sc isc training

8/4/2019 SC ISC Training

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Copyright Yokogawa Electric Corporation

ConductivityConductivity

ProductsProducts

REP SERVTRAINING


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Analyzers:Analyzers:

EXA SC202

-Two-Wire Transmitter

- 24 VDC

- 4-20 mA Output(HART)

- Fieldbus or Profibus

- Class I, Div I (II)

- FM, CSA, or ATEX

- USP23 Built-In

EXA SC402

- Four-Wire Analyzer

- 110 VAC

- NEMA 4X

- Dual 4-20 mA Outputs

- 4 Contact Relays

- PI Control

- USP23 Built-In

EXA DC402

- Two Inputs for Cond.


- 110 VAC

- NEMA 4X

- Dual 4-20 mA Outputs

- 4 Contact Relays

- PI Control

- USP23 Built-In

EXAxt SC450


- Intuitive Touch-Screen

- Trend Graph Screen

- 2 4-20mA / 4 Contacts

- HART Communication

- PID Control Function

-USP23 Built-In

-Class I, Div II

The Products -he Products - Conductivityonductivity


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- 1/4 DIN Panel Mount- Large Four Digit Display- Easy Automatic Calibration- 4-20mA / 2 Contacts- UL Rated (Pending)

EXA SC100XA SC100

Low-Cost 100 Series for Conductivity:Low-Cost 100 Series for Conductivity:



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Sensors:Sensors:

SC42 (Small Bore: 12mm)

316SS body

Insertion with NPT fitting or Tri-

clamp

Low Cost and Small Footprint

Low Ranges Only

SC4A (Small Bore: 19mm)

316SS or Titanium body

Insertion w/NPT fitting, Tri-

clamp, or Retractable/w PR4A

Mid-Price Quality Sensor

Low Ranges Only

SC42 (Large Bore:30mm)

Variety of Materials

Insertion, Immersion; Flow-Thru

(with FF/FS40)

Priced Higher -the BEST sensor

for LOW and HIGH ranges



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Why is Conductivity measured? Used as a process control parameter.

Used as an Alarm point indicator.

Virtually maintenance free.


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What is ElectrolyticConductivity?

Definition: Is a Measure of the Ability of a Solution

to Carry an Electric Current......(ChargedParticles in Motion))

Specific

Resistance

OHM/CM

100Meg.

10Meg.

1Meg

.

100K

10K

1K

100

10

1

SpecificConduct

ance

.01

.1

110

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

Ultra

Pure Water

GoodDistilled

Water

10PPMNaCl

Natural Waters

(typical)

Oleum(nominal)

SeaWater(3.5%NaCl)

3%NaO

H

10%H2SO4

S/CM

Siemens

orMhos


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What is A Standard

Reference Cell?

Two Plates in a volume of Fluid. Different Volume =Different Cell

Constant

Same Fluid in a different volume will

give a different conductivity reading.


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Standard Reference Cell

1 cm

1 cm

1 cm

Cell Constant =Length----------Area

=cm----cm-2

A B

A

B

FLOW


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How is ConductivityMeasured?

AA

B

FLOW

Alternating

Current

B

The term Conductivity isderived from Ohms Law which isdefined as:

E= I RIn other words when a voltage Eis applied across an electricalconductor (water), then anelectrical current I will flow which

is dependent on the resistance Rof the conductor ( water).

Conductivity is defined as thereciprocal of resistance and it canbe expressed as:

G= I / R

Increasing the amount of ionspresent in the fluid, increases theability of the fluid to transportthe electrical current.

Conductivity goes up.


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YE

W YOKOGA

Mo

ductivity Cells Come In Different Si

Small Size-12MM OD LowestCost

LowConductivity

Ranges

Large Size-25MM OD HigherCost Lowest

ConductivityRanges and

Highest Range

Mid Size-19

MM OD LowCost

LowestConductivity

Ranges


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Available in both contacting and inductive

(electrodes) conductivity methodsAccurate (0.5%) measurement Of

everything from ultrapure water to high-concentration solutions in temperatures

from -20C to 130CAuto-ranging Eliminates multiple sensor

requirements and allows a single sensor

to handle 0.055 S to 2,000,000 S

Sensor Diagnostics Ensures measurement

integrity and sensor quality in heavyscaling applications

EXA Conductivity Analyzers andSensors


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EXA Conductivity Analyzers andSensors Special Temperature Compensation Modes

Features non-linear correction for pure waterand concentrated solutions (examples: HCl,

NaOH, NH3), linear programmable coefficients

and a 25-point programmable matrix

PI control (mA or pulse)

