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Jean Baylon. Science

Chemical Constituents, Organic And Inorganic

compounds of Human cell

Elements Quantity (%)-Hydrogen, Oxygen ,

Carbon ,Nitrogen ,Calcium ,Phosphorus, Chlorine

,Potassium , Sulfur ,Sodium,Magnesium

Figures for the human body are presented as

percentages of the total number of atoms; Traceelements found in the human body serving essential

biological functions include Manganese, Iron, Cobalt,

Copper, Zinc, Molybdenum, Iodine, Nickel, and

Selenium.

Inorganic compound-Among the various inorganic

compounds present in the human body, water is

found in profusion because it is the main element in

many lubricating fluids in the body and because it is

an excellent solvent, although molecules containing

mainly non-polar covalent bonds are hydrophobic or

they can easily mix with water.

Organic Compounds-On the other hand, organic

compounds always contain carbon and habitually

hydrogen in addition to being strictly held together

by covalent bonds. Organic compounds in the body

encompass carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic

acids, and adenosine triphosphate .

Among the various inorganic compounds

present in the human body, water is found in

profusion because it is the main element in

many lubricating fluids in the body and

because it is an excellent solvent, although

molecules containing mainly non-polar

covalent bonds are hydrophobic or they can

easily mix with water. Moreover, water

contributes to decomposition reactions (hydrolysis).

Finally, its capacity to release and, above all, absorb

a large amount of heat without changing its own

temperature too much, turns water into an efficient

cooling system, which is extremely useful in the of 

the body temperature.

MITOSIS

is the process by which a eukaryotic cell

separates the chromosomes in its cell

nucleus into two identical sets, in two

separate nuclei. It is generally followed

immediately by cytokinesis, which divides

the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell

membrane into two cells containing rough

equal shares of these cellular components

Phases of cell cycle and mitosis - Interphase

,Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase-

Cytokinesis

Interphase-DNA has replicated, but has not form

the condensed structure of chromosome. They

remain as loosely coiled chromatin.

- The nuclear membrane is still intact to protect th

DNA molecules from undergoing mutation.

Prophase- The DNA molecules

progressively shortenand condense by coiling, t

form chromosomes. The nuclear membraneandnucleolus are no longer visible.

- The spindle apparatus has migrate to opposite

poles of the cell.

Metaphase- The spindle fibres attach themselves

thecentromeres of the chromosomes and align th

the chromosomes at the equatorial plate.

Anaphase- The spindle fibres shorten and the

centromere splits, separated sister chromatids ar

pulled along behind the centromeres.

Telophase- The chromosomes reach the poles of 

their respective spindles. Nuclear envelope reform

before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibre

disintegrate.

Cytokinesis- This is the last stage of mitosis. It is

the process of splitting the daughter cells apart. A

furrow forms and the cell is pinched in two. Each

daughter cell contains the same number and sam

quality of chromosomes.

Meiosis

• Meiosis is a special type of cell divisionnecessary for sexual reproduction

•  The cells produced by meiosis are gameteor spores.

•  The animals' gametes are called sperm anegg cells.

Differences of meiosis from mitosis

• the chromosomes in meiosis undergo a

recombination which shuffles the genes

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producing a different genetic combination in

each gamete.

• the outcome of meiosis is four (genetically

unique) haploid cells, compared with the two

(genetically identical) diploid cells produced

from mitosis.

Meiosis occurs in eukaryotic life cycles involving

sexual reproduction, consisting of the constant

cyclical process of meiosis and fertilization.

In multicellular organisms, there is an intermediary

step between the diploid and haploid transition

where the organism grows.

Stages of Meiosis

Interphase- the cell is engaged in metabolic

activity and performing its prepare for mitosis.

Chromosomes are not clearly discerned in the

nucleus, although a dark spot called the nucleolus

may be visible.

(Meiosis 1)

*Prophase 1- During prophase I, DNA is exchanged

between homologous chromosomes in a process

called homologous recombination. This often results

in chromosomal crossover.

*Leptotene- In this stage of prophase I, individual

chromosomes—each consisting of two sister

chromatids—change from the diffuse state they

exist in during the cell's period of growth and gen

expression, and condense into visible strands with

the nucleus

*Zygotene- occurs as the chromosomes

approximately line up with each other into

homologous chromosome pairs.

