scandura ppt 05
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 5: PERCEPTION
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AGENDA• What is perception?• Perceptual errors• Expectations• Impression management
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WOULD YOU BE HAPPIER IF YOU WERE RICHER?• Focusing illusion -- the tendency to overestimate the effect of a single factor on one’s life satisfaction. • Example: Income
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WHAT IS IT?
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DID YOU SEE IT?
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WHAT IS PERCEPTION?• A leader must understand that each person’s perception is their reality and this is how they will interpret the leader’s actions and everything else that happens at the work place. • Perceptions can change.
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UNDERSTANDING WHY PEOPLE DON’T SEE EYE TO EYEPerceptual errors:• Primacy effect• Recency effect• Availability bias• Contrast effects• Halo error (Horns error)
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THE PRIMACY EFFECT
• Belief perseverance• Once a person has formed an initial impression, they maintain it even when presented with concrete evidence that it is false.
• Example: first Impressions
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THE RECENCY EFFECT• Not only do people remember what they experience first, they also remember the most recently presented items or experiences. • Example: reading misspelled words
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CAN YOU UNDERSTAND THIS? WHY?i cdnuolt blveiee taht i cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht i was rdanieg. the phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mind is amazanig. aoccdrnig to a rscheearch taem at cmabrigde uinervtisy, it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. the rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. amazanig ? and yuo awlyas thohgut slpeling was ipmorantt.
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THE AVAILABILITY BIAS• When a person’s judgments are
based on what most readily comes into a person’s mind.• Example: How many words in
the English language start with the letter R?
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CONTRAST EFFECTS• Comparisons based on what has
happened just before we make a decision or judgment• Example: interviewing job applicants• Contrast effects are among the most
significant decision biases for a leader to guard against.
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CONTRAST EFFECTS: THE EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION
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HALO ERROR• Halo (or its opposite, horns) error
occurs when a the rater's overall positive (or negative) impression strongly influences ratings of specific attributes.• Example: performance
appraisals
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ATTRIBUTION THEORYAttributions -- a person’s attempt to assign a cause to a behavior or event.The attributions people make about events and behavior can be classified as either internal or external.
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ATTRIBUTION• An internal attribution occurs when people infer that an event or a person’s behavior is due to character traits or abilities.• If a person makes an external attribution, they believe that a person’s behavior is due to situational factors.
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ATTRIBUTION ERRORS• Attributions can bias how we process information and make decisions. • Fundamental attribution error • Self-serving bias
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RELATIONAL ATTRIBUTION EXAMPLE
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THE ROMANCE OF LEADERSHIP PERSPECTIVE• challenges the portrayal of leaders
as heroes and heroines• emphasizes the follower and the
situation• notes the halo effect for leadership:
leaders tend to get credit for positive and negative outcomes
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THE PYGMALION EFFECT• Perceptions sometimes result in a self-fulfilling prophecy in which high expectations of performance by leaders actually create conditions in which followers succeed.• Pygmalion effect boosts performance by leaders raising their expectations of followers.
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LEADER-SET HIGH EXPECTATIONS• Communicate high expectations to followers in four ways:• Create a warmer emotional climate• Teach more and increase challenge• Invite followers to ask questions • Provide feedback on performance
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INDIVIDUALLY-SET HIGH EXPECTATIONSGalatea Effect -- when an individual sets high expectations for himself and then performs to these expectations.
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EXPECTATIONS AND LOW PERFORMANCE• Golem Effect -- Expectations may also work in the opposite direction, where lower expectations lead to lower performance. • Bosses can “kill” followers’ motivation by having low expectations.
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EMPLOYABILITY: HOW POTENTIAL EMPLOYERS PERCEIVE YOUEmployability -- the degree to which you are perceived as employable, which may determine whether or not you are hiredEmployability is the ability to gain and maintain a job in a formal organization.
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DETERMINANTS OF EMPLOYABILITY
Source: Hogan, R., Chamorro Premuzic, T. & Kaiser, R. B. (2013). Employability and career success: Bridging the gap between theory and reality. ‐Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6(1), 3–16.
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IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT• Behaviors people use to protect their self-image and/or change the way they are seen by others• Affects interviewing, performance appraisal, and career success• Body language is an important part of impression management
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EXAMPLES OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Sources: Adapted from Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. (1999). Measuring impression management in organizations: A scale development based on the Jones and Pittman taxonomy. Organizational Research Methods, 2(2), 187–206; Bolino, M. C., Kacmar, K. M, Turnley, W. H., & Gilstrap, J. B. (2008). A multi-level review of impression management motives and behaviors. Journal of Management, 34(6), 1080–1109.
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LEADERSHIP IMPLICATIONS: LEADING FOLLOWERS WITH DIFFERING PERCEPTIONS• Social identity • Implicit leadership schemas (or models)
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OPEN-ACCESSSTUDENT RESOURCES• Checklist action plan
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• SAGE journal articles
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