satyarth priyedarshi ethics: a philosophical &biblical perspective satyarth priyedarshi

SATYARTH PRIYEDARSHISATYARTH PRIYEDARSHI

Ethics: A Philosophical Ethics: A Philosophical &Biblical Perspective&Biblical Perspective

Satyarth PriyedarshiSatyarth Priyedarshi


But the path of the just is as the shining light, that shineth more and more unto the perfect day.The way of the wicked is as darkness: they know not at what they stumble. -PROVERBS 4:18-19

The Old Testament of the HOLY BIBLE

The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and todestroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly. - JOHN 10:10 The New Testament of the HOLY BIBLE


OverviewOverview

Why a Presentation on EthicsWhy a Presentation on Ethics PART I – Philosopher’s PART I – Philosopher’s

PerspectivePerspective Introduction To EthicsIntroduction To Ethics Ethical PrinciplesEthical Principles History Of EthicsHistory Of Ethics Greek SchoolGreek School Christian PhilosophyChristian Philosophy


OverviewOverview

Secular Ethical PhilosophiesSecular Ethical Philosophies Modern EthicsModern Ethics PART II- Lessons From BiblePART II- Lessons From Bible Quotes And ExplanationsQuotes And Explanations


Why Ethics???Why Ethics???

Ethics as a topic is very personal Ethics as a topic is very personal

Ethics needed for security in Ethics needed for security in social structure.social structure.

Its Like oil in the wheels of social Its Like oil in the wheels of social transactionstransactions


IntroductionIntroduction

Ethics (Greek Ethics (Greek ethikaethika, from , from ethos, ”character”, ”custom”), ethos, ”character”, ”custom”), principles or standards of principles or standards of human conduct, sometimes human conduct, sometimes called morals (Latin called morals (Latin moresmores," ," customs”), and, by extension, customs”), and, by extension, the study of such principles, the study of such principles, sometimes called moral sometimes called moral philosophy. philosophy.


Ethical PrinciplesEthical Principles

Ethics=Goodness In ConductEthics=Goodness In Conduct

Goodness in Conduct Based on:Goodness in Conduct Based on:

--either good in themselves oreither good in themselves or

-good because they conform to a particular -good because they conform to a particular

moral standardmoral standard Three principal standards of conduct, each of Three principal standards of conduct, each of

which has been proposed as the highest good:which has been proposed as the highest good: - happiness or pleasure;- happiness or pleasure; - duty, virtue, or obligation; - duty, virtue, or obligation;

- perfection, the fullest harmonious - perfection, the fullest harmonious

development of human potentialdevelopment of human potential..


PrudencePrudence

A person lacking motivation to A person lacking motivation to exercise preference may be resigned exercise preference may be resigned to accepting all customs and to accepting all customs and therefore may develop a therefore may develop a philosophy philosophy of prudenceof prudence. He or she then lives in . He or she then lives in conformity with the moral conduct of conformity with the moral conduct of the period and society.the period and society.


PleasurePleasure

HedonismHedonism is that philosophy in is that philosophy in which the highest good is pleasure. which the highest good is pleasure. The hedonist decides between the The hedonist decides between the most enduring pleasures or the most most enduring pleasures or the most intense pleasures, whether present intense pleasures, whether present pleasures should be denied for the pleasures should be denied for the sake of overall comfort, and whether sake of overall comfort, and whether mental pleasures are preferable to mental pleasures are preferable to physical pleasures physical pleasures


PowerPower

Power seekers may not accept Power seekers may not accept customary ethical rules but may customary ethical rules but may conform to other rules that can conform to other rules that can help them become successfulhelp them become successful. . They will seek to persuade others They will seek to persuade others that they are moral in the accepted that they are moral in the accepted sense of the term in order to mask sense of the term in order to mask their power motives and to gain the their power motives and to gain the ordinary rewards of morality ordinary rewards of morality


OriginOrigin

Although the morals were formalized Although the morals were formalized and made into arbitrary standards of and made into arbitrary standards of conduct, they developed, sometimes conduct, they developed, sometimes irrationally, after religious taboos irrationally, after religious taboos were violated, or out of chance were violated, or out of chance behavior that became habit and then behavior that became habit and then custom, or from laws imposed by custom, or from laws imposed by chiefs to prevent disharmony in theirchiefs to prevent disharmony in their tribes .tribes .