*Pachytene- is the stage when chromosomal

crossover (crossing over) occurs.

*Diplotene- the synaptonemal complex degrade

and homologous chromosomes separate from one

another a little.

*Diakinesis- This is the first point in meiosis whe

the four parts of the tetrads are actually visible

Sites of crossing over entangle together,

effectively overlapping, making chiasmata clea

visible.

*Telophase 1- chromatids arrive at opposite

poles of cell, and new membranes form aroundthe daughter nuclei. The chromosomes dispers

and are no longer visible under the light of 

microscope.

(Meiosis 2)

*Prophase 2- we see the disappearance of the

nucleoli and the nuclear envelope again as wel

as the shortening and thickening of the

chromatids. Centrioles move to the polar regio

and arrange spindle fibers for the second meio

division

*Metaphase 2- the centromeres contain two

kinetochores that attach to spindle fibers from

the centrosomes (centrioles) at each pole.

*Anaphase 2- the centromeres are cleaved,

allowing microtubules attached to the kinetochore

to pull the sister chromatids apart. The sister

chromatids by convention are now called sister

chromosomes as they move toward opposing pole

*Telophase 2- which is similar to Telophase I, anis marked by uncoiling and lengthening of the

chromosomes and the disappearance of the spind

Nuclear envelopes reform and cleavage or cell wa

formation eventually produces a total of four

daughter cells, each with a haploid set of 

chromosome.

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Meiosis is now complete and ends up with four

new daughter cell.

Jean F. BAylon.

MARKETING1 – CHAPTER 1

The Nature of Small Business

Small Business

Small Business is one which is

“independently owned and operated

and which is not dominant in it’s fieldof operation

is a business that is privately owned

and operated with a small number of 

employees and relatively low volume

of sales

Types of Small Business

○ Small Manufacturing Business- is one

involved in converting raw materials intoproducts needed by society.

○ Small Service Business- service business

that provide services in one way or

another.

Classification of Small Service Business

Business Services- those that provide

service to other business.

Personal Services- those that provide

service to the person.

Repair Services- those that provide rep

services to owners of various machinery

and appliances.

Entertainment and Recreation- includ

movie houses, resorts, billiard pool cente

etc.

Education Services- include schools for

children, high school, etc.

Wholesaling- refers to the activities of 

those persons or establishments which seto retailers and other merchants and or/t

industrial, institutional, and commercial

users, but who do not sell in large amoun

to final consumers.

Retailing- covers all of the activities

involved in the sale of goods and/or

services to the final consumers.

General Construction Firms- are those

engaged in the construction of buildingswhether for private individuals or for the

government. Many of them perform

subcontracting jobs for the bigger

contractors such as installing electrical

facilities and sewerage.

Characteristics of Small Business

Small Business have their own distinctive

Characteristics

∆ Independent Management- The owne

is also the manager.

∆ Small Capital Requirements- Small

Businesses require only small capital and

this can be supplied by a single or a few

individuals.

∆ Mostly local operation- small business

usually operates in a certain locality

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although there are cases when the market

is not confined to a local area

Economic importance of small business

Small businesses play an

important role in the development of our 

economy.

The following functions;

Provider of economic opportunities for 

entrepreneurs

Provider of products and services to

consumers

Suppliers of products and services to other 

businesses

 

Distributors of products and services of 

other businesses.

-Supporters of government -Providers of employment 

Advantages of operating a small business

Has a various options to improve his economic

lot

be an employee

be a professional

be a small business owner

a small business operator keeps long working

hours and absorbs whatever damages that

happen as a result of his faulty decision making.

He is afforded the following benefits, however.

=the opportunity to gain control over his owndestiny =the opportunity to reach his full potential =the opportunity to reap unlimited profits=the opportunity to make contribution to society and =receive recognition for his efforts.

Disadvantages of operating a small businessPotential drawbacks for small business:

uncertainty of income

risk of losing your entire invested capital  lower quality of life until the business gets

established  complete responsibility 

Additional disadvantages having a serve undesirable customers   paper work and other chores long hours and demanding work conditions

MARKETING1-Chapter4

The Entrepreneurial Personality

Personality Defined

According to Mitchell – Individuals internal

organization of psychological and behavioral

tendencies.

According to Hersey and Blanchard – The su

of habit patterns or conditional response to

various stimuli an individual develops as he

matures and as perceived by others.

