Pepin, and W. B. White

LEACHING STUDIES OF Na-BEARING CRYSTALLINE PHASES IN NUCLEAR WASTE FORMS 163

E. R. Vance and T. Adl

SOLUBILITY EFFECTS IN WASTE GLASS/DEMINERALIZED WATER SYSTEMS 173

H. T. Fullam

LANTHANIDE ORTHOPHOSPHATES AS A MATRIX FOR SOLIDIFIED RADIOACTIVE DEFENSE AND REACTOR WASTES 181

M. Petek, M. M. Abraham, and L. A. Boatner

GEOLOGIC AND GEOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS

THE USE OF 2 2 2Rn AS A FLOW PATH MONITOR FOR STUDIES OF RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT IN FISSURES 187

J. Hines, D. Cohen, S. Fried, and A. M. Friedman

Vlll

FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF AMERICIUM COLLOIDS IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS 191

U. Olofsson, B. Allard, K. Andersson, and B. Torstenfeit

SITE CHARACTERIZATION FOR FIELD RADIONUCLIDE MIGRATION STUDIES IN CLIMAX GRANITE 199

D. Isherwood, E. Raber, and R. Stone

NUCLIDE MIGRATION FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN TUFF, G-TUNNEL, NEVADA TEST SITE 207

B. R. Erdal, R. S. Rundberg, W. R. Daniels, K. Wolfsberg, A. M. Friedman, S. Fried, and J. J. Hines

PREDICTING Pu CONCENTRATIONS IN SOLUTIONS CONTACTING GEOLOGIC MATERIALS 215

R. G. Strickert and D. Rai

TRANSIENT HYDRAULIC TESTS IN GRANITE: FRACTURED POROUS MEDIUM ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 223

J. H. Black and J. A. Barker

A NATURAL ANALOGUE FOR STORAGE OF RADWASTE IN CRYSTALLINE ROCKS 231

D. G. Brookins, M. S. Abashian, L. H. Cohen and H. A. Wollenberg, Jr.

RADIONUCLIDE MIGRATION: LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS WITH ISOLATED FRACTURES 239

R. J. Rundberg, S. Maestas, and J. L. Thompson

ZIRCONOLITES FROM SRI LANKA AND SOUTH AFRICA 249 R. C. Ewing and R. F. Haaker

STUDY OF POLYHALITE FROM THE WIPP SITE, NEW MEXICO D. G. Brookins

257

URANIUM - LEAD RADIOMETRIC AGE DETERMINATIONS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING U(VI) MINERALS: APPLICATION TO RADWASTE STORAGE 265

D. G. Brookins

DIFFUSION OF NEPTUNYL (V) - AND PERTECHNETATE IONS IN MARINE SEDIMENTS 273

F. Schreiner, S. Fried, and A. Friedman

RADIOGEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CANDIDATE SITES FOR NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORIES, EXEMPLIFIED BY STUDIES OF THE STRIPA PLUTON, SWEDEN ' 279

H. A. Wollenberg, S. Flexser, and L. Andersson

PREDICTIONS OF RADIONUCLIDE MIGRATION RATES FOR A SUBSEABED REPOSITORY 287

L. H. Brush

CANISTER, BACKFILL, AND NEAR-FIELD INTERACTIONS

DIFFUSION MEASUREMENTS IN COMPACTED BENTONITE 295 B. Torstenfeit, K. Andersson, B. Allard and U. Olofsson

MIGRATION RATES OF BRINE INCLUSIONS IN SINGLE CRYSTALS OF NaCL 303

I-Ming Chou

CORROSION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS IN CLAY ENVIRONMENTS 311 J. Dresselaers, F. Casteels, and H. Tas

THE DISSOLUTION OF IRRADIATED FUEL UNDER HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS . . . . 321 L. H. Johnson

PERMEABILITY, SWELLING AND RADIONUCLIDE RETARDATION PROPERTIES OF CANDIDATE BACKFILL MATERIALS 329

J. H. Westsik, Jr., L. A. Bray, F. N. Hodges, and E. J. Wheelwright

PNL - SANDIA HLW PACKAGE INTERACTIONS TEST: PHASE ONE 337 M. A. Molecke, D. J. Bradley and J. W. Shade

MECHANISMS OF DISSOLUTION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE STORAGE GLASSES AND CESIUM MIGRATION FROM A GRANITE REPOSITORY 347

N. A. Chapman, I. J. McKinley, D. Savage, and J. M. West

DEGRADATION OF ROCKS THROUGH CRACKING CAUSED BY DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL EXPANSION 355

J. R. McLaren, R. W. Davidge, and I. Titchell

DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERED STRUCTURAL BARRIERS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE PACKAGES 363