Eliminating the need for a separate controller

Event Logbook Function

Used to record events like cell constant

changes, calibrations and diagnostic

messages


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DRIVE

COIL

PICKUP

COIL

PROCESS FLUIDActs as a single turnwinding

Inductive - Principle of

OperationThe Induced Currentis Dependent on theConductivity of theSample

InputVoltageTo Coil

Sample(Liquid

Loop)

Sample(LiquidLoop)

PICK-UP

COIL

DRIVECOIL


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ONE BORE SIZE

The only sensor on the market that is able tomeasure from 0.6 uS to 2,000,000 uS with thesame bore. The use of matched (patternedpermeability) coils within the sensor permitunprecedented temperature stability and thusrangability. Since the matched coils respond in

the exact manner to temperature swings, noaccuracy is lost due to these temperaturechanges.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

The temperature sensor provides a rapid

temperature measurement and permits a rapidcompensation for the effects of temperature onthe conductivity measurement.

AUTO ZEROING

Continuos auto zeroing (every 20 seconds),plus matched coils eliminates the need for

ISC40 - Key Features


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STRAIN RELIEFCable protection from twists and pullsduring installation and calibration andgives longer life.

316 SS SHANK

the 3166 shank goes all the waythrough the sensor. This makes it thestrongest inductive sensor currentlyavailable a the one best able to handlewater hammer, back pressureproblems, surries, etc.

PEEK

PEEK or Poly ether ether ketonepossess extremely valuable propertiesas a material of construction such as:the ability to handle continuos working

temperatures of 250oC (482oF), beinginsoluble to all common solvents and

ISC40 - Other Benefits


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Flow ThroughHolder

ImmersionHolder Sub-Assembly

Holder

MNPT

PVDFPolypropylene

Tri-Clover

316 Stainless Steel

Inductive - Sensor Holders


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ISC40FDImmersion Holder

Inductive - Sensor Holders

ISC40FDImmersion Holder


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ductive - Sensors Pipe Mountin

S2510046G1

PVDF

S2510046F1

316 SS

3/4 G to 1 1/4MNPTCable

3/4G

1 1/4NMPTCustomer

supplied Pipe 11/4 FNPT

Nut


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Selection:Contacting Vs Inductive

Contacting CellsContacting Cells

All High Purity ApplicationsAll High Purity Applications

Ranges Below 100 microsiemensRanges Below 100 microsiemens

Inductive CellsInductive Cells All Ranges Except High PurityAll Ranges Except High Purity

Above 100 microsiemensAbove 100 microsiemens

All % Concentration RangesAll % Concentration Ranges

All Custom RangesAll Custom Ranges Example - Ounces perExample - Ounces per

GallonGallon All Applications WithAll Applications With

Undissolved SolidsUndissolved Solids

Match

theSensorto the

Application


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Full scale range

0 to 50, us/cm:

No - Lacks sensitivity Yes - Can measure down to highpurity water

Process dirty orcorrosive:

Yes - Resistant to fouling;corrosion resistant materialsavailable

No - Very susceptible tofouling.Metal electrodes can corrode

Concentrated

solutions:

Yes - Can measure highestconductivity possible

No - There can be polarizationeffects. Concentrated solutionstend to be fouling and corrosive

Major

advantages:

Lower maintenance due to

Fouling and corrosionresistance;High range capability

Sensitivity for low conductivitymeasurementsUsually smaller and easier tomount.

Conductivity: Toroidal VsContacting

Toroidal Contacting


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Contacting Conductivity

Measures VolumeMeasures VolumeResistivityResistivity Required for High PurityRequired for High Purity

WaterWater Certified Cell ConstantCertified Cell Constant

Wide Range CapabilityWide Range Capability

Quick DisconnectQuick Disconnect

InstallationInstallation Long Life CellLong Life Cell

YEWYOKOGAWA

CONDUCTIVITY CELL

SC41/SP34


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EXA -EXA - Key FeaturesKey Features

CapacitanceCapacitance PolarizationPolarization

Autoranging = Rangeability

0.1 S 1000 mS

C = 10.0

C = 1.0

C = .01 & 0.1

PURES/cm

CONCENTRATIONmS/cm

0.1 S 1000 mS

Selection of Wrong


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Selection of WrongCellsConstants Causes

problems

A

B

FLOW

A B

A B

PolarizationPolarization


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Wrong Range (CurrentDensity) Causes

Problems

A

B

FLOW

A B

A B

CapacitanceCapacitance

A t R d P i t


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Auto Read PointAdjustment Alarms

Upon Detection

A

B

FLOW

A B

Auto Read PointAuto Read Point ALAR

M


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SENSOR DIAGNOSTICS

CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS

OUT OF PROCESSOUT OF PROCESS

Same BasicSame Basic

FunctionalitFunctionality as EXA pHy as EXA pH

YEW

YOKOGAWACONDUCTIVITY CELLSC41/SP34

FOULINGFOULING


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Two Cell Measurements

DC402 Analyzer

YEWYOKOGAWACONDUCTIVITY CELL

SC41/SP34

Two cell inputs.

