science based integrated coastal zone management: the ...€¦ · the balearic islands case study:...

www.costabalearsostenible.es

Science based Integrated Coastal Zone Science based Integrated Coastal Zone Management: the Balearic Islands caseManagement: the Balearic Islands case

Understanding multidisciplinary processes and their interactions at different spatial and temporal scales as a basis for achieving sound

and real sustainability as a response to global change

Prof. Joaquín Tintoré and co-workersIMEDEA (CSIC-UIB)

1er Congrés Mediterrani de Gestió del LitoralEivissa, 2-3 Octubre 2008


Outline / Logical FrameworkOutline / Logical Framework

1. The coastal zone, complexity, problems and threats in a global change environment

2. The Balearic Islands case study

3. General frame, basic underlying principles and challenges. Sustainability. Yes, but … hard or soft ?. And how ?

4. The new role of science in XXI century

5. ICZM: Integrated Coastal Zone Management

6. The ICZM Balearic Islands initiative (Government/IMEDEA)

7. The future: real and measurable science based Sustainability thought a new process of ICZM

8. Conclusions and suggestions




2. The Balearic Islands case study: present, historical evolution, a privileged environment, unique habitats and well established tourist destination. Interest but limitations of habitat conservation approach. Need of a global perspective


4. The new role of science in XXI century, a new path for knowledge based decision making. IMEDEA: some examples of coastal research and technology/know how transfer

5. ICZM: a well established international process to reach multidisciplinary, knowledge based sustainability in the coastal zone. Specific case for islands: limited territory, carrying capacity issues (resources, pressures and infrastructures)

6. The ICZM Balearic Islands initiative (Government/IMEDEA): a starting point. Project goals and structure, 35 initiatives. One example: Indicators, science and society (CES)

7. The future: real and measurable science based Sustainability, trough a new process of ICZM, Coastal Observing and Forecasting Systems, Guidelines for sustainable coastal areas that need to be applicable, applied and enforced (preserve environment and residents culture, guarantee business competitiveness)

8. Conclusions and suggestions


The coastal zone, complexity, problems and threats in a global The coastal zone, complexity, problems and threats in a global change scenariochange scenario

• In “small” islands, the coastal zone is really the whole island.

• It is a dynamic, fragile and complex area where a diversity of forces, processes and pressures are in place, all inter-related: waves, currents, sediment transport, bio-geochemical fluxes, biodiversity, socio-economic, cultural and institutional processes.

• It has a unique biodiversity in terms of flora and fauna: unique, fragile and scarce

• It provides a number of well known services and functions

• It is of high economic, social, cultural and recreational importance

• It has faced significant changes in the last 20-30 years

• A large number of administrations and institutions have competencies on the coastal zone.

What do we understand by Coastal Zone


Three sub-systems:

Natural

Socio-economicAdministrative

Very complex system

“Things have to be made as simple as possible, but not simpler” (A. Einstein)



• Climate change, sea level rises, ecosystem variability• More frequent extreme events • Beach erosion• Loss of coastal dunes• Degradation of Posidonia oceanica meadows• Proliferation of invasive species• Coastal artificialization• Degradation of water quality• Red tides, HABS• Loss of fisheries resources• Proliferation of jellyfish• Marine debris • Accidental oil spills

Theses threats are already problems with significant economic and social effectsThere is a strong pressure on the coastal zone as a resource

“The natural resource is not unlimited” (limitation concept)

Environmental threats in the Balearic IslandsEnvironmental threats in the Balearic Islands


Theses threats are not only local, global change scenario



1. The coastal zone, complexity, problems and threats in a global change scenario. Climate change is just one element of global change





6. The ICZM Balearic Islands initiative (Government/IMEDEA): a starting point. Project goals and structure, 35 initiatives. One example Indicators, science and society (CES)

7. The future: real and measurable science based Sustainability, ICZM, Coastal Observing and Forecasting Systems, Guidelines for sustainable coastal areas that need to be applicable, applied and enforced (preserve environment and residents culture, guarantee business competitiveness)


The Balearic Islands The Balearic Islands


The Balearic Islands The Balearic Islands

•• Area 5.014 kmArea 5.014 km22

•• Length of coastline 1.428 kmLength of coastline 1.428 km•• 1.001.062 inhabitants (INE, 2006)1.001.062 inhabitants (INE, 2006)•• GDP 24.391.053.000GDP 24.391.053.000€€ (IBAE, 2006)(IBAE, 2006)•• 80% of GDP generated from activities in the coastal zone 80% of GDP generated from activities in the coastal zone •• Mature tourism destination Mature tourism destination

-- 12.577.829 tourist arrivals in 2006 (CITTIB)12.577.829 tourist arrivals in 2006 (CITTIB)-- 48% GDP (INESTUR 2006) 48% GDP (INESTUR 2006) -- 39.5% of jobs in the high season (ibid)39.5% of jobs in the high season (ibid)

•• Insular environment Insular environment –– limited resources and heightened limited resources and heightened sensitivity/vulnerability to changesensitivity/vulnerability to change

•• Large number of governing agencies and actors with Large number of governing agencies and actors with competence in the coastal zonecompetence in the coastal zone


The Balearic IslandsThe Balearic Islands

1956

Dunes Dune destruction

1968 1973

CalaCala MillorMillor, Mallorca, Mallorca

Agriculture Agriculture replacedby construction

DevelopmentDevelopmentStageStage

““70s tourism boom70s tourism boom””



1979 1997 2002


Consolidation PhaseConsolidation Phase Mature DestinationMature DestinationDevelopment PhaseDevelopment Phase




The 1960sThe 1960s TodayToday



Hotel Playa del Moro building

Hotel Playa del Moro today



Coastal and Marine Habitats of the Balearic IslandsCoastal and Marine Habitats of the Balearic Islands

Marine Coastal Habitats of particular relevance

Absence of riversLow turbidity of the water

• Communities of high ecological value

• Seagrass meadows of Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa

• Cystoseira sp beds• Maerl beds• Structural complexity provided by

the macrophytes


NATIONAL

(SPAIN)REGIONAL(BALEARIC ISLANDS)

EUROPEAN UNION

Natura 2000Natura 2000

Law 4/1989 of Wild Law 4/1989 of Wild Flora and FaunaFlora and Fauna

Law 5/2005 for Law 5/2005 for Conservation of Areas Conservation of Areas

of Environmental of Environmental ImportanceImportance

Directive Directive 79/409/EC for 79/409/EC for

Conservation of Conservation of Wild Birds Wild Birds

Directive 92/43/EC Directive 92/43/EC for Conservation of for Conservation of Natural Habitats of Natural Habitats of

Wild Flora and FaunaWild Flora and Fauna

Law 1/1991 of Law 1/1991 of natural areas and natural areas and

urban managementurban management

Series of decrees for Series of decrees for declaration of Marine declaration of Marine

Reserves (7 Reserves (7 reserves)reserves)

Different Jurisdictional Levels Affecting Habitat Conservation Different Jurisdictional Levels Affecting Habitat Conservation in the Balearic Islandsin the Balearic Islands


Limitations to Habitat Conservation: A Global PerspectiveLimitations to Habitat Conservation: A Global Perspective

•• Limited understanding of ecosystems and of how to implement Limited understanding of ecosystems and of how to implement ecosystemecosystem--based management.based management.