According to Bootzin and others – Refers to

the differences among people plus the stability

any individual’s behavior over long periods.

According to Schultz – Personality is the uniq

and relatively enduring internal and external

aspects of an individual’s character that influen

behavior in different situation.

--The definitions insinuate that personality cann

be changed overnight to fit a certain situation.

 This is because of the requirement of “stability

behavior over long periods.”. This conclusion is

important because it guides us in making the

necessary adjustments in training future

entrepreneurs.

The Entrepreneur and the Manag

Distinguished

Empha

sis 

Factors  Stage 

full Business

idea

none

none

Prestart-up

human

resource

capital

none Business

idea

limitedlimited

Start-up

human

resourcecapital

none Business

idea

escalating

escalating

Early growth

human

resource

capital

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Entrepreneur and the Manager

Distinguished

A major distinction between an entrepreneur and

a manager is about orientation. The entrepreneur

(also alternatively called promoter) feels confident

of his or her ability to seize a business opportunity

regardless of the resources under current control.The manager (also alternatively called the

trustee) emphasizes the efficient utilization of 

resources.

Environment and how it affects the future

Entrepreneur

Eminent psychologists indicate that apart from

heredity, environment plays a very significant

influence in the personality of an individual. He is

affected by family, his neighborhood, school,community and nation.

It is not uncommon for a family engaged in business to

produce children who will later become entrepreneurs.

As education begins at home, business-oriented family

has a definite advantage in educating their children to

become entrepreneurs. A farmer does not have such

advantage.

The farming family, however, can make remedies to

achieve the same end as the business-oriented family.

The chance of success, however, gets smaller as theindividual grows older.

The Entrepreneurial Personality and

Characteristics of Entrepreneurs

 The entrepreneurial personality may be

defined as the sum of habit patterns or

conditioned responses to various stimuli

required for a successful career in

entrepreneurship.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurs:

 They must have the drive.

-Those people who are willing to accept

responsibility, possesses vigor, initiative,

persistence and health.

 They must possess sufficient thinking

ability.

-Problems in entrepreneurship are often

apparent. So, skills in abstract thinking a

the use of creative means to handle

difficulties are very important traits of 

entrepreneur.

 They must be reasonable risk takers.

-They accept risk but only after they are

convinced that they have the skills to

overcome the difficulties inherent in a

venture.

 They must be self-confident.

-Confidence is ones ability to achieve can

do a lot wonders to person.  They must be goal setters.

-Goal setting provides direction to the

entrepreneur. One who is a goal setter

provides a glimpse of the orderliness of 

that person’s thinking process.

 They must be accountable

-An entrepreneur must be willing to take

the blame or accept honor for whatever

happens to his venture.

 They must be innovative.

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-When competition becomes to tough,

innovation will save the entrepreneur.

How Filipino Culture and Entrepreneurship

fit.

Presented by: Kimo L. Ramos

A requisite for personality is that certain traits

or reactions to events must be conditioned by

long periods of exposure. It is, therefore, very

difficult for a person lacking the personalityrequirements for entrepreneurship to have it at

short notice.

If a future entrepreneur develops the required

personality traits before adulthood, so much the

better.

Otherwise, he will have to be exposed to a

rigorous behavior modification scheme to catch

up with lost time.

Different cultures heavily affect the personalitytraits of individuals. Among these cultures,

there must be one that will fit the right

background for developing entrepreneurial

personalities.

Studies indicate that over seas Chinese, in

general, provide a family orientation conducive

to developing entrepreneurship traits among

children. This is bolstered by the presence of 

many successful Chinese entrepreneurs in the

commercial centers throughout the country.

 There are reports that people varied

nationalities when pressured to leave their

homelands, succeed in various entrepreneurial

undertakings.

An article attributed to the University of t

Philippines Institute for Small Scale

Industries says that there are certain

cultural values of the Filipinos favorable t

entrepreneurship. These are as follows:

Human Relations

Loss of Face  Togetherness Adapting to other people Concern Gratitude Self-esteem

Cooperative Spirit Industriousness Honesty

Summary:

An entrepreneur to be successful, must

posses the right personality required for

successful entrepreneurship.

Personality refers to the expectation that

an individual will respond to a situation n

much different from what has done for a

long period.

Entrepreneurial personality refers to that

type of personality necessary for a

successful career in entrepreneurship.