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Living Things

Levels of Organization

1. AtomsSmallest partofmatter

2. Molecules2 ormore bondedatoms

Formcompounds

3. MacromoleculeVerylargemolecules

Proteins,fats,carbohydrates, DNA,nucleicacids

4. OrganellesTinyorgans

Madeofmacromolecules

5. CellMadeup oforganelles

Basicunitofstructure & function

6. TissueThesame kindofcell workingtogether

7. OrgansTissuesthat work together

8. Systems (Organ Systems)Organsthat work together

9. OrganismEntirelivingthings

Usuallymadeofsystems

May beasinglecell

10.PopulationSametypesoforganismslivingtogether

11. Community

Several populationslivingtogether

Populationinteract

12. Ecosystem

Biotic (living)community plustheabiotic

(nonliving)features

13. Biome

Similarecosystemsonearthtogether

14. Biosphere

Wholelivinglayeraroundtheglobe

Includesabioticfeatures

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7 Characteristics of Living Things

1. MadeofCells

* unicellular--livingthings withonlyonecell. Examples:Amoeba, Bacteria,etc.

multicellular--livingthings withmanycells. Examples: Hydrilla plant, Elodea plant

2. Need Foodas Energy Source

-allorganismsacquireenergyanduseenergy

* autotrophs (usesun'senergy)

heterotrophs (takeenergyfromotherlivingthings,likefood)

* helps produceATP (immediatesourceofenergyfor performingactivities)

3. Grow and Develop

-occursthroughcelldivisionandcellenlargement-someorganismsgrow, whilesomegothroughacycleofchange (likemosquitoesand butterflies)

4. Respondto Stimuli

-vitaltoanyorganism

-helps:escape predators,findfood,movetolight,survival

Stimulus

-anythingthatinciteslivingthingstoaction-moreobservableinanimalsthan plants

- Ex: Touchingahotmetallidmakesus pullourhandaway.

- kindsofstimuli: Phototropism (light), Geotropism (gravity), Hydrotropism (water), Thigmotropism

(touch)

5. Reproduce

* organisms produceoffspringlikethemselves

-asexualreproduction (binaryfission),orsexualreproduction

6. Perpetuatetheir kindthroughthe Genetic Material

* livingthingshavethecapabilitytomaintaintheidentityoftheir kindthroughachemicalcompound

knownas DNA

-closestthatlivingthingscangetto'immortality'

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7. Evolution

-onecharacteristicthatdistinguisheslivingthingsfromnonlivingthings

-undergogeneticchangesthroughtime

Cells

- basicunitofstructureoflivingthings

-unitoffunction

-generallymicroscopic

-allactions wedoarecombinedresponsesofmillionsofcells

2 KindsofCells:1 Animal Celland2 Plant Cell

3 main partsofthecell:

Cell Membrane

-controls whatgoesinandoutofthecell

-liketheshellofanegg

Cytoplasm

-gel-likematerials whereallorganellesaresuspendedin

-liketheegg whites

Nucleus

-controlsalltheactivitiesofthecell

-liketheeggyolk

Other Organelles:

- Mitochondrion (producesenergy; POWERHOUSE)

- Ribosomes (produces proteins)

- Endoplasmic Reticulum (enablesmovementfromone partofthecelltoanother; TRAMSPORT

SYSTEM)

* Rough ER contains Ribosomes

- Golgi Bodies (storesand packageschemicals; FINAL PRODUCT)

-Lysosomes (breaksdown wornoutcell parts;removes wastes)

- Vacuoles (storesfood, water,andothermaterials; RAW MATERIALS)

- Nucleolus (synthesizes proteinsthatarestoredas RNA)

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- Nucleoplasm (containsfibersmadeup ofDNA)

OrganellesinAnimal Cellsthataren'tfoundin Plant Cells

1 Lysosomes (breaksdown wornoutcell parts;removes wastes. Usuallynotevidentin Plant

cells)

Organellesin Plant Cellsthataren'tfoundinAnimal Cells

1 Cell Wall (forsupportand protection)

2 Chloroplasts (storessunlightfor photosynthesis)

3 Large Vacuole (storesthefood, water,andetc. SomeAnimalcellscontainsmallcontractile

vacuoles)

Plant cells contain plastids (Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts)

Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotes Eukaryotes

- Donthaveamembrane-boundnucleus - Haveamembrane-boundnucleus/welldefinednuclei

- Unicellular - Unicellular OR multicellularExamples: Bacteria,etc. Examples:Animalcells, Plantcells,etc.

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Cell Theory; Prokaryotesand Eukaryotes

Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Nuclear

Membrane

Absent Present

DNA Singleloop Multipleloops

arrangedinto

chromosomes

Cell Membrane Present Present

Cell Wall Present Presentonlyin

plantcells

Ribosomes Present Present

Chlorophyll When present,itisnotcontained

inchloroplast

When present(inplantcells),itis

containedin

plantcells

Mitochondria,

Endoplasmic

Reticulum, Golgi

bodies, vacuoles

Absent Present

SOURCE: GOOGLE IMAGES, SIR FABELLOS HANDOUTS

Cell Theory

1. Allorganismsarecomposedofcells.

2. All basicchemicalandphysiologicalfunctionsare

carriedoutinthecell.

3. Allcellsare produced bythedivisionofpreexistingcells.

Generalizationsabout Cells

1. CellsareALIVETheytakeinenergyand building

materialssothattheycan

reproduceandrepairthemselves.

2. Thecharacteristicneedsofanorganismarethecharacteristic

needsofitscells.

1590

Hansand

Zacharias

Janssen

produced

first

compound

microscope.

1665

Robert Hooke wasthe

firsttocallspacesincork

1680s

Antonvan

Leeuwenhoek

observedliving

thingsthrough

simple

microscopes.

1838

Matthias

Schleiden

discoveredthat

plantsaremade

up ofcells.

1839

Theodor Schwann

discoveredthatanimals

aremadeup ofcells.

1855

Rudolph Virchow

statedthatlivingcellscomefrom

otherlivingcells.