•• Limited baseline data (spatial and statistical).Limited baseline data (spatial and statistical).

BUT THIS DOES NOT MEAN NO ACTION HAS TO BE TAKEN !!!!BUT THIS DOES NOT MEAN NO ACTION HAS TO BE TAKEN !!!!Yes immediate action is needed!. Yes immediate action is needed!.

•• Lack of anLack of an integrated approachintegrated approach –– habitat conservation is just one of habitat conservation is just one of the elements that is necessary to achieve thethe elements that is necessary to achieve the overall goal of overall goal of sustainability.sustainability.

•• Limited understanding of Limited understanding of interactionsinteractions among the environmental, among the environmental, sociosocio--economiceconomic--cultural, and governance systems.cultural, and governance systems.

•• Lack of Lack of communicationcommunication and and coordinationcoordination among scientists and among scientists and decisiondecision--makers. makers.

•• Inefficient and insufficient Inefficient and insufficient governance systemgovernance system for managing natural for managing natural resources. resources.









7. The future: real and measurable science based Sustainability, ICZM, Coastal Observing and Forecasting Systems, Guidelines for sustainable tourism that need to be applicable, applied and enforced (preserve environment and residents culture, guarantee business competitiveness)


• Sustainable development: “…the development that satisfies the needs from the present without

compromising the capacities of future generations to fulfil their own needs”

Comisión Mundial del Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, 1987, informe Brundtland

• Also:“Sustainable development implies an increase in quality of life within

the limits of the ecosystems”Programa de Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas y Fondo Mundial de la Naturaleza, 1991

The concept

General frame, basic principles and challenges: sustainabilityGeneral frame, basic principles and challenges: sustainability


The sustainability principle requires the sustainable managementThe sustainability principle requires the sustainable management of of environmental resources, whether in their pristine state or environmental resources, whether in their pristine state or through sympathetic utilisation, to ensure that the legacy of outhrough sympathetic utilisation, to ensure that the legacy of our r current activity does not impose excessive burden on future current activity does not impose excessive burden on future generations (Turner et al. 2001). generations (Turner et al. 2001).

SustainabilitySustainability

Cited from Ecological economics and coastal zone ecosystems' values: an overview. Turner, R. K., Bateman, I.J., Adger, W.N., Kluwer Academic Publications, Studies in Ecological Economics. ISBN 0-7923-6504-6, 2001.


The concept of sustainability has been roughly partitioned into The concept of sustainability has been roughly partitioned into two two approaches: approaches: weak sustainabilityweak sustainability and and strong sustainabilitystrong sustainability. .

Weak sustainabilityWeak sustainability requires that the total stock of capital, whether requires that the total stock of capital, whether man made or natural, be maintained and rests upon the man made or natural, be maintained and rests upon the assumption of substitutability between these two types of capitaassumption of substitutability between these two types of capital l ((Pearce et al. 1989 and Turner 1993 in Turner et al. 2001).Pearce et al. 1989 and Turner 1993 in Turner et al. 2001).

Economic theory suggests that decreasing supplies of natural Economic theory suggests that decreasing supplies of natural resources will tend to increase their price, encouraging more resources will tend to increase their price, encouraging more efficient use, substitution with other goods, and technological efficient use, substitution with other goods, and technological advancement. However, complete substitution will not always be advancement. However, complete substitution will not always be possible due to availability of substitution opportunities (Turnpossible due to availability of substitution opportunities (Turner er et al. 2001). et al. 2001).



There is also the question whether man made capital is able to fThere is also the question whether man made capital is able to fully ully compensate for all functions provided by complex ecosystems compensate for all functions provided by complex ecosystems and the existence of 'critical' natural capital and thresholds and the existence of 'critical' natural capital and thresholds beyond which reversal is not possible. Hence, the more beyond which reversal is not possible. Hence, the more stringent interpretation of: stringent interpretation of:

Strong sustainabilityStrong sustainability requires that the total stock of natural capital requires that the total stock of natural capital be nonbe non--declining. Natural and mandeclining. Natural and man--made capital, rather than made capital, rather than regarded as substitutes, can be interpreted as complements regarded as substitutes, can be interpreted as complements (Daly 1995 in Turner et al. 2001). (Daly 1995 in Turner et al. 2001).



On the basis of On the basis of strong sustainabilitystrong sustainability criterion, projects considered criterion, projects considered in isolation are likely to be rejected since most development in isolation are likely to be rejected since most development projects impinge to some degree on the environment. projects impinge to some degree on the environment.

In practical terms, application of such a sustainability constraIn practical terms, application of such a sustainability constraint int could involve investments to reduce as much as possible the could involve investments to reduce as much as possible the overall net environmental damage, and adopting suitable overall net environmental damage, and adopting suitable projects which generate net environmental benefits as part of projects which generate net environmental benefits as part of the portfolio of investments (the portfolio of investments (BarbierBarbier et al. 1990 in Turner et al. et al. 1990 in Turner et al. 2001).2001).



• Knowledge of the system is a key element to reach a true sustainable development. This implies high quality research, tools and instrumentation (data, indicators, thresholds, predictive capabilities, etc.)

A scientific approach should guarantee:

A consensus by means of quantifications with reliable methodologies, reproducible and internationally established.

A reliability of the data.

A theoretical background internationally accepted.

“It is not an exaggeration to assert that without science there can be no sustainable development”

3ª Sesión de la Comisión de Desarrollo Sostenible UN, 1995

The new role of science in XXI’s century society





3. General frame, basic underlying principles and challenges. Sustainability. Yes, but …hard or soft ?. And how ?

4. The new role of science in XXI century, a new path for knowledgebased decision making. IMEDEA: some examples of coastal researchand technology/know how transfer





• Science progresses in last 5 – 10 years: we know that a significant number of management actions in the coastal environment would now have to be made differently !-

• Importance of knowledge transfer

• Society is turning towards science (multidisciplinary)

- Not only during crisis or catastrophic events (health, environment, food, energy, etc.)

- As an element of the decision making process that guarantees independence and reliability due to the existence of an evaluation system internationally accepted.

‘Strong science for wise decision’

Sustainability science




It is not an exaggeration to assert that without science there can be no sustainable development”

3rd session of the UN Commission for sustainable development, 1995

• Allows for an objective view of the situation.• Isolates cause-effect relationships so that problems may be addressed

at their sources.• Allows for the classification and evaluation of large amounts of

information.• Determines which data are relevant and the most appropriate method

to analyze them.• Finds existing data and evaluate their relevance and quality.• Clearly defines and prioritizes areas that need to be managed and the

interrelations between them.• Identifies information gaps so that actions may be taken to remediate

the lack of understanding. • Allows for monitoring and evaluation of ongoing actions. • Acts as a communication tool among scientists, stakeholders, the public

and decision-makers.



Peer reviewed papers that establish solid theoretical backgrounds

Independent system of evaluation

Science Citation Index


The new role of science in The new role of science in XXIXXI’’ss century societycentury society

Ocean Commission, 2004

Scientific needs:


Mallorca Island, Esporles http://www.imedea.csic.es

Examples of coastal and marine research at Examples of coastal and marine research at IMEDEA (CSICIMEDEA (CSIC--UIB)UIB)


Mission• To generate the scientific basis that allows for better understanding and

prediction of responses of insular, coastal and marine systems to anthropogenic pressures and global change in order to advance the capacity to respond and manage these systems in a sustainable manner and inspire adaptive response strategies from society.

