bianca l. tristan, phd student walden university pubh 8165-environmental health instructor: dr....
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Bianca L. Tristan, PhD Student
Walden University
PUBH 8165-Environmental Health
Instructor: Dr. Howard Rubin
Summer, 2010
Public Health Department Staff Presentation Epidemiology of Viral
Gastroenteritis in Adults
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• High morbidity & Mortality
• Affects 76 million yearly
• 325,000 hospitalizations
• 5,000 deaths
• $6 billion economic burden
Introduction to Foodborne Illnesses
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• High prevalence globally
• 600,000 – 800,000 deaths/yearly
• 21 million from Norovirus in U.S.
• 50% of all foodborne illness
Viral GastroenteritisRotavirus and Norovirus
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• Four important viral agents
• Norovirus
• Rotavirus
• Enteric Adenovirus
• Astrovirus
Etiology
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• Two identifiable patterns
– Endemic
– Epidemic
Epidemiology Patterns
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• Endemic• Rotavirus Group A
• Age 4-24 month old
• Severe diarrhea
• Dehydration
Epidemiology Patterns
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• Transmitted fecal-oral route
• Person - to - Person
• Contaminated food & water
• Contaminated commercial ice
Transmission of Rotavirus
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• Vomiting
• Watery diarrhea
• Low grade fever
• Abdominal pain
Clinical Presentation
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Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal cramps
Fever
Headache
Clinical Presentation of the Norovirus
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• Presentation
• Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT – PCR)
• Stool specimens within 48 to 72 hours
• Direct and immune electron microscopy
Diagnosis
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• Frequent hand washing
• Vaccination of infants
• Adequate garbage and refuse disposal
• Effective insect and rodent control
Prevention
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• National Outbreak reporting system (NORS)
• States report directly to the CDC
• To the National Calicivirus Laboratory
• Gastroenteritis & Respiratory Virus Laboratory Branch, Division for Immunization & Respiratory Disease
Surveillance
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• National Outbreak Reporting System• Calicinet – PulseNet Model-Public Health
• Laboratories
– Foodborne Gastroenteritis
– Waterborne Gastroenteritis
– Person – to – Person transmission
Surveillance
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• Ten rules for safe food preparation & consumption
• Follow Universal Precautions
• Keep a free environment of rodents
• Control insects and cockroaches
Education
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• Pathogens of Gastroenteritis
• Rotavirus/Norovirus
• Manifestations
• Prevention
conclusion
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• Evaluation
• Severity of Illnesses
• Exclusion
Conclusion
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• Resources
• Recommendations
• Laboratory tests may include
Conclusion
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• California Endowment Health Journalism Fellowship (2010) Foodborne Illnesses: 76 million cases annually. USC, Reporting on Health, Los Angeles, CA Retrieved from http://www.reportingonhealth.org/resources/topics/foodborne-illness
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Technical Factsheet, (2010) Norovirus: Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease; Division of Viral Disease, Atlanta, GA. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/norovirus-factsheet.htm
References:
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• Blacklow, (2008) Epidemiology of viral gastroenteritis in adults, UpToDate Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?
• Matson, D. O. (2008) Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, clinical presentation and diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis in Children, UpToDate Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?
References:
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• Moeller, D. W. (2005) Environmental Health. (3rd Ed.) Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press
• World Who Organization, Fact sheet (2009) Diarrhoeal disease. Media Centre Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/
• en/index.html
References
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• WHO (2009) Global use of Rotavirus Vaccine Recommended. Media Centre Retrieved From http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/200rotavirus_vaccine_2
References: