Science Project Chapter-8 Support System(Band 6)

Group Members:1.Hon Jun Yoon,2.Sim Xuan Yong,3.Foo Shen Yeh,4.Lee Shi Hang,5.Lok Khang Huai

Objective

1.To research about type of support system in animals.

2.To find types of support system in plants.3.To look for the importance of support system in

living things.

Types of support system in animals

An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue.

Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). 

1.Endoskeleton

Cartilage  is a flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle.

Endoskeleton1. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as

in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces.

2. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates.

3. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium.The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a means of locomotion.

2.Exoskeleton An exoskeleton is the external skeleton that supports

and protects an animal's body, in contrast to the internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of, for example, a human. In popular usage, some of the larger kinds of exoskeletons are known as "shells".

Examples of exoskeleton animals include insects such as grasshoppers and cockroaches, and crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters. The shells of the various groups of shelled mollusks , including those of snails, clams, tusk shells, chitons and nautilus, are also exoskeletons.

Some animals, such as the tortoise, have both an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton

VIdeo

Exoskeleton

Exoskeletons contain rigid and resistant components that fulfil a set of functional roles including protection, excretion, sensing, support, feeding and acting as a barrier against desiccation in terrestrial organisms. Exoskeletons have a role in defences from pests and predators, support, and in providing an attachment framework for musculature.

Exoskeletons contain chitin; the addition of calcium carbonate makes them harder and stronger.

Ingrowths of the arthropod exoskeleton known as apodemes serve as attachment sites for muscles. These structures are composed of chitin, and are approximately 6 times as strong and twice as stiff as vertebrate tendons. Similar to tendons, apodemes can stretch to store elastic energy for jumping, notably in locusts.

Video

Hydrostatic Skeleton A hydrostatic skeleton or hydroskeleton is a structure found in

many ectothermic organisms and soft-bodied animals consisting of a fluid-filled cavity, the coelom, surrounded by muscles. The pressure of the fluid and action of the surrounding circular, longitudinal, and/or helical muscles are used to change an organism's shape and produce movement, such as burrowing or swimming. Some examples are soft bodied animals such as sea anemones and earthworms. Hydrostatic skeletons have a role in the locomotion of echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins), cnidarians (jellyfish), annelids (earthworms), nematodes, and other invertebrates. They have some similarities to muscular hydrostats.

Buttress Roots

Buttress roots (stilt roots or prop roots) are large roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree. Typically, they are found in nutrient-poor rainforest soils and do not penetrate to deeper layers. Almost all types of mangroves have these type of roots. They prevent the tree from falling over (hence the name buttress) while also gathering more nutrients. Buttresses are tension elements, being larger on the side away from the stress of asymmetrical canopies. The roots may interwind with buttress roots from other trees and create an intricate mesh, which may help support trees surrounding it. They can grow up to 30 feet tall and spread for 30 metres above the soil then for another 30 metres below.

Prop Roots

Adventitious roots, when modified for aerial support, are called prop roots, as in corn or some figs. In many tropical rain forest trees, large woody prop roots develop from adventitious roots on horizontal branches and provide additional anchorage and support. Many bulbous plants have contractile adventitious roots that pull the bulb deeper into the ground as it grows....

Clasping Roots

Clasping roots enable the plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support. some orchids, money plants and pepper plants have this kind of roots.

Roots that grip onto other plants or structure to get support

Stilt roots

Roots that develop from the main stem and grow into the ground for support.

Mangrove trees have stilt roots which provide extra support to the stem and help them to obtain sunlight.

Tendrils

Curly string like structures modified from stems and leaves.

Climb and grow upwards by using tendrils.

The importance of support system in living things.

The support system in animals allow the animals to maintain their shapes, support their bodies and move.

The support system in plants allow the plants to maintain their shapes, support the plants and help the plants to grow toward sunlight.

The aquatic animals and plants are supported by the buoyancy of the water. Therefore, their support system are less rigid than land animals and plants.

Discussions

1.What is the support systems of morning glory2.These living things got exoskeleton as their

support systems, execpt ( snails, clams, tusk shell, birds )

3.Give two examples of animals that have still roots

Conclusions

1.Plants and animals has many types of support system,their support has their own importance.

References

1.www.google.com2.www.Wikipedia.com3.Science FOCUS referece book