• This mission will be achieved through conducting interdisciplinary research of the highest quality and through demonstrating the ability to respond to concrete problems.

Vision• To become a center of reference not only for the scientific community, but also

for environmental managers. • To identify and clarify the consequences of the threats associated with

anthropogenic pressure and global change on insular, coastal and marine systems.

• To formulate an approach that is proactive, integrated, and adaptive in response to the prevention and mitigation of these impacts.

IMEDEA: The Mediterranean Institute for Advanced StudiesIMEDEA: The Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies


IMEDEA is a research institute for which one of the objectives is to transfer knowledge and technology to society.

We work to find synergies among researchers and coastal zone decision-makers in the Balearic Islands.

We work to create working groups among researchers and coastal zone decision-makers, using the most recent knowledge available.

We establish common objectives that address complex problems, like environmental quality in the coastal zone, and generate specific recommendations for improvement.

Strategic Objective of IMEDEA in relation to societyStrategic Objective of IMEDEA in relation to society

IMEDEAIMEDEA: The Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies: The Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies

150 persons, 40 permanentresearchers

100 ongoing research projects

120 peer reviewed papers

8,4 million Euros annual budget(40% obtained competitive basis)


Research linesResearch lines

1. Science based Operational Oceanography in the Mediterranean

• Circulation and dynamics, scale interactions, basin, sub-basin and localBasin scale circulation and climatic effectsSub-basin scale, mesoscale effects and interactions, shelf/slope exchangesLocal scale, interactions and residence time

• Coastal zone variability and beach morphodynamicsBeach erosion and sediment transport Beach safety: longshore currents and rip currentsTsunami forecasting

• Physical-biological interactions at sub-basin and local scale: water qualityHarmful Algal Blooms (HABS) in harbors, bays and beachesDebris and floating material characterization and drift forecasting for recoveryInteractions between currents, waves, water quality and Posidonea oceanica extension

• New tools for non linear systems forecasting: evolutionary computationDarwin Genetic algorithm (reg) : applications to ocean currents forecasting, solar spots, wave heights, precipitation, etc



2. Marine Technologies: development of new low cost (in collaboration with Albatros Marine Technologies, spin-off)

• Development of new platforms: Rov’s, AUV’s, gliders, buoys• Integration of sensors and platforms for sound sampling of the coastal zone

3. Operational Systems “to be” implemented at IMEDEA• Sub-basin and local scale currents circulation, interactions at different scales:

Balearic Sea • Rip currents in beaches: pilot study off northeast of Mallorca Island: Cala Millor

4. Science based Sustainable Integrated Management in Coastal Zone

• Scientific achievements, Science based management and Sustainability principles• New Observational networks, GIS tools and modeling predictive capabilities • Innovation in services in the coastal zone, environmental innovation and

sustainable tourism



Scientific examples (observations and modelling)from basin to beach scale.

Basin scale (10 5 km), since 1995 (*): large scale circulation, role of bottom topography, specific features, transport in detailed sections

Sub-Basin regional scale (5 1 km), since 1992: mesoscale/mean flow interactions, blocking basin scale circulation in specific sub-basins, circulation Alboran and Balearic Seas, etc.

Local (1 km 500m), since 1993: sub-basin-local interaction through canyons, shelf/slope exchanges, circulation in bays, residence times and water quality, etc.

Towards… beach (500 10m), since 2004: fine sediment resuspension by waves and recirculation and sediment transport by wind induced coastal currents in bays and beaches, (only still with PE non hydrostatic models and towards integration with wave models).


The coastal ocean forecasting model: domain setuphoriz. resolution: 2.1 kmvertical resolution: 30 layers

forcing at lateral boundaries by DieCAST model (passive nesting)

surface forcing: INM (Madrid)

initialisation on 14 September 2002 by DieCAST fields (T, S, u,v)integration through 10 October


The Balearic Sea and its general circulation

Spain

France

Mallorca

Minorca

Ibiza

Mallorca Channel

Ibiza Channel

Gulf of Lions


ResultsResults at at basinbasin--subsub--basinbasin scalescale

Circulation and dynamics. Scale interactions: basin, sub-basin and local scales

- Basin scale circulation and climatic effects- Sub-basin scale, mesoscale effects and interactions, shelf/slope exchanges- Local scale, interactions and residence time

Fernández, D. E. Dietrich, R. L. Haney, J. Tintoré. Progress in Oceanography. 2005

Main result: importance of general circulation and sub-basin interactions


Result: Sea surface salinity14 September – 10 October 2002


Main result: importance of mesoscale structures. More than 30 papers in peer reviewed journal since 1988, mostly in Balearic and Alboran sub-basins

ResultsResults at at subsub--basinbasin scalescale


Main result: residence time and eutrofication. Water quality and relation withPosidonia Oceanica seagrass coverage in Cabrera Harbour.

Implications for number of boats allowed in the moorings.

Cobertura de Posidoniaoceanica

Tiempo de residencia (en días) cerca del fondo. z

Orfila et al., Contin. Shelf Res., 2004

ResultsResults at local at local scalescale


Coastal morphodynamicsBeach erosion and sediment transport

Main results: adjustment after extreme events, fine sedimentresuspension by wind

Basterretxea et al., J. Coastal Res., 2004



0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000

50

100

150

Dis

tanc

ia tr

ansv

ersa

l (m

)

Distancia longitudinal (m)

↓1968

↑1956

↓1973

-1600

-1200

-800

-400

0

400

800

1200

1600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Sectores

Var

iaci

ón S

uper

ficie

(m 2 )

Beach Erosion at Cala Millor


We know that with today’s knowledge, actions undertaken in the past would be done differently


Water quality, eutrofication: massive proliferation of micro-alguae.

Ec reserach projects.

Playa de Palmira (Calvià)Water Quality: HABS proliferation

Basterretxea et al., Estuarine Coast. Shelf Science., 2004



Variabilidad de la playa de Muro


We know that with today’s knowledge, actions undertaken in the past would be done differently


- Oil-spill mapping- Land vulnerability- Security in beaches – rip currents- Prediction of trajectories from Tsunamis.

OperationalOperational systemssystems beingbeing implementedimplemented


Characterization of the different typesof coast: vulnerability and ESI.



Management subManagement sub--systemsystem

It is based on a Geographical Information System (GIS) for oil spill crisis management.

It incorporates all the available information, identifies resources at risk, establishes protection priorities and appropriate response.



- Cormoran (CICYT). ROV’s, AUV’s, boyas- Mersea (EU). Gliders

TechnologyTechnology developmentdevelopment


TechnologyTechnology developmentdevelopment

Beach monitoring using cameras, breakers, rips, bathymetry changes, etc.