Two measured outputs

or two calculations. One measured output

& one calculation.

YEWYOKOGAWACONDUCTIVITY CELL

SC41/SP34


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Conductivity Calibration& Configuration Section


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Conductivity SetupContacting and Inductive

Air Cal All EXA SC202, SC402 , ISC402, IC200 and

the EXAxt SC150 permit an Air Cal to beperformed.

With SC202,SC402 and SC150 Air Cal isdone via the Access Codes. ISC402 andIC200 via front panel.

The function of Air Cal is to compensate for

the small zero current in the circuitry andneeds to be performed only once duringinitial startup.

The benefit of performing an Air Cal, is twofold.

Special Inductive Issues


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Always do a Installation Factor Adjustment When

using a ISC40 FF flow through Fitting. ( Default is

1.7/cm.). The IF adjustment corrects the shape of

the magnetic field so no contact is made with the

ISC40FF walls.

Special Inductive Issues

magnetic field

Inductive Sensors Installation


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Inductive Sensors -InstallationFactor

Always ensure that the properinstallation factor is used.

See Access Code 02 ( ISC402) orAccess Code 05 (IC200) for theproper value. With a ISC40FF- S(Stainless Steel) it is 1.55. For aISC40P or ISC40-F( Poly or Kynar) it is 1.7. Defaultis 1.7.

Pipe and vessel installationsmay however not give the 1minimum clearance to use thedefault setting.

ISC40FF- S

C d ti it C lib ti


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Conductivity CalibrationContacting and Inductive

How To Calibrate

DOs

1. Always CLEAN and RINSE the Cell2.Use FRESH CALIBRATION Solutions.

3.If working with low conductivity Solutions,

clean the beakers with DI Water before

pouring in Solutions.4.Pick Calibration Solutions in the middle

range of the for the cell constant if

possible.

5.Ensure the discharge holes of cell are

covered.

6. Follow proper grab sample calibrationprocedures.

DONTs1.Do Not Calibrate With Extremely Low

Conductivity Solutions ( below 10 S).2. Do Not wait before checking grab samplevalues with low conductivity values.

The Frequency of CalibrationDepends On:

Process Solution Maintenance Desired Accurac

Discharge Holes

C d i i C lib i


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DONTs

1. Never allow the ISC40 Sensor

to touch the bottom or the

sides of the beaker that thecalibration solution or grab

sample is held in !! The shape of the magnetic

fields (Installation

Factor) is warped and aincorrect calibration will

result.

2. If possible do not use the

ISC40 in low conductivity

solutions ( below 10 S).

Conductivity CalibrationInductive Special Issues

DRIVE

COIL

PICKUP

COIL

Magnetic Fields


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Calibration of Conductivity

0

0.5

1

1.5

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

% of air saturation

microsiemenspH

Conductivity

pH

Correct calibration requires standard solutions.

Works well on higher conductivity ranges (2000 S)

Interferences are too high at low conductivity values ( below

100S)

Carbon Dioxide from the air dissolves in

the water and increases conductivity

One Point Calibration

APPLICATIONS

Conductivity Calibration


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Process

Sample

Conductivity - Calibration

Changes in Processconditions can beaccounted for by proper

grab sampling.

Bring a high qualitylab unit or conductivityhandheld to theprocess floor.

Run a sample stream.This gives the sameconductivity andprocess temperature as

the process.

GRAB SAMPLE METHOD

0.236S

NaCL

26.8C

HOL

D

POWER

HOLD

RANGE

CELLCONST

TEMP

COEFF

CAL ENT

CONDUCTIVITY METER


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Carbon Dioxide Ingress

Sample Calibration of Conductivity

Sample

Point

PROBLEM: Carbon Dioxide from the

air dissolves in the water and

increases conductivity and decreases pH

value. The higher the agitation rate or longer

the sample flows, the higher the ingress.

Sample Calibration values will be high.

Why? Carbon Dioxide from the air dissolvesand forms Carbonic Acid.pH value

changes and so does conductivity.

SOLUTION: Slowly fill beaker by using small

flex tubing, placed in bottom of beaker. This

stops agitation and entrained ingress.


