science 7 – lt unit 3 - classification and introduce microscopes
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Science 7 – LT Unit 3 Science 7 – LT Unit 3 - Classification and - Classification and Introduce Introduce MicroscopesMicroscopes
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Update Project BoardsUpdate Project Boards
What do we know now?What do we know now?
What have we been learning?What have we been learning?
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Big Picture – Where we Big Picture – Where we are headingare heading
Learn how to:Learn how to: Classify OrganismsClassify Organisms Use MicroscopesUse Microscopes
Bring it together using critters and water Bring it together using critters and water samples from our classroom pondsamples from our classroom pond
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ClassificationClassification
A system to A system to sort outsort out organisms based on organisms based on their propertiestheir properties
Scientific name is called TAXONOMY Scientific name is called TAXONOMY (based on Greek word taxa = “to sort”)(based on Greek word taxa = “to sort”)
Observations used to determine Observations used to determine similarities and differences in organismssimilarities and differences in organisms
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Kingdom – “King”
Phylum- “Phillip”
Class – “Came”
Order – “Over”
Family – “For”
Genus – “Great”
Species – Spaghetti
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Current System Used for Current System Used for Living ThingsLiving Things
Carl Linnaeus 1700’sCarl Linnaeus 1700’s The species name is The species name is
sometimes called a sometimes called a binomial (a two-term binomial (a two-term name). For example, the name). For example, the zoological name for the zoological name for the humanhuman species is species is Homo Homo sapienssapiens: :
In this case, In this case, HomoHomo is the is the generic name and refers to generic name and refers to the genus; it is capitalized; the genus; it is capitalized; sapienssapiens indicates the indicates the species: it is written in species: it is written in lower case.lower case.
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KeysKeys
Branching KeyBranching Key Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key
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Branching KeyBranching Key Asks Yes or no Asks Yes or no
QuestionsQuestions ““Branches” Branches”
outward from outward from main question main question
Ends when a Ends when a unique answer unique answer is in place for is in place for all itemsall items
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DichotomoDichotomous Keyus Key ““Di” – means 2 Di” – means 2
“It is either this “It is either this or that”or that”
Look at first Look at first itemitem
Ask Question Ask Question #1 – move on #1 – move on to question it to question it directs you todirects you to
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Learning how to use the microscopeLearning how to use the microscope
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There are 2 kinds of microscopes:There are 2 kinds of microscopes:
Simple: Simple: one lensone lens ( (magnifyingmagnifying glass) glass)
Compound: Compound: 2 or more lenses2 or more lenses Monocular – 1 eyepieceMonocular – 1 eyepiece Binocular – 2 eyepiecesBinocular – 2 eyepieces
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
1.1.Revolving Revolving NosepieceNosepiece
Holds the hHolds the highigh and land lowow power power objective objective lenseslenses; ; can be rotated can be rotated to change to change magnificationmagnification
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
2. 2. Objective Objective LensesLenses
Magnification Magnification ranges from ranges from 4x4x to to 40x40x
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
3. 3. StageStage
Supports the Supports the slideslide being being viewedviewed
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
4. 4. DiaphragmDiaphragm
Controls the Controls the amount of amount of lightlight on a specimenon a specimen
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
5. 5. Light sourceLight source
Projects light Projects light upwardsupwards through through the diaphragm, the diaphragm, the the specimenspecimen, , and the and the lenseslenses
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
6. 6. BaseBase
Supports the Supports the microscopemicroscope
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
7. 7. Eyepiece Eyepiece lenslens
First lens you First lens you look through.look through.
10 x 10 x magnificationmagnification
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
8. 8. ArmArm
Used to Used to support support the the microscope microscope when carriedwhen carried
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
9. 9. Stage ClipsStage Clips
HoldHold the slide in the slide in placeplace
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
10. 10. CourseCourse
Adjustment Adjustment KnobKnob
Moves the Moves the stagestage up and up and down for down for focusingfocusing
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
11. 11. FineFine
Adjustment Adjustment KnobKnob
Moves the Moves the stage slightly to stage slightly to sharpensharpen the the imageimage
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Calculating MagnificationCalculating Magnification
MultiplyMultiply lens powers together! lens powers together!
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What’s my power?