• Currents in the Balearic Sea for Search and Rescue Operations. • Beach variability and relations to Posidonia Oceanica (Magaluff)• Beach erosion (Magaluff, Santa Ponsa, Bahía Alcudia, Cala Millor,

Cala San Vicente• Beach fill processes (Cala San Vicente, Cala Millor, Bahía de Alcudia)• Harbour oscillations (Puerto de Calanova, Ciutadella, La Rápita)• Support to Olympic candidate (Palma-Madrid, 2012) and America’s

Cup candidate (Palma)• Residence time in harbours and bays (Parque Nacional de Cabrera)• Water quality and HABS (Paguera, Eivissa)• Sustainable beaches (Calvià)• Operational systems for currents and waves in beaches (being

implemented)

SummarySummary examplesexamples ofof IMEDEA know howIMEDEA know how


• Currents in the Balearic Sea for Search and Rescue Operations and oil spill response action

• Beach variability and relations to Posidonia Oceanica• Beach erosion and response to extreme events • Beach fill processes • Harbor oscillations and impacts• Residence time in harbors and bays, eutrofication• Water quality and HABS • Sustainable beaches• Beach safety operational system, rip currents in beaches • Technology transfer, coastal ocean monitoring, gliders, satellites

http://www.imedea.uib.es/ , www.costabalearsostenible.es

Mitigation and adaptation needs to be based on knowledge, on reliable observations, …

SomeSome examplesexamples ofof IMEDEA know how transferIMEDEA know how transfer


0.5 cm/s

30' 33' 2oE 36.00'

39' 42' 45'

28'

30'

9oN .00'

34'

36'

http://www.imedea.csic.es/natural/goi/goifis/


•• Insular environment Insular environment –– conceptually simpler in spatial terms conceptually simpler in spatial terms and easier to understand inputs and outputs. and easier to understand inputs and outputs.

•• There exists the need (social, economic and environmental).There exists the need (social, economic and environmental).•• There exists understanding, demand from civil society and There exists understanding, demand from civil society and

awareness among politicians. Unlike many other parts of awareness among politicians. Unlike many other parts of Europe, the socioEurope, the socio--political system favours preservation.political system favours preservation.

•• There exists the know how capability.There exists the know how capability.•• With these elements in mind, IMEDEA is leading an initiative With these elements in mind, IMEDEA is leading an initiative

to implement ICZM in the Balearic islands, based on clear to implement ICZM in the Balearic islands, based on clear understanding, following international standards in such a understanding, following international standards in such a way that the islands Balearics become a global reference of way that the islands Balearics become a global reference of sustainable development in the coastal zone.sustainable development in the coastal zone.

The Balearic Islands: an ideal location for ICZMThe Balearic Islands: an ideal location for ICZM


ICZM is ICZM is ““a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development, and are made for the sustainable use, development, and protection of coastal and marine resourcesprotection of coastal and marine resources”” ((CicinCicin--SainSain and and KnechtKnecht 1998).1998).

ICZM is grounded in the concept that the management of ICZM is grounded in the concept that the management of coastal and ocean resources and space should be as fully coastal and ocean resources and space should be as fully integrated as are the ecosystems making up the coastal and integrated as are the ecosystems making up the coastal and ocean realmsocean realms

ICZM: ICZM: ““The process is designed to overcome the fragmentation The process is designed to overcome the fragmentation inherent in both the inherent in both the sectoralsectoral management approach and the management approach and the splits in jurisdiction among levels of government at the landsplits in jurisdiction among levels of government at the land--water interfacewater interface”” (ibid). (ibid).

ICZM: Integrated Coastal Zone ManagementICZM: Integrated Coastal Zone Management


Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

• ICZM (ICAM 2005)

“A dynamic process of sustainable management and use of coastal zones taking into account at the same time the diversity of activities and users, the fragility of coastal ecosystems and their interaction”

• ICZMTemporal and spatial scales of managing ?

• ICZM: involve all parties concerned in the management process. (from the beginning)

Think globally, act locally



• 70’s 80’s: Several coastal laws (Spain, USA…)• 1987: World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED), “sustainable development”• 1992: Agenda 21 ; Convention on Biological Diversity• 1995: Global Program of Action for the Protection of the

Marine Environment from Land based Activities• 1996: European Commission, GIZC• 2002: European Commission, Recommendation 413• 2002: Plan of Implementation for the World Summit on

Sustainable Development• 2005: Protocol on Integrated Management of

Mediterranean Coastal Zones, ICAM

Background in Europe:



Master plan for ICZM Four main steps

1) Start: problem identification, characterization and diagnostic of the coastal zone (natural, socioeconomic and administrative)

2) Planning phase: options, alternatives

3) Implementation

4) Monitoring and evaluation





3. General frame, basic underlying principles and challenges. Sustainability. Yes, but …hard or soft ?. And how ?



6. The ICZM Balearic Islands initiative (Government/IMEDEA): a starting point. Project goals and structure, 35 initiatives. Oneexample: Indicators, science and society (CES)



ObjectivesObjectives•• To use a multidisciplinary approach to generate scientific To use a multidisciplinary approach to generate scientific

knowledge to facilitate and inform the implementation of knowledge to facilitate and inform the implementation of ICZM in the Balearic Islands.ICZM in the Balearic Islands.

•• To develop new methods, tools and instruments for both To develop new methods, tools and instruments for both science and management and establish the bases and science and management and establish the bases and strategies necessary to achieve sustainability in the coastal strategies necessary to achieve sustainability in the coastal zone of the Balearic Islands. zone of the Balearic Islands.

•• To reTo re--enforce the role of scientific research as a critical basis enforce the role of scientific research as a critical basis for future decisionfor future decision--making in ICZM at an international level.making in ICZM at an international level.

The Balearic ICZM ProjectThe Balearic ICZM Project


1. Development has economic, social and environmental dimensions and can only be sustainable if a balance is attained between these distinct factors, all of which have a profound influence on the quality of life of coastal residents.

2. Finding this balance needs to be based on the highest quality, internationally accepted scientific understanding available at any given time.

3. Moving towards sustainability principles requires that sustainability be treated as a quantifiable process.

4. Advancing towards sustainability is a positive change. The strategies represent a positive change with respect to business competitiveness, employment and the quality of life of coastal residents.

5. Recognizing that there may be initial costs of adjustment in the short-term, sustainable development represents a clear medium to long-term strategic opportunity.

6. Institutional commitment and social consensus are key elements in the process of advancing towards sustainability.

Fundamental Principles



• Objective:to implement science-based ICZM in the Balearics with the overall goal of achieving

sustainability in the coastal zone.

• Project Structure:

- Gaps in knowledge and research priorities needed for ICZM implementation. 30 ongoing specific research projects

- Multidisciplinary needs for ICZM implementation: horizontal projects, two ex:. Coastal Zone Characterization . Sustainability Indicators, in collaboration with CES – (Consell Economic i Social).

- Identify and develop tools needed for ICZM implementation . GIS and database system. Coastal Observatory / Technological platform (data)

- To advance on transfer of knowledge (from science to society and from society to science, two sided)

Indicators: are essential for assessing and monitoring both the state and evolution of the coastal zone the progress of ICZM initiativesStudy future scenarios



1.1 Environment

1.2 Society, economy and culture

1.3 Governance

The horizontal projects respondto cross-cutting research needs

requiring an interdisciplinaryapproach

Responds to the need fornew scientific tools and

technologies that supportICZM in the Balearics

INNOVATION OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SERVICESRESEARCH

TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT


Comparative Study of Urban Development in the Coastal Zone of thComparative Study of Urban Development in the Coastal Zone of the e Balearic IslandsBalearic Islands

ObjectiveObjectiveTo conduct a spatial analysis of the effects of urban settleTo conduct a spatial analysis of the effects of urban settlements ments and urbanization in the coastal zone of the Balearic Islands. and urbanization in the coastal zone of the Balearic Islands.