R. E. Westerman, S. G. Pitman, and R. P. Elmore

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL ANALYSES OF SMALL-SCALE RADIONUCLIDE MIGRATION FIELD EXPERIMENTS 371

K. L. Erickson and D. R. Fortney

REFERENCE LABORATORY TESTING FOR BACKFILL 379 R. M. Chung and F. Y. Yokel

STRONTIUM - BASALT REACTIONS UNDER NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY CONDITIONS 389

S. Komarneni

BACKFILL - WASTE INTERACTIONS IN REPOSITORY SIMULATING TESTS 397 N. Sasaki, S. Komarneni, B. E. Scheetz and R. Roy

ALPHA DECAY SELF-DAMAGE IN CUBIC AND MONOCLINIC ZIRCONOLITE 405 F. W. Clinard, Jr., C. C. Land, E. D. Peterson, D. L. Rohr, and R. B. Roof

CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING CHARACTERIZATION OF

CANDIDATE BACKFILL CLAYS AND CLAY ADMIXTÜRES FOR A

NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY 4 1 3

S . K. S i n g h

RADIATION INDÜCED SODIUM METAL COLLOID FORMATION IN NATURAL ROCK SALT FROM SEVERAL GEOLOGICAL LOCALITIES 433

J. J. Loman, P. W. Levy, and K. J. Swyler

NOVEL EXPERIMENTS FOR ÜNDERSTANDING THE SHALLOW LAND BURIAL OF LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES 441

G. L. DePoorter and T. E. Hakonson

IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE HIGH INTEGRITY CONTAINERS FOR LOW LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL 449

J. D. Williams

NON HIGH-LEVEL WASTE ASSESSMENTS

STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW AND CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN A FRACTURED ROCK SYSTEM 457

F. D. Schwärtz, A. S. Crowe, and L. Smith

SOLIDIFICATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES WITH THERMOSETTING RESIN 465 M. Hayashi, K. Kobayashi, 0. Okamoto, T. Kagawa, K. Wakamatsu, H. Irie, H. Matsuura, and Y. Nakayama

NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL: THE INTERFACE BETWEEN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH 473

R. B. Lyon

PROCESSING OF TITANANTES AND ZEOLITES, AND USE OF A CARTRIDGE SYSTEM FOR "REACTOR" WASTES 481

S. Forberg, T. Westermark, K. Svardstrom, and L. Falth

PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT AND CLAY LINERS AS A URANIÜM MILL TAILINGS LEACHATE BARRIER 489

J. L. Buelt and S. M. Barnes

A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TRU WASTE FORMS AND IMMOBILIZATION PROCESSES 497

W. A. Ross, C. O. Harvey, R. O. Lokken, R. P. May, F. P. Roberts, C. L. Timmerman, R. L. Treat, and J. H. Westsik, Jr.

LOW-LEVEL WASTE DISPOSAL ANALYSIS 505 D. A. Ensminger, S. G. Oston, C. M. Koplik, J. Y. Nalbandian, and M. F. Kaplan

LEACH STUDIES OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM SOLIDIFIED WASTES WITH THERMOSETTING RESIN 513

K. Suzuki, H. Kuribayashi, W. Morimitsu, and I. Ono

BIOLOGICAL INTRUSION OF LOW LEVEL WASTE TRENCH COVERS 519 T. E. Hakonson and E. S. Gladney

IMMOBILIZATION AND LEAKAGE OF KRYPTON ENCAPSULATED IN ZEOLITE AND GLASS 5 2 5

A. B. Christensen, J. E. Tanner, J. A. Del Debbio, and D. A. Knecht

IRON-ENRICHED BASALT AND ITS APPLICATION TO THREE-MILE ISLAND RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL 533

P. V. Kelsey, Jr., J. M. Welch, D. E. Owen, J. E. Flinn, and R. P. Schuman

HOT-PRESSED BARIUM SULPHATE CERAMIC WASTE FORMS FOR DIRECT IMMOBILIZATION OF MEDIUM LEVEL MAGNOX WASTE 541

A. Briggs, D. V. C. Jones, and G. B. Cole

MIGRATION OF RADIONUCLIDE CHAINS IN SUBSEABED DISPOSAL A. K. Ray and H. E. Nuttall

549

RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CEMENTITIOUS GROUTS USED TO DISPOSE OF INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE BY HYDRO-FRACTÜRING OF OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY 557

E. W. McDaniel and J. G. Moore

PROCESSING COMPLEXITIES AT FÜLL SCALE

FORMULATION AND PROCESSING OF POLYPHASE CERAMICS FOR HIGH LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE 5 6 7

A. B. Harker, P. E. D. Morgan, D. R. Clarke, and J. F. Flintoff

ON-LINE MEASUREMENTS OF THE VOLATILIZATION OF RUTHENIUM IN A VITRIFICATION PROCESS 575

R. Odoj and M. Schwitz

CEMENTITIOUS RADIOACTIVE WASTE HOSTS FORMED UNDER ELEVATED TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES (FUETAP CONCRETES) 585