What are the powers of magnification for each of the objectives (letter C) we have on our microscopes?
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Eyepiece: Eyepiece: 10 X 10 X by itselfby itself Low Power: Low Power: 44XX Eyepiece x Lens = Total PowerEyepiece x Lens = Total Power
Power = 10 x 4 = 40Power = 10 x 4 = 40 mainly used for mainly used for large objects/scanninglarge objects/scanning
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Medium Power: Medium Power: 1010 X X Eyepiece x Lens = Total PowerEyepiece x Lens = Total Power Power = 10 x 10 = 100Power = 10 x 10 = 100
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High Power: High Power: 4040 X X Eyepiece x Lens = Total PowerEyepiece x Lens = Total Power Power = 10 x 40 = 400Power = 10 x 40 = 400 mainly used for smaller objects/detailsmainly used for smaller objects/details
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Safety InstructionsSafety Instructions
Make sure it is on Make sure it is on LOWLOW power to start with! power to start with! (smallest (smallest objective) objective)
The stage should be all The stage should be all the way the way downdown (you focus (you focus by slowly moving it up!)by slowly moving it up!)
Don’t touch the lens of the Don’t touch the lens of the microscope with your hands!microscope with your hands!
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Carrying the Microscope: Carrying the Microscope:
Always hold in an Always hold in an uprightupright position position
Always Always use 2 use 2 hands!hands!
One holds the arm One holds the arm and the other and the other supports the base.supports the base.
Never carry by the Never carry by the eyepieceeyepiece
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Other Things to Consider:Other Things to Consider:
Never use the COURSE Never use the COURSE FOCUS KNOB while on FOCUS KNOB while on HIGHHIGH power. power.
Why? Why? You could break the You could break the lens! lens! $$$$$$$$$$$$
only use the fine adjustment on high only use the fine adjustment on high powerpower
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TROUBLESHOOTINGTROUBLESHOOTINGWhat if you can’t get your object into What if you can’t get your object into focus?focus?
Check that you have one of Check that you have one of the lenses clicked into placethe lenses clicked into place
Check that your disc Check that your disc diaphragm is in place (not diaphragm is in place (not IN IN BETWEENBETWEEN settings) settings)
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TROUBLESHOOTINGTROUBLESHOOTINGWhat if you can’t get your object into What if you can’t get your object into focus?focus?
Clean off your lenses using Clean off your lenses using LENS PAPERLENS PAPER. (. (Not Kleenex tissue)Not Kleenex tissue)
GO BACK TO LOW POWER AND GO BACK TO LOW POWER AND START OVER!START OVER!
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Making a Wet MountMaking a Wet Mount
Put a drop or two of the liquid you are Put a drop or two of the liquid you are studying on the slide.studying on the slide.
Place a coverslip on one edge of the drop.Place a coverslip on one edge of the drop. Slowly lower the coverslip onto the drop so Slowly lower the coverslip onto the drop so
that no air bubbles get trapped under the that no air bubbles get trapped under the coverslip.coverslip.
Looks like a cool specimen …but it’s not.
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When putting the microscope When putting the microscope away (at the end of the class):away (at the end of the class):It should be on It should be on LOWLOW power. power.The cord should be The cord should be WRAPPEDWRAPPED
around the arm.around the arm.The stage should be all the way The stage should be all the way
DOWNDOWN (do this with the course (do this with the course focus knob!)focus knob!)
Put the dust Put the dust covercover back on back on Put carefully back on cartPut carefully back on cart Check microscope into the teacherCheck microscope into the teacher
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Let’s Try it out!Let’s Try it out!In Journal: title In Journal: title “Microscope Drawing ”“Microscope Drawing ”
Draw what you see after focusing the Draw what you see after focusing the imageimage
Label the image (what is it called)Label the image (what is it called) Label magnification (power) on drawingLabel magnification (power) on drawing
For example:
Onion cell
Power = 10 x 40 = 400
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Group roles:Group roles:
1.1. CarefullyCarefully go get a microscope go get a microscope
2.2. Get a slide on back tableGet a slide on back table
3.3. Clear off desks completelyClear off desks completely
4.4. Clean up dutyClean up duty
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Must pass microscope quiz Must pass microscope quiz before you can do the Pond before you can do the Pond Lab.Lab.