Justification Justification Urban development is a primary cause of habitat destruction Urban development is a primary cause of habitat destruction in in the coastal zone and also has significant impacts on marine the coastal zone and also has significant impacts on marine habitats. Understanding the process from a spatial perspective habitats. Understanding the process from a spatial perspective is an essential decisionis an essential decision--making tool related to ICZM and the making tool related to ICZM and the achievement of sustainability in the coastal zone. achievement of sustainability in the coastal zone.


Land CategoriesLand Categories

6 6 -- Road infrastructuresRoad infrastructures

5 5 -- Protected rustic landProtected rustic land

4 4 -- Rustic land, potentially constructible Rustic land, potentially constructible

3 3 –– Rustic land, potentially urbaneRustic land, potentially urbane

2 2 -- Developable, nonDevelopable, non--transformed landtransformed land

1 1 -- Transformed land (developable or developed)Transformed land (developable or developed)


Level of Satisfaction and Perceptions of Resident and Tourist BeLevel of Satisfaction and Perceptions of Resident and Tourist Beach ach Users on the Island of MallorcaUsers on the Island of Mallorca

ObjectiveObjectiveTo assess the level of satisfaction (environment, services, To assess the level of satisfaction (environment, services, prices, beach quality) and perceptions of resident and tourist prices, beach quality) and perceptions of resident and tourist beach users in six pilot sites in Mallorca.beach users in six pilot sites in Mallorca.

Justification Justification Satisfied tourists and residents and healthy communities areSatisfied tourists and residents and healthy communities areessential elements of sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism essential elements of sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is an integral element for achieving ICZM and the overall goal is an integral element for achieving ICZM and the overall goal of sustainability in the coastal zone. of sustainability in the coastal zone.


Indicators project: for Assessing and Monitoring ICZM

The objective of this project is to develop a proposal for a list of indicators to monitor and assess ICZM in the Balearic Islands.

• This has been achieved through - a full evaluation of international scientific standards and protocols

for indicator development and methodologies- a participatory, cooperative process to tailor such standards to the

environmental and socio-economic reality of the Balearic Islands though a 2 years project with CES Commissions (Environment and Social Council from Balearic Islands

- A final recommendation ‘Dictamen’ to the Balearic Government, unanimously approved on December 14, 2007.

- Next step: action from the government to the parliament to enforce a new law and a regulation for sound ICZM indicators monitoring.



Logical Approach

Derived from Driving Forces, Pressure, State, Impacts, Responses(DPSIR) framework and based on Sustainability Principles (e.g. Ocean Commission, EEUU).

In the context of the three types of indicators (environmental, socio-economic and governance) the logic is that:

- the socio economic measures represent the drivers and pressures on the environment- the environment indicators represent the state of the marine and thee coastal environments and the impacts of the socio-economic system on those environments, and - the governance indicators represent the societal response to environmental anthropogenic trends.

Indicators for Assessing and Monitoring ICZMIndicators for Assessing and Monitoring ICZM


Logical Approach

Broad assumptions accepted

• Human activities and the social-economic-cultural system within which they occur result in the drivers and pressures that are largely responsible for degradation of coastal and marine environments.

• In order to achieve sustainability, it is important to influence humans and the social-economic-cultural system in order to alter their behaviour so as to minimize negative impacts on the natural environment and maximize societal benefits derived from natural resources.

• ICZM decision-makers have the capacity to influence and alter human behavior through governance.

• Improvements in the state of marine and coastal environments and decreases in manifestations of negative impacts are indicators of whether alterations in human behaviour influenced by governance have been successful.

• Improvements in the natural environment will result in societal benefits and overall improvement of the quality of life of coastal residents, thus progressing towards the stable balance between human and natural systems that is necessary for sustainability.



3. Indicators for Assessing and Monitoring ICZM3. Indicators for Assessing and Monitoring ICZM

RESPONSEmeasured using

Governance Indicators

DRIVER/PRESSUREmeasured using

Socio-economic Indicators

STATE/IMPACTSmeasured using

Environmental Indicators

The social-economic-cultural system drives human activities that result in pressures

on coastal and marine environments. These result in impacts that affect the state of the environment. The state of

the environment affects the socio-economic system.

Governance is society’s way of influencing the social-economic-cultural system in order to minimize pressure on coastal

and marine environments. Governance drives the ICZM process. The response of the socio-economic system influences

governance measures.

Information about the state of coastal and marine environments and the impacts

upon them drive the governance system to adapt and evolve to minimize

negative impacts and improve the state these environments. Through

influencing the social-economic-cultural system, effective governance

measures improve the state of the environment.

Figure 1: Logical Framework for ICZM Indicator Selection


Indicator SelectionFrom a scientific perspective, viability entails indicators that possess thefollowing characteristics:• Readily measurable• Cost effective• Concrete (i.e. directly observable and measurable)• Interpretable• Grounded in scientific theory• Sensitive• Responsive• Specific

From a management perspective, viability entails:• Relevance to management objectives• Clear linkages to the outcomes being monitored• Development with involvement of all those involved in management• They must be part of the management process and not an end in

themselves(IOC 2006)



TimelineIdentify major issues pertaining to each type of indicator (i.e.governance, environmental, socio-economic) and establish why each issue is important in the context of the Balearic Islands.Identify a list of specific objectives for addressing each issueidentified above.Conduct a full evaluation and review of international standards and works related to ICZM and indicator development. Based on the review above, identify a series of potential indicators and a series of measurements associated with each objective. Specifically, identify a core list of well-established, internationally accepted indicators that are considered essential to the project, and an additional, extended list of indicators which will be more amenable to adaptation based on further consultation with experts and stakeholders.



Timeline• Consult with indicator experts and stakeholders involved with

indicator development and issues related to ICZM to assess the viability of measurements and refine the list of indicators (in progress).

…..Next Steps…..1. Conduct full assessment of the suitability (idoneidad) of the

individual indicators (based on methodology applied by Gobern del Pais Vasco, Annex 12): May – August 2007

2. Further identify specific units of measurement, thresholds, tendencies: May – August 2007

3. Develop an implementation plan for the list of indicators: May –November 2007

3. Indicators for Assessing and Monitoring ICZM3. Indicators for Assessing and Monitoring ICZM



Major ChallengesLack of coordination and cooperation among parties involved in indicator development leads to too much repetition and inefficiency. ICZM and indicators are not generic, rather, they are site specific and restricted by political and local realities, and by availability of financial and human resources. Identifying viable, consistent data sources.Identifying scale of measurements, thresholds and limits, tendencies.Finding a balance between reality and comprehensiveness (i.e. balancing sustainability goals and political realities). Identifying resources and partners to implement and maintain list of indicators.



For each indicator,

- Definition of the indicator category- Brief explanation of its relevance to ICZM- General objective / goal - Specific objective related to each indicator- List of indicators associated with each objective and reference

used for obtaining it. - Description of measurements associated with each indicator- Specific definition of spatial and temporal scales for each indicator

(where relevant).


Indicator TablesIndicator Tables

• The tables are divided into 3 major categories (A, B, C), representing the three types of indicators (governance, socio-economic, environmental) selected for this proposal.

• The three types of indicators have been divided into two sub-categories (A/B/C 1 and 2) representing a core list of indicators and an extended list of indicators.

• The core list represents those indicators in each category that are based on an extensive evaluation of the literature and established international standards and therefore considered to be the essential minimum required to achieve the overall objective of assessing and monitoring ICZM in the Balearic Islands.