The GreeksThe Greeks

Pythagoras-Pythagoras- the intellectual nature is the intellectual nature is superior to the sensual nature and that superior to the sensual nature and that the best life is one devoted to mental the best life is one devoted to mental discipline, he founded a semi religious discipline, he founded a semi religious order with rules emphasizing simplicity order with rules emphasizing simplicity in speech, dress, and foodin speech, dress, and food . .

ProtagorasProtagoras- taught that human - taught that human judgment is subjective, and that one's judgment is subjective, and that one's perception is valid only for oneselfperception is valid only for oneself . .


The GreeksThe Greeks

Thrasymachus Thrasymachus - believed that might - believed that might makes rightmakes right

Socrates-Socrates- virtue is knowledge virtue is knowledge people will be virtuous if they know people will be virtuous if they know what virtue is; and vice, or evil, is the what virtue is; and vice, or evil, is the result of ignorance. Thus, according result of ignorance. Thus, according to Socrates, education can make to Socrates, education can make people moralpeople moral..


SocratesSocrates

Socrates

Cynics :self control, pleasure is evil

Megarians:wisdom

Platonists:evil is opp. Of good

Cyrenaics:hedonists


PLATOPLATO

Evil does not exist in itself but is, rather, an Evil does not exist in itself but is, rather, an imperfect reflection of the real, which is imperfect reflection of the real, which is good good

The human soul has three elements—The human soul has three elements—intellectintellect, , willwill, and , and emotionemotion—each of —each of which possesses a specific virtue in the which possesses a specific virtue in the good person and performs a specific role. good person and performs a specific role. The virtue of intellect is wisdom, or The virtue of intellect is wisdom, or knowledge of the ends of life; that of the knowledge of the ends of life; that of the will is courage, the capacity to act; and that will is courage, the capacity to act; and that of the emotions is temperance, or self-of the emotions is temperance, or self-control control


STOICISMSTOICISM

According to the According to the StoicsStoics, nature is orderly , nature is orderly and rational, and only a life led in harmony and rational, and only a life led in harmony with nature can be good. The Stoic with nature can be good. The Stoic philosophers, however, agreed also that philosophers, however, agreed also that because life is influenced by material because life is influenced by material circumstances one should try to be as circumstances one should try to be as independent of such circumstances as independent of such circumstances as possible. The practice of certain cardinal possible. The practice of certain cardinal virtues, such as practical wisdom, courage, virtues, such as practical wisdom, courage, discretion, and justice, enables one to discretion, and justice, enables one to achieve independence in the spirit achieve independence in the spirit


CHRISTIAN ETHICS CHRISTIAN ETHICS

it introduced a religious conception it introduced a religious conception of good into Western thought of good into Western thought

Early Christianity emphasized as Early Christianity emphasized as virtues asceticism, martyrdom, faith, virtues asceticism, martyrdom, faith, mercy, forgiveness, and non erotic mercy, forgiveness, and non erotic love, few of which had been love, few of which had been considered important by the considered important by the philosophers of classical Greece and philosophers of classical Greece and RomeRome


CHRISTIAN ETHICS CHRISTIAN ETHICS

Dante places sins into three Dante places sins into three categoriescategories

sins of incontinencesins of incontinence (sensual (sensual or emotional sins); or emotional sins);

Of violence or brutishnessOf violence or brutishness (sins of will);(sins of will);

Fraud or MaliceFraud or Malice (sins of (sins of intellect) intellect)


SECULAR ETHICAL SECULAR ETHICAL PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHY SpinozaSpinoza deduced ethics from deduced ethics from

psychology and psychology from psychology and psychology from metaphysics. He asserted that all metaphysics. He asserted that all things are morally neutral from the things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity; only human point of view of eternity; only human needs and interests determine what is needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil, or right and considered good and evil, or right and wrong. Whatever aids humanity's wrong. Whatever aids humanity's knowledge of nature or is consonant knowledge of nature or is consonant with human reason is acknowledged with human reason is acknowledged as goodas good


SECULAR ETHICAL SECULAR ETHICAL PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHY Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant in in Grundlegung zur Grundlegung zur

Metaphysik der SittenMetaphysik der Sitten (Principles of the (Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics, 1785)Metaphysics of Ethics, 1785) - -

no matter how intelligently one no matter how intelligently one acts, the results of human actions acts, the results of human actions are subject to accident and are subject to accident and circumstance; thereforecircumstance; therefore, the , the morality of an act must not be morality of an act must not be judged by its consequence, but judged by its consequence, but only by its motivationonly by its motivation


SECULAR ETHICAL SECULAR ETHICAL PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHY

JeremyJeremy BenthamBentham

highest good is the greatest highest good is the greatest happiness of the greatest happiness of the greatest number of peoplenumber of people..