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CONDUCTIVITYAPPLICATIONSCONDUCTIVITYAPPLICATIONS

APPLICATION


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0 50 100

Non Homogenous Applications

Are Solutions that contain:

Undissolved solids Air bubbles Immiscible liquids (like solvents)

Have lower conductivity because the impurities take up

space that normally would have conductive liquid.

Uniform Distributionreads lower

0 50 100

Non-Uniform Distributionis noisyJust One Phase

reads 100%

0 50 100

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIOAPPLICATIO


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Conductivity PercentConcentration Curves

Conductivity rises linearly with concentration in dilutesolutions.

Ions interfere with one another in concentrated solutions soconductivity may stop rising or actually fall.

APPLICATIOAPPLICATIO

NSNS

Good Sensors for applicatio

Bad Sensors for applicatio

APPLICATION


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BOILERBLOWDOWN

pH

BOILERFEED WA TER

STEAM HEADER

CONTINUOU S ORSURFA CE

BLO WDOWN LINE

BOTTOMBLOWDOWN

LINE

A U TO MA TI C

V A L V E

M A N U AL

V A L V E

CON DUCTI VIT Y

TRANSMIT TER

TRANSMITTER

STEA M DRU M

CONDUCTI VIT Y

SENSOR

USER

YEW

YOKOG

AWA

CONDUCTIVIT

YCELL

SC41/SP

34

MAKE UP

WATER

PRETREATMENT,CLARIFIER,

SOFTENER ORDEIONIZER

DEAERATOR

FEEDWATERCHEMICALTREATMENT

CONDENSATE RETURN LINE

M

FAILALM

SHIFT

YOKOGAWA

TIC-1076

PV:

SV:

MV:

8.19

13.0

05.0

C 0

%DO

20.0

0.0

C

LOOP 1

LEVEL CONTROL

APPLICATIONS

Good Sensors for application

Bad Sensors for application

Typical Ultrapure Water System


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Mixed

Bed

Typical Ultrapure Water System

POWER/

BOILERS

Cation

Anion

Anion

Exhaust

Steam

Polisher

RO

RO

Steam

Return

Condensate

Return

Condensate

RO

CR

CRpH

SC

pH

SCpH

SCpH

SC

pH

SC

SC

SC

CC = Cation Conductivity

CR = Cation Ratio (2 Sensors)

pH = pH Measurement

RO = Reverse Osmosis Passage/Rejection (2Sensors)

SC = Specific Conductivity

Key

SC

CC

Inlet

Stream Deion

Storage

Cation

Deaerator

Sample

Cooler

Cation

Column

CondenserTurbineBoiler


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Ultrapure Water Cycle, cont.d...

Reverse Osmosis Filters

Conductivity: Ratio or % Passage/Rejection (two sensors) pH occasionally, for membrane life

Demineralizers: Cation, Anion, Mixed Bed

Cation

Cation Conductivity (two sensors in ratio)

Charged Cation Beads remove (change to acid)positive Ions and release H+ into stream

Cation Conductivity has special Temp Comp to take theH+ into account

% Concentration (1 sensor)

Beads are regenerated with acid (typically HCL or H2SO4)


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Ultrapure Water Cycle, cont.d..

Anion

Specific Conductivity (1 or 2 sensors) Charged Beads remove (change to water) negative

ions

% Concentration (1 sensor)

Beads are regenerated with Caustic (NaOH)

pH also, occasionally Completeness of after-regeneration Rinse

Mixed Bed (Polisher)

Specific Conductivity (1 sensor)

Removal of both + & - Ions (fine cleaning, < 0.1

uS/cm) pH occasionally for complete monitoring


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Ultrapure Water Cycle, cont.d..

Deion Storage

Specific Conductivity (1 sensor)

Ensure Water Quality after storage

Second Polisher Specific Conductivity

Final cleaning (Boiler applications)

A l


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Boiler Steam & Water Cycle, Measurement Points

Re Sample Point Instrument

1. Boiler Blowdown ISC402 & ISC40

ISC402 & ISC40

2. Demineralizer SC402 /SC200 & SC42-SP34

PH402/PH202 & FF20/FS20 w / -SE option

OutletDC402/SC402 /SC200 & SC42-SP34


4. Economiser


DC402/SC402 /SC200 & SC42-SP34

Outlet

Outlet

Inlet

AnalyzerSummary

Measurement

Specific cond0-1000 microSpH to purity

8-11Specific cond0-1 microSpH hi-purity6-8

Cation cond0-2 microSpH hi-purity

6-8

Cation cond0-10 microSpH hi-purity8-11

Reason

Control TDS

Scale & Corrosion

DemineralizerRegenerationDemineralizerRegeneration

SuperheatercontaminationSuperheater

contamination

HP heatercontaminationAnti-corrosioncheck

3. Superheater

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