• The extended list represents additional indicators that could beused to elaborate on any of the objectives listed in the table. This makes the list amenable to adaptation depending on the specific organization or entity wishing to apply the measurements.


Fase I. Propuesta inicial para el sistema de indicadores “ideal” basado en:

(1) La definición de una serie de objetivos relacionados a las sostenibilidad en la zona costera de las Illes Balears (socio-económicos, medioambientales, gobernanza).

(2) Un análisis extensivo de experiencias e iniciativas internacionales.(3) Estudios propios del IMEDEA y del CES.(4) Una serie de reuniones entre el IMEDEA y el CES para ajustar los indicadores a la

realidad y los necesidades de la sociedad de las Illes Balears.

Resultado: Una lista “ideal” de 56 indicadores con medidas y escalas asociadas.

Fase II. Análisis de idoneidad, análisis de importancia, y plan de implementación (basado en las recomendaciones del CES en junio 2007):

(1) Una priorización de los indicadores basada en un análisis de idoneidad. (2) Una priorización de los indicadores basada en su nivel de importancia (utilizando un

estudio Delphi con 13 miembros de los comisiones de trabajo del CES).(3) Una estimación del coste (tiempo, personal, tecnología) para desarrollar y/o aplicar

cada indicador.(4) La definición de una serie de recomendaciones para desarrollar, mantener y divulgar la

información relacionada con cada indicador, específicamente, la identificación del grupo, instituciones y organismos responsables potenciales para cada uno de ellos.

Resultado: Una propuesta para un Sistema de Indicadores para la GIZC en las IllesBalears (54 indicadores) y un plan de implementación.

El Trabajo RealizadoEl Trabajo Realizado


1. Emprender las acciones y disponer de los recursos necesarios para implementar la lista de indicadores, dando prioridad a los indicadores con alta idoneidad e importancia.

2. Tomar las acciones necesarias para identificar e incorporar trabajos directamente relacionados con la obtención e implementación de los indicadores (corrientes, planificados y pasados) para asegurar la máxima eficiencia en la implementación del sistema.

3. Adecuar/crear la normativa necesaria para regularizar y apoyar la implementación y ejecución del sistema de indicadores.

4. Crear un observatorio de la sostenibilidad del medio costero para analizar y disponer de los indicadores.

5. Entender que el Sistema de Indicadores para la GIZC de las IllesBalears es un sistema abierto.

Recomendaciones para la implementaciRecomendaciones para la implementacióón del Sisteman del Sistema


Indicadores Categoría (# original) Idoneidad Importancia 1. Área de suelo y mar protegida por una regulación legal Gobernanza 3 20 – alta Alta 2. Desempleo Socioeconómico 15 20 – alta Alta 3. Ocupación de la oferta turística Socioeconómico 18 21 – alta Alta 4. Evolución de la demanda turística Socioeconómico 19 21 – alta Alta 5. Consumo de Agua Socioeconómico 22 20 – alta Alta 6. Consumo de electricidad Socioeconómico 23 21 – alta Alta 7. Pesca Socioeconómico 24 20 – alta Alta 8. Tratamiento de agua/depuración Socioeconómico 26 19 – alta Alta 9. Densidad de población residente Socioeconómico 29 21 – alta Alta 10. Estacionalidad de población Socioeconómico 30 20 – alta Alta 11. Inmigración Socioeconómico 31 20 – alta Alta 12. Construcción de viviendas Socioeconómico 32 21 – alta Alta 13. Número de puestos de amarre Socioeconómico 35 19 – alta Alta 14. Carga en infraestructuras viarias y sociales Socioeconómico 36 19 – alta Alta 15. Calidad de las playas Medioambiente 2 20 – alta Alta 16. Calidad del suministro turístico Socioeconómico B1 20 – alta Alta 17. Precio del suministro turístico Socioeconómico B2 19 – alta Alta 18. Existencia de rutinas de limpieza en la playa y el mar costero Socioeconómico 28 19 – alta Media 19. Regeneración de la costa Socioeconómico 38 19 – alta Media 20. Indicador de gasto público Socioeconómico B5 19 – alta Media 21. Existencia y nivel de actividad de las organizaciones de apoyo a la GIZC Gobernanza 1 16 – media Alta 22. Existencia y adecuación de la legislación que facilita la GIZC Gobernanza 2 16 – media Alta 23. Existencia y funcionamiento de una coordinación representativa y de mecanismos de resolución de conflictos para la GIZC Gobernanza 8 16 – media Alta 24. Patrones de empleo sectorial Socioeconómico 13 17 – media Alta 25. Evolución de la oferta turística de alojamiento Socioeconómico 16 18 – media Alta 26. Producción de residuos sólidos urbanos Socioeconómico 27 18 – media Alta 27. Ratio de urbanización de suelo previamente no urbanizado Socioeconómico 33 18 – media Alta 28. Zona de costa artificial Socioeconómico 34 16 – media Alta 29. Número de plazas (servicios sociales) Socioeconómico B8 16 – media Alta 30. Efectos negativos sociales de le estacionalidad Socioeconómico B12 17 – media Alta 31. Producción económica sectorial Socioeconómico 10 16 – media Media 32. Inversión directa en la zona costera Socioeconómico 12 16 – media Media 33. Precio de viviendas Socioeconómico B9 18 – media Media 34. Servicio público de empleo Socioeconómico B7 18 – media Baja 35. Esfuerzos para minimizar impactos medioambientales en la zona costera Gobernanza 4 15 – baja Alta 36. Existencia de mecanismos para el control rutinario, la evaluación y el ajuste de las iniciativas de la GIZC Gobernanza 5 15 – baja Alta 37. Disponibilidad suficiente y distribución adecuada de los recursos humanos, técnicos y financieros para la GIZC Gobernanza 6 15 – baja Alta 38. Existencia, difusión y aplicación de la investigación e información relacionada con la GIZC Gobernanza 7 15 baja Alta 39. Valores (sin ser de Mercado) de la economía del mar y de costas Socioeconómico 11 11 – baja Alta 40. Indicador de turismo residencial Socioeconómico B3 14 – baja Alta 41. Indicadores asociados con la Directiva Marco del Agua Medioambiente 4 12 – baja Alta 42. Diversidad biológica Medioambiente 1 15 – baja Alta 43. Evolución de la oferta complementaria Socioeconómico 17 14 – baja Alta 44. Percepciones de los residentes del turismo Socioeconómico 21 11 – baja Media 45. Densidad de usuarios de la playa Socioeconómico 37 13 – baja Media 46. Índice de integridad física Medioambiente 3 12 – baja Media 47. Cualificación de capital humano Socioeconómico 14 14 – baja Media 48. Patrones de la demanda turística Socioeconómico 20 14 – baja Media 49. Evaluación de los riesgos naturales, humanos y económicos Socioeconómico 39 12 – baja Media 50. Inversión en tecnología, formación tecnológica Socioeconómico 40 11 – baja Media 51. Indicador de segunda residencia de la población local Socioeconómico B4 14 – baja Media 52. Densidad de ocupación de viviendas Socioeconómico B10 14 – baja Media 53. Evolución del Producto Interior Bruto Socioeconómico 9 15 – baja Baja 54. Responsabilidad social corporativa Socioeconómico B11 10 – baja Baja 55. Identificación de fuentes puntuales y no puntuales de contaminación Socioeconómico 25 11 – baja Eliminar 56. Encuestas con empresas de turismo Socioeconómico B6 8 – baja Eliminar