MODERN ETHICSMODERN ETHICS

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov


PART IIPART II ETHICS: LESSONS FROM THE BIBLE ETHICS: LESSONS FROM THE BIBLE


COMMANDMENTSCOMMANDMENTS

EXODUS: CHAPTER 20EXODUS: CHAPTER 2020:12 Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long 20:12 Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long

upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.

20:13 Thou shalt not kill.20:13 Thou shalt not kill.

20:14 Thou shalt not commit adultery.20:14 Thou shalt not commit adultery.

20:15 Thou shalt not steal.20:15 Thou shalt not steal.

20:16 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.20:16 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.

20:17 Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not 20:17 Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour's.neighbour's.


DOING GOODDOING GOOD

Proverbs Proverbs 3:27 Withhold not good from them to whom 3:27 Withhold not good from them to whom

it is due, when it is in the power of thine it is due, when it is in the power of thine hand to do it.hand to do it.

3:28 Say not unto thy neighbour, Go, and 3:28 Say not unto thy neighbour, Go, and come again, and to morrow I will give; when come again, and to morrow I will give; when thou hast it by thee.thou hast it by thee.

3:29 Devise not evil against thy neighbour, 3:29 Devise not evil against thy neighbour, seeing he dwelleth securely by thee.seeing he dwelleth securely by thee.

3:30 Strive not with a man without cause, if 3:30 Strive not with a man without cause, if he have done thee no harm.he have done thee no harm.

3:31 Envy thou not the oppressor, and 3:31 Envy thou not the oppressor, and choose none of his ways.choose none of his ways.


On Wisdom And StupidityOn Wisdom And Stupidity

ProverbsProverbs 9:8 Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee: 9:8 Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee:

rebuke a wise man, and he will love theerebuke a wise man, and he will love thee 10:12 Hatred stirreth up strifes: but love 10:12 Hatred stirreth up strifes: but love

covereth all sinscovereth all sins 11:2 When pride cometh, then cometh 11:2 When pride cometh, then cometh

shame: but with the lowly is wisdomshame: but with the lowly is wisdom 11:4 Riches profit not in the day of wrath: but 11:4 Riches profit not in the day of wrath: but

righteousness delivereth from death.righteousness delivereth from death. 13:20 He that walketh with wise men shall 13:20 He that walketh with wise men shall

be wise: but a companion of fools shall be be wise: but a companion of fools shall be destroyed destroyed


BITS AND PIECESBITS AND PIECES

JOHNJOHN 15:13 Greater love hath no man 15:13 Greater love hath no man

than this, that a man lay down his than this, that a man lay down his life for his friendslife for his friends

7:18 He that speaketh of himself 7:18 He that speaketh of himself seeketh his own glory:seeketh his own glory:

7:24 Judge not according to the 7:24 Judge not according to the appearance, but judge righteous appearance, but judge righteous judgmentjudgment


BITS AND PIECESBITS AND PIECES

MATTHEWMATTHEW 26:52 for all they that take the sword shall 26:52 for all they that take the sword shall

perish with the swordperish with the sword 15:11 Not that which goeth into the mouth 15:11 Not that which goeth into the mouth

defileth a man; but that which cometh out defileth a man; but that which cometh out of the mouth, this defileth a man.of the mouth, this defileth a man.

7:1 Judge not, that ye be not judged.7:1 Judge not, that ye be not judged. 7:2 For with what judgment ye judge, ye 7:2 For with what judgment ye judge, ye

shall be judged: and with what measure ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again mete, it shall be measured to you again

6:24 No man can serve two masters: for 6:24 No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the otherdespise the other


LAST WORDLAST WORD

MATTHEWMATTHEW 5:3 Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is5:3 Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.the kingdom of heaven. 5:4 Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be 5:4 Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be

comforted.comforted. 5:5 Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.5:5 Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth. 5:6 Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after 5:6 Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after

righteousness: for they shall be filled.righteousness: for they shall be filled. 5:7 Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.5:7 Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy. 5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God. 5:9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called 5:9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called

the children of God.the children of God. 5:10 Blessed are they which are persecuted for 5:10 Blessed are they which are persecuted for

righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 5:11 Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and 5:11 Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and

persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake.you falsely, for my sake.


Think not that I am come to destroy the law, Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill.but to fulfill.

- MATTHEW5:17 - MATTHEW5:17

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