schistosomiasis in africa tymeka lewis, ph.d. student walden university pubh 8165-1 instructor: dr....
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SCHISTOSOMIASISIN AFRICA
Tymeka Lewis, Ph.D. student
Walden University
PUBH 8165-1
Instructor: Dr. Shana Morrell
Spring, 2009
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SchistosomiasisDefinition
Rate of the disease
Symptoms
Treatments
Prevention
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WHAT IS SCHISTOSOMIASIS?• Bilharzia or snail fever (CDC, 2008)
• 200 million people are infected, mainly in Africa (CDC, 2008)
• 20 million people disabled (EPA, 2008)
• 280,000 die each year (EPA, 2008)
• Contaminated freshwater with snails carry the disease (CDC, 2008)
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/schistosomiasis/default.html
EPA. (2008). Scientist identify new leads for treating parasitic worm disease. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.eps.gov/aging/press/othernews/2008/2008
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HOW YOU GET IT? Contact with
contaminated freshwater with Schistosoma eggs Eggs hatch Parasites grows in
snails Parasites leaves snails Parasites enters a
person’s skin (CDC, 2008)
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: Fact sheet. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov.
Figure 1. Wikipedia. Skin vesicales on the forearem, created by the penetration of Schistosoma.
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MAIN FORMS OF HUMANSCHISTOSOMIASIS
S. mansoniFigure 2. Wikipedia.
S. haematobium
Figure 3. Wikipedia.
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SYMPTOMS
Rash or itchy skinFever or chillsCoughMuscle achesInflammation -swelling and
tenderness of the liver
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/refugee/lostboysandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.html
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TREATMENT FOR SCHISTOSOMIASIS Praziquantel – treats all
forms (CDC, 2008)
Oxamniquine – treats intestinal (CDC, 2008)
Metrifonate – treats urinary (WHO, 2007)
No vaccine (CDC, 2008)CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact sheet for
the lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/refugee/lostboysandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.html
WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html
Figure 4. Generic Biltricide (Praziquantel ) 600 mg Tablets
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PREVENTION
Avoid freshwater washing, swimming,
wading or bathing
Drink safe water
Heat bath water
Use toilets
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov
Figure 5. Photo Disc Image.
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WHO DOES IT MAINLY AFFECT?
CHILDREN!
Figure 6. Girl getting water. Figure 7. Kids playing in water.
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REDUCING THE DISEASE IN AFRICA Health education Control of freshwater
snails Supply of water Low cost of medicine Management of the
environment Improve sanitation
WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html
Figure 8. WHO. New parasites (cercariae)
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CONCLUSION
Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms (CDC, 2008).
A person become infected with schistosomiasis when contaminated freshwater where snails carry schistosomes gets on the skin (CDC, 2008).
There are two main forms of schistosomiasis (Britannica, 2009).
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CONCLUSION
Praziquantel is the drug that treats it (CDC, 2008).
DON’T swim, wade, bath or wash in freshwater.
66 million children are affected with schistosomiasis (WHO, 2007).
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CONCLUSION
To reduce incidence in African communities
Health education should be provided
Freshwater snails should be under control
Supply of water should be tested
Praziquantel should be provided to children annually
Management of the environment including improved sanitation (pipes)
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REFERENCESCDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.cdc.gov.
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact sheet for the lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/refugee/lostboysandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.html
CDC. (2009). Prevention of specific infectious diseases. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://wwwn.cdc.gov.travel.yellowBookCH4-Schistosomiasis.aspx
CDC. (2009). Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org
Clements, A., Garba, A., Sacko, M., Toure., Dembele, R., Landoure, A., Bosque-Olivia, E., Gabrielli, A. F., & Fenwick, A. (2008). Mapping the probability of schistosomiasis and associated uncertainty, West Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(10), 1629-1632. DOI: 10.3201/eid1410.080366
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REFERENCES CONTINUEDDeganello, R., Cruciani, M., Beltramello, C., Duncan, O., Oyugi, V., &
Montresor, A. (2007). Schistosoma hematobium and S. mansoni among children, Southern Sudan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(10), 1504-1506.
Doumenge, J. P., Mott, K. E., Villenave, C. D., Perrin, O. C., & Reaud-Thomas, G. (1987). Atlas of the global distribution of schistosomiasis. World Health Organization. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/documents/maps/en/contents.pdf
EPA. (2008). Scientist identify new leads for treating parasitic worm disease. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.epa.gov/aging/press/othernews/2008/2008_0316_ons_1.htm
Generic Biltricide (Praziquantel). [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.generics.ws
Meltzer, E., Artom, G., Marva, E., Assous, M. V., Rahav, G., & Schwartz, E. (2006). Schistosomiasis among travelers: New aspects of an old disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1696-1700.
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REFERENCES CONTINUEDPhotos Disc Image. [Online Image]. Water boiling in pot on stove.
Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://images.google.com
Schistosomiasis. (2009). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 14, 2009, from Encyclopedia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/527459/schistosomiasis
Taylor, M. (2008). Global trends in schistosomiasis control. World Health Organization, 86(10), 738. doi 10:2471/BLT.08.058669
WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html
WHO. Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from World Health Organization. http://www.microbiologybytes.com
Wikipedia. Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org
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FOR FURTHER READING CDC. (2008).. Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009,
from http://www.cdc.gov. Centron, M. S., Chitsulo, L., & Sullivan, J. J. (1996).
Schistosomiasis in Lake Malawi. Lancet, 348, 1274-1278.
Photograhy.com. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from Photography.com
Pritt, B. S., & Clark, C. G. (2008). Amebiasis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83(10), 1154-1160.
Schwartz, E., Kozarsky, P., Wilson, M., & Centron, M. (2005). Schistosome infection among river rafters on Omo River, Ethiopia. Journal Travel Medicine, 12, 3-8.
World Health Organization. (1993). The control of schistosomiasis: Second report of the WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series 830. Geneva.
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ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS?
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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING TO MY PRESENTATION!