georgia high school graduation test the science test
TRANSCRIPT
Georgia High School Graduation Test
The Science Test
What content is covered on the test?
The science test is comprised of five domains:Cells & Heredity (25%)Ecology (17%)Structure and Properties of matter (26%)Energy Transformations (16%)Forces, Waves, & Electricity (16%)
Biology Review
What is the Cell Theory?
• All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms.
• All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.
What are the types of cells?
Eukaryotic cells • true nucleus and organelles• plants, animals, protists, and fungi are
eukaryotesProkaryotic cells • lack a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles• bacteria
What are the parts of cells?• Cell membrane -passage of materials
into and out of the cell• Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA • Nucleolus – produces ribosomes• Mitochondria- cell energy • Ribosome- protein synthesis• Vacuole- cell storage• Lysosome- cell digestion
What are the parts of cells? (continued)
• Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis • Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for
secretion• Cell wall (plants only)- rigid outer wall;
nonliving • Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis• Centrioles (animals only) - cell division
The Cell
How are cells organized?
• Cell• Tissue – group of cells functioning
together.• Organ – group of tissues functioning
together.• Organ System – group of organs
functioning together.• Organism – group of organ systems
functioning together.
What is homeostasis?
• Homeostasis–Steady State–Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to
maintain your internal environment
How do cells transport materials?
• Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a lower concentration
• Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane
How do cells transport materials?• Passive transport is the movement of
materials that does not require energy.–Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
• Active Transport requires the use of energy. –pumps
What are the chemicals of life?Elements Building
BlocksUses
CarbohydratesEx-sugar,starch
C,H,O Mono-saccharides
Energy
LipidsEx-butter, oil
C,H,O Fatty Acids & glycerol
Energy
ProteinsEx-meat, cheese
C,H,O,N,S Amino Acids
Structure, growth & repair
Nucleic AcidsEx-DNA,RNA
C,H,O,N,P Nucleotides Genetic Information
How do cells divide?
How do cells divide?
Where Does A Cell Get Energy?
• In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use.
• Extra energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .
What is photosynthesis?
What is photosynthesis?
• 6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Occurs in chloroplasts• Two parts:
–Light reaction–Calvin cycle (dark reaction)
What is Respiration?• The process of breaking down food
molecules to release energy.• Occurs in the mitochondria.• Two types:
–Aerobic – requires oxygen.–Anaerobic – requires an absence of
oxygen.– C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What is DNA?• DNA contains the blueprint for life.• Nucleotides are the building blocks.• Contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate
group, and• 4 bases:
– Adenine - Thymine– Cytosine - Guanine
How are DNA & RNA Different?
DNA • Deoxyribose • Thymine• Double stranded• Found only in
nucleus
RNA• Ribose• Uracil • Single stranded
How does DNA control Protein Synthesis?
• Transcription– mRNA copies the message from DNA in the
nucleus• Translation
– Forms a protein by translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence
What are the levels of organization of ecology?
Population – group of 1 species living in the same placeCommunities - group of interacting populationsEcosystem – the community and its environmentBiome – group of ecosystems with the same
communities Biosphere – the circle of life
Individual
Population
Ecosystem
How does matter & energy flow in an ecosystem?
• Food Chains – one path of energy flow • Food Webs – complex model that expresses all
the possible feeding relationships in a community
Pyramid of energy, numbers, or biomass
GaHSGT Chemistry Review
SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom.
LocationMassCharge
Outside nucleus in electron cloud
0 -1electrons
nucleus 1 amuNeutralneutrons
nucleus 1 amu+1protons
Bohr’s Energy Levels• In the Bohr model there
were distinct energy levels where electrons could exist.
• 1st energy level holds 2 electrons
• 2nd energy level holds 8 electrons
• 3rd energy level holds 8 then 18 after 4th level gets 2 electrons.
Oxygen
What element is this?
Modern View of the Atom
The atom is mostly empty space.
Two regions• Nucleus- protons and
neutrons.• Electron cloud-
region where you might find an electron.
Atomic NumberThe number of protons
in an atom of a particular element is its atomic number.
Each element has a different atomic number.
Atomic MassProtons and neutrons are responsible for
most of the atomic mass of an atom. The number of protons and neutrons in
an atom are the mass number of that atom.
Remember to use the Periodic Table provided on the Test.
9____
F Fluorine18.998
2,7
Atomic Number
Atomic Symbol
Element name
Atomic Mass
Number of electrons per level
IsotopesFor any given element, all nuclei have the same number of
protons, but the number of neutrons may vary. These atoms of the same element with different atomic
masses are called isotopes.
SPS6. Students will investigate the properties of solutions.
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and a solvent. – A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution.
There is less of it. salt in salt water sugar in soda carbon dioxide in soda– A solvent is the dissolving medium. You have
more of it. water in salt waterwater in sodas
Dilute vs Concentrated
Saturation of Solutions
Conductivity of Solutions • An electrolyte is a substance whose water
solution conducts electricity.– ionic compounds such as NaCl (sodium chloride) – acids and bases such as HCl (hydrochloric acid) and NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
Students will compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion.
State Movement Proximity Shape/Volume
Solid Very little; slow
Tightly packed
Definite shape and volume
Liquid Free to move; faster
Close together
No definite shape; definite volume
Gas Very fast Very far apart
No definite shape; fills container
Solid Liquid Gas
Plasma- the 4th state of matter
• Plasmas consist of freely moving charged particles, i.e., electrons and ions.
• Lightning creates a jagged column of plasma. • When an electric current is passed through
neon gas, it produces both plasma and light.
Explain the process of half-life as related to radioactive decay.
The time it takes for half of a radioactive element to decay is its half-life.
Physics Review
Velocity
• Distance covered in a certain amount of time
• Velocity = distance time
Acceleration
• Rate at which velocity changes
• Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity time
Force
• A push or pull
• Measured in Newtons
• An object at rest and an object moving at a constant velocity is being acted upon by a net force of zero
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
Inertia
Acceleration due to Gravity
• On Earth, all objects fall with a constant acceleration of 9.80 m/s2 in the absence of air resistance.
• In other words, a falling object’s velocity increases by 9.8 m/s each second it falls!
Mass vs. Weight
• Mass—the amount of matter in an object
• Weight—the force on a body due to the gravitational attraction of another body
• Weight changes based on location, mass does not!
Work and Power
• Work = Force x Distance– Measured in Newton-meters or Joules
• Power = Work Time
– Measured in Watts
Waves
A disturbance that transmits energy through a medium or empty space
Frequency—the number of events (waves, vibrations, oscillations) per time
Wave Properties
• Wavelength—the distance between a part of a wave to where the wave begins to repeat itself
Electromagnetic Spectrum
EM waves do not require a medium.
Mechanical Waves
• Require a medium
• Sound is an example of a mechanical wave
Behaviors of Waves• Reflection—wave bounces
off barrier
• Refraction—wave changes direction as it moves from one medium to another
• Diffraction—the bending of a wave around a barrier
To increase the strength of an electromagnet bya. Increase the number of coilsb. Increase the number of batteries
Magnetic field
Magnetic field is strongest where the lines are closest together