L. R. Dole, J. G. Moore, G. C. Rogers, G. A. West, H. E. Devaney, M. T. Morgan, E. W. McDaniel and J. H. Kessler

BEHAVIOR OF RADIONUCLIDES AT SMELTING OF NON-COMBUSTIBLE SOLID WASTES 595

M. Osaki, S. Yokoi, and M. Miyagawa

VITRIFICATION OF HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN A SMALL-SCALE JOULE-HEATED CERAMIC MELTER 603

G. B. Woolsey and M. J. Plodinec

METASTABLE LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY IN NUCLEAR-WASTE GLASSES 606 J. E. Engeil and G. Roed

MERCURY REDUCTION AND REMOVAL DURING HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE PROCESSING AND VITRIFICATION 617

R. E. Eibling and J. R. Fowler

INTERIM WASTE FORMS FOR HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES: PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES 623

G. Bandyopadhyay

TAILORED ION EXCHANGE RESINS FOR COMBINED CESIUM AND STRONTIUM REMOVAL FROM SOLUBLE SRP HIGH-LEVEL WASTE 633

M. A. Ebra, R. M. Wallace, D. D. Walker, and R. A. Wille

RADIATION EFFECTS ON NUCLEAR WASTE FORMS

APPLICATION OF ION BEAM TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF GLASS DURABILITY: ENHANCED DISSOLUTION IN SALINE AND RADIOACTIVE EFFECTS 64]

C. Burman, W. Ke-Ming, and W. A. Lanford

LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF lON-IMPLANTED SIMULATED HLW GLASSES AND TENTATIVE PREDICTION OF THEIR ALPHA-RECOIL AGING 65 J

J. C. Dran, Y. Langevin, M. Maurette, J. C. Petit, and B. Vassent

THE EFFECT OF RADIOLYSIS OF LEACHABILITY OF PLUTONIUM AND AMERICIUM FROM 76-101 GLASS 661

K. L. Na«h, S. Fried, A. M. Friedman, N. Susak, P. Rickert, J. C. Sullivan, D. P. Karim, and D. J. Lam

ION IMPLANTATION STUDIES OF NUCLEAR WASTE FORMS 667 C. J. Northrup, G. W. Arnold, and T. J. Headley

EFFECTS OF ALPHA, GAMMA, AND ALPHA-RECOIL RADIATION ON BOROSILICATE GLASS CONTAINING SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT DEFENSE HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE 681

N. E. Bibler

STUDY OF THE METAMICT TRANSFORMATION IN ALPHA-QUARTZ USING HIGH-RESOLUTION LATTICE IMAGING AND CONVERGENT BEAM ELECTRON DIFFRACTION 689

M. R. Pascucci, J. L. Hutchison, S. McKernan, J. A. Eades, and L. W. Hobbs

RADIATION EFFECTS IN NUCLEAR WASTE GLASSES 697 J. F. DeNatale, D. G. Howitt, and D. K. McElfresh

INFLÜENCE OF IRRADIATION WITH GAMMA-QUANTA AND BEAMS OF ACCELERATED ELECTRONS ON THE SORPTION PARAMETERS OF CLAY MINERALS OF THE MONTMORILLONITE GROUP 703

V. I. Spitsyn, V. D. Balukova and M. K. Savushkina

MICROSTRÜCTURAL STABILITY OF WASTE GLASSES UNDER IRRADIATION 709 M. Antonini, A. Manara, S. N. Buckley, P. Camaghi, and P. N. Gibson

RADIATION EFFECTS IN RADWASTE GLASSES: A REAPPRAISAL OF ALPHA-RECOIL AGING AS SIMULATED BY ION IMPLANTATION 717

J. C. Dran, Y. Langevin, M. Maurette, and J. C. Petit

THE INFLÜENCE OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON THE LEACHING BEHAVIOR OF MODIFIED SYNROC-B CERAMIC WASTE FORM 727

A. G. Solomah

INVITED PAPERS

MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN EUROPE (EC) HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY AND PLANS FOR THE NEXT FIVE YEARS 733

S. Orlowski and R. A. Simon

MATERIALS RESEARCH FOR THE CANADIAN NUCLEAR FUEL WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

D. J. Cameron

741

xvi

NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION ACTIVITIES RELATED TO HIGH-LEVEL WASTE MATERIALS ISSUES 753

F. R. Cook

AUTHOR INDEX 761

SUBJECT INDEX 765