Indicadores Categoría (# original) Idoneidad Importancia 1. Área de suelo y mar protegida por una regulación legal Gobernanza 3 20 – alta Alta 2. Desempleo Socioeconómico 15 20 – alta Alta 3. Ocupación de la oferta turística Socioeconómico 18 21 – alta Alta 4. Evolución de la demanda turística Socioeconómico 19 21 – alta Alta 5. Consumo de Agua Socioeconómico 22 20 – alta Alta 6. Consumo de electricidad Socioeconómico 23 21 – alta Alta 7. Pesca Socioeconómico 24 20 – alta Alta 8. Densidad de población residente Socioeconómico 29 21 – alta Alta 9. Estacionalidad de población Socioeconómico 30 20 – alta Alta 10. Inmigración Socioeconómico 31 20 – alta Alta 11. Construcción de viviendas Socioeconómico 32 21 – alta Alta 12. Tratamiento de agua/depuración Socioeconómico 26 19 – alta Alta 13. Número de puestos de amarre Socioeconómico 35 19 – alta Alta 14. Carga en infraestructuras viarias y sociales Socioeconómico 36 19 – alta Alta 15. Calidad de las playas Medioambiente 2 20 – alta Alta 16. Calidad del suministro turístico Socioeconómico B1 20 – alta Alta 17. Precio del suministro turístico Socioeconómico B2 19 – alta Alta 18. Existencia y nivel de actividad de las organizaciones de apoyo a la GIZC Gobernanza 1 16 – media Alta 19. Existencia y adecuación de la legislación que facilita la GIZC Gobernanza 2 16 – media Alta 20. Existencia y funcionamiento de una coordinación representativa y de mecanismos de resolución de conflictos para la GIZC Gobernanza 8 16 – media Alta 21. Patrones de empleo sectorial Socioeconómico 13 17 – media Alta 22. Evolución de la oferta turística de alojamiento Socioeconómico 16 18 – media Alta 23. Producción de residuos sólidos urbanos Socioeconómico 27 18 – media Alta 24. Ratio de urbanización de suelo previamente no urbanizado Socioeconómico 33 18 – media Alta 25. Zona de costa artificial Socioeconómico 34 16 – media Alta 26. Número de plazas (servicios sociales) Socioeconómico B8 16 – media Alta 27. Efectos negativos sociales de le estacionalidad Socioeconómico B12 17 – media Alta 28. Esfuerzos para minimizar impactos medioambientales en la zona costera Gobernanza 4 15 – baja Alta 29. Existencia de mecanismos para el control rutinario, la evaluación y el ajuste de las iniciativas de la GIZC Gobernanza 5 15 – baja Alta 30. Disponibilidad suficiente y distribución adecuada de los recursos humanos, técnicos y financieros para la GIZC Gobernanza 6 15 – baja Alta 31. Existencia, difusión y aplicación de la investigación e información relacionada con la GIZC Gobernanza 7 15 – baja Alta 32. Valores (sin ser de Mercado) de la economía del mar y de costas Socioeconómico 11 11 – baja Alta 33. Indicador de turismo residencial Socioeconómico B3 14 – baja Alta 34. Indicadores asociados con la Directiva Marco del Agua Medioambiente 4 12 – baja Alta 35. Diversidad biológica Medioambiente 1 15 – baja Alta 36. Evolución de la oferta complementaria Socioeconómico 17 14 – baja Alta 37. Existencia de rutinas de limpieza en la playa y el mar costero Socioeconómico 28 19 – alta Media 38. Regeneración de la costa Socioeconómico 38 19 – alta Media 39. Indicador de gasto público Socioeconómico B5 19 – alta Media 40. Producción económica sectorial Socioeconómico 10 16 – media Media 41. Inversión directa en la zona costera Socioeconómico 12 16 – media Media 42. Precio de viviendas Socioeconómico B9 18 – media Media 43. Percepciones de los residentes del turismo Socioeconómico 21 11 – baja Media 44. Densidad de usuarios de la playa Socioeconómico 37 13 – baja Media 45. Índice de integridad física Medioambiente 3 12 – baja Media 46. Cualificación de capital humano Socioeconómico 14 14 – baja Media 47. Patrones de la demanda turística Socioeconómico 20 14 – baja Media 48. Evaluación de los riesgos naturales, humanos y económicos Socioeconómico 39 12 – baja Media 49. Inversión en tecnología, formación tecnológica Socioeconómico 40 11 – baja Media 50. Indicador de segunda residencia de la población local Socioeconómico B4 14 – baja Media 51. Densidad de ocupación de viviendas Socioeconómico B10 14 – baja Media 52. Servicio público de empleo Socioeconómico B7 18 – media Baja 53. Evolución del Producto Interior Bruto Socioeconómico 9 15 – baja Baja 54. Responsabilidad social corporativa Socioeconómico B11 10 – baja Baja 55. Identificación de fuentes puntuales y no puntuales de contaminación Socioeconómico 25 11 – baja Eliminar 56. Encuestas con empresas de turismo Socioeconómico B6 8 – baja Eliminar


4. Indicator Tables4. Indicator Tables

Governance Indicators

Category

Specific Objective

Indicator (Reference)

Measurement

Spatial Scale

Temporal Scale

Institutions

To establish a network of organizations, at all levels of governance, that supports and facilitates the implementation ICZM.

1. Existence and activity level of organizations supportive of ICZM (IOC 2006)

Qualitative assessment of the following dimensions:

- The number and characteristics of organizations (government, NGO, community level etc.) active in fields related to ICZM

- Description and level of activities carried out by these organizations related to ICZM (participation in meetings, education, field projects, enforcement etc.)

- Degree of influence such activities on the advancement of ICZM related activities

Region Island Municipality

Initial assessment followed by yearly re-evaluations.

“[D]esigned to measure the performance of the responses to mitigate human pressures on the coastal and marine environment. They alsomeasure the progress and quality of the governance process itself, thatis, the extent to which a programme in addressing the issue(s) thattriggered the development of the programme in the first place” (IOC2006).


Socio-economic Indicators

“[D]esigned to capture interactions between human activities and coastal and marine environments. Socio-economic activities in the coastal zone are varied and encompass a number of dimensions including economic, environmental, public health and safety and social” (IOC 2006).

Category (Driver/Pressure)

Specific Objective

Indicator

Measurement

Spatial Scale(s)

Temporal Scale

Tourism

To achieve sustainable levels of tourism in the coastal zone.

17. Evolution of tourism supply (Sarda et al. 2005)

- Number of lodging places - Number of hotel rooms - Ratio of spaces in lodging places per 100 residents - Ratio of hotel rooms per 100 residents - Growth in lodging places and hotel rooms

Region Island Municipality Tourism Zones

1995 – present followed by yearly re-evaluations

4. Examples of Indicators4. Examples of Indicators


Environmental Indicators

Environmental indicators measure the condition and trends of the stateof the ecosystem, in particular its biological organization, vigour andgeological, physical and chemical properties (IOC 2006).

Specific Objective

Indicator (Reference)

Measurement

Spatial Scale

Temporal Scale

Monitor ecosystem health through the identification and use of keystone and indicator species.

39. Keystone and indicator species (EITAC 1999)

- Identification of priority species that could serve as

indicators of ecosystem health. - Measurement of quality (e.g. contaminant exposure,

disease) and abundance of species identified above.

Geographic Information System (multiple scale options)

Seasonal evaluation of quality after initial evaluation of priority species.

4. Examples of Indicators4. Examples of Indicators


El Resultado Final. El Dictamen 05/2007, CESEl Resultado Final. El Dictamen 05/2007, CES









7. The future: real and measurable science based Sustainability, ICZM, Coastal Observing and Forecasting Systems, Guidelines for sustainable coastal areas that need to be applicable, applied and enforced (preserve environment and residents culture, guarantee business competitiveness)

ICTS ICTS -- SOCIB: Balearic Islands Coastal SOCIB: Balearic Islands Coastal Observing Observing

and Forecasting Systemand Forecasting System

New technologies, Three-dimensional observations in quasi real time, Forecasting numerical models and Data assimilation for …

A quantitative major jump, advancement of scientific knowledge and …

The development of a new form of Integrated Coastal Zone

Management, based on recent scientific and technological

achievements,

on a global change context (where climate change is one of the most important, but not the only one…),

and following sustainability principles

A New Approach to Marine and Coastal Research

OOI, Regional Scale Nodes (Delaney, 2008)

Ocean Observatories,

(Oceanus, 2006)


and Forecasting Systemand Forecasting SystemInternational Framework

Europe:Background: IFREMER, Liverpool Bay Marine Lab among other facilities, and projects such as: ESEOO, MOON, ICZM_Balearic Islands, MERSEA, ECOOP, SESAME Near future: GMES ESA-EU initiative, MyOCEAN project, etc.

EEUUOOI (NSF research) - http://www.joiscience.org/ocean_observingCollaborating to acquire research observing systems 10x what we have had. Requires

making choices, consensus, priorities. Funding will go where the science interest is. IOOS (inter-agency operational)Creating an operational observing system. Research supporting operations. Will support

OOI and all basic ocean research. IOOS provides larger scale, long-term setting for OOI observatories. OOI provides process based research in a region leading to better IOOS observing schemes. OOI provides new technology and test bed for IOOS. Coordination: http://www.ocean.us/

Specifically Balearic Islands:ICZM_Balearic Islands, start of PLATLIB/SOCIB: December 2005Pilot Observing and Forecasting System - 2007 http://www.imedea.uib.es/goifis/OPERACIONAL/

Balearic Islands Pilot Observing and Balearic Islands Pilot Observing and Forecasting System Forecasting System -- 2007 2007

General objective: to develop an Observing and Forecasting System, a scientific and technological infrastructure which will be open to international access and collaboration (subject to peer review) to:

Respond to the major scientific and technological challenges of the next decade as well as to the strategic needs of society related to new observing and forecasting operational oceanography capabilities in the coastal ocean in the context of global change.Consolidate, support and enhance excellence in research and technological development in operational oceanography in the Balearic Islands.Consolidate the position of the Balearic Islands as an internationally recognised centre of excellence for marine and coastal research for addressing sustainability challenges and progressing towards science based Integrated Coastal Zone Management





To address this general objective, five different specific objectives have been identified:

1. Scientific objectives2. Technological objectives3. Strategic objectives (in response to society needs)4. Outreach and Education5. Training of scientist, students, engineers and technicians

The basic components of SOCIB

1. Observational sub-systemin situ moored and drifting sensing systemsCoastal and offshore instrumented installationsRemote sensing from satellites Shore-based remote sensing with radar

2. Forecasting sub-systemOcean currents and wave at different scalesEcosystem variabilityData assimilation and relevant analysis at overlapping spatial and temporal scales

3. Data management and disseminationThe latest in data server technology and internationally accepted protocolsQuality controlWorld Wide Web, open sourceEffective data archiving, delivery and communication

4. Outreach and educationFocus on practical applicationsIdentify and assess needs and data preferencesObtain user feedbackTargeting undergraduate and graduate student/teacher audience as end-users





2. The Balearic Islands case study


4. The new role of science in XXI century

5. ICZM: Integrated Coastal Zone Management

6. The ICZM Balearic Islands initiative (Government/IMEDEA)

7. The future: real and measurable science based Sustainability thought a new process of ICZM


Conclusions and SuggestionsConclusions and Suggestions

•• ICZM in the Balearic Islands. Ideal conditions. Know how and ICZM in the Balearic Islands. Ideal conditions. Know how and social society awareness. Take into consideration islands social society awareness. Take into consideration islands character, discuss limits to growth, thresholds for indicators, character, discuss limits to growth, thresholds for indicators, carrying capacity issues in a global change environment and carrying capacity issues in a global change environment and accepting basic underlying principles such as sustainability, accepting basic underlying principles such as sustainability, ecosystem based management, etc.ecosystem based management, etc.

•• Coastal observing and forecasting system Coastal observing and forecasting system –– new technologies, new technologies, monitoring and forecasting capabilities: baseline data, know monitoring and forecasting capabilities: baseline data, know how as a basis for ICZM. how as a basis for ICZM.

•• Science and society: using state of the art scientific results, Science and society: using state of the art scientific results, involve stakeholders to guarantee real sustainability. involve stakeholders to guarantee real sustainability.

•• Science and ethical values Science and ethical values ““Science sans conscience Science sans conscience nn’’estest quequeruineruine de de ll’’ameame”” (Rabelais).(Rabelais).



•• Develop a methodological framework and model approach to habitatDevelop a methodological framework and model approach to habitatpreservation that incorporates ecosystempreservation that incorporates ecosystem--based, integrated managementbased, integrated management

•• Develop common convergent strategies, definitions and legislatioDevelop common convergent strategies, definitions and legislation for n for habitat preservation and restorationhabitat preservation and restoration

•• Promote research, technological innovation and development for Promote research, technological innovation and development for monitoring coastal habitatsmonitoring coastal habitats

•• Take management plans beyond the Take management plans beyond the ““paper parkpaper park”” phase and into the phase and into the implementation phases, combining topimplementation phases, combining top--down and bottomdown and bottom--up initiativesup initiatives

•• Incorporate long term financing and enforcement strategies into Incorporate long term financing and enforcement strategies into management plansmanagement plans

•• Recognize the important role of sustainable tourism as a selfRecognize the important role of sustainable tourism as a self--financing financing mechanism for habitat preservation mechanism for habitat preservation

•• Involve stakeholders and decisionInvolve stakeholders and decision--makers at all stages of managementmakers at all stages of management•• Recognize that coastal habitat preservation is just one small piRecognize that coastal habitat preservation is just one small piece of the ece of the

puzzle that leads to sustainability puzzle that leads to sustainability •• The real challenge is piecing together all of the elements throuThe real challenge is piecing together all of the elements through the gh the

process of knowledge based ICZM in a global change environment. process of knowledge based ICZM in a global change environment. •• This implies a change in our present model of society. This implies a change in our present model of society.



•• Are we all ready for that?Are we all ready for that?•• Can we afford not to take immediate action?Can we afford not to take immediate action?

Sustainable development:

“…the development that satisfies the needs from the present without compromising the capacities of future

generations to fulfil their own needs”


Moltes grMoltes grààciescies

science based integrated coastal zone management: the ...€¦ · the balearic islands case study:...

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