sardar
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President Sardar Ayub Khan andFirst Lady Jacqueline Kennedy withthe prized stallion "Sardar".[1]
SardarIAzam, HRH Prince AbdolMajid Mirza of Qajar Persia c. 1920s.
SardarFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sardar, also spelled as Sirdar, Sardaar or Serdar, is a title ofnobility that was originally used to denote princes, noblemen, andother aristocrats. It has also been used to denote a chief or leader ofa tribe or group. It is used synonymously with the title Amir.
The term and its cognates originate from Persian sardār (سردار) andhave been historically used across Persia (now Iran), OttomanEmpire and Turkey (as "Serdar"), Mesopotamia (now Iraq), Syria,South Asia (Pakistan, India, and Nepal), the Caucasus, Central Asia,the Balkans and Egypt (as "Sirdar").[4]
The term was widely used by Maratha nobility, who held importantpositions in various Maratha States of the imperial Maratha Empire.
After the decline of feudalism, Sardar later indicated a Head ofState, a Commanderinchief, and an Army military rank. As amilitary rank, a Sardar typically marked the CommanderinChiefor the highestranking military officer in an Army, akin to themodern Field Marshal, General of the Army or Chief of Army. Themore administrative title SirdarBahadur denoted a GovernorGeneral or Chief Minister of a remote province, akin to a BritishViceroy.
In Himalayan mountaineering, a Sirdar is a local leader of theSherpas.[5] Among other duties, he records the heights reached bythe individual Sherpas, which factors into their compensation.Sardar is also colloquially used to refer to adult male followers ofSikhism, as a disproportionate number of Sikhs have honorablyserved in many highranking positions within the Indian Army.Sometimes, it has also been used to describe Punjabi Muslims.[6]
Contents
1 Princes
2 Noblemen
3 Aristocrats
4 Head of State
5 Military title
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Grand Vizier Ahmet Tevfik Pasha,the last Ottoman Serdarı Azam.
Serdar Janko Vukotić of thePrincipality and Kingdom ofMontenegro.
5 Military title
6 Modern usage
7 See also
8 Notes
9 External links
Princes
Several princely states in South Asia have been ruled by aprince styled Sardar. For example, the Prince of Lahore usedthe title Sardar. Sardars of these princely states hold aprimogeniture hereditary title, similar to British hereditarypeers.
Noblemen
The early feudal Maratha Empire prior to Peshwaadministration (16741749) used the title Sardar to identify animperial court minister with military and diplomaticfunctions. If granted land (jagir), the title Sardar also markeda feudal superior responsible for administration, defense andtaxing of the granted territory (equivalent to the European titleCount, from the French comte meaning the "companion" ordelegate to the Emperor that administered a county). TheseSardars of the early Maratha Empire were life peers; the titlewas not hereditary.If the Sardar was appointed to CommanderinChief of allMaratha forces, the style Senapati was used in combination(e.g., Sardar Senapati or Sarsenapati Khanderao YesajiraoDabhade. The title Senapati is a primogeniture hereditary title,as is evidenced by the current Senapati Shrimant SardarPadmasenraje Dabhade of Talegaon Dabhade.In the Maratha Empire, the more administrative role ofSirdarBahadur denoted a Governor General or ChiefMinister of a remote province; this best equates to a MughalSubahdar or British Viceroy in function and rank.The title Sirdar was used by Englishmen to describe native noblemen in British India (e.g., Sirdars ofthe Deccan).In Baluchistan, the title Sardar marked the chief of his tribe.In the Royal Afghan Kingdom, the original NishaniSardari(http://www.royalark.net/Afghanistan/orders.htm) (Order of the Leader), founded by KingAmanullah in 1923, was bestowed for exceptional service to the Crown by the Afghan monarch.Recipients enjoyed the titles of SardariAla or SardariAli before their names and also receivedgrants of land. The original Order was disbanded in 1929, and was later revived by King Muhammad
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King Amānullāh Khān conferred thetitle SardariAla to those ofexceptional service to the Crown.
A plaque commemorating H.H.Sardar Ranoji Shinde Bahadur, Princeof Gwalior. The title of Sardar isused by the Maratha nobility ofGwalior State[2] and as such is usedby the most senior Mahrattanobles.[3]
Zahir Shah. In addition, several important tribal leaders andchiefs in Afghanistan, were also designated as 'Sardars'.In Ottoman Turkey, Serdar was a noble rank in Montenegroand Serbia. Serdar was also used in the Principality ofMontenegro and the Principality of Serbia as a lesser nobletitle below that of Vojvoda (Duke) equating to Count. TheRoyal Houses of both Montenegro and Serbia still grant thistitle. For example, Janko Vukotić who was a military leaderand former prime minister of Montenegro with title of Serdar.In Persia, SardariBozorg was the title of both Hossein KhanSardar and his brother Hasan Khan Qajar. Both were uncles ofAgha Khan Qajar, the KingEmperor of Persia and theCommanderinchief under Emperor Fat′hAli Shah Qajar inthe RussoPersian Wars of 1804 and 1826.
Aristocrats
In the small district of Sudhanoti, Kashmir, Sardar is used bythe hybrid Sudhan tribe to refer to their putative partdescentfrom the Sadozai clan of King Ahmad Shah Durrani. Also,Poonch families in this region use Sardar at the beginning oftheir names.Sardar was used for important political, tribal, military andreligious officers rankings by the Sikhs during the period ofMaharaja Ranjit Singh.In the Hazara Division of Pakistan, the word Sardar is usedby the Karlal tribe before their names, traditionally, to stresstheir uppercaste status, e.g., Sardar Muhammad Aslam,Sardar Haider Zaman etc.Similarly, Gujjar from the Hazara Division also use Sardar astheir surname denoting their ancient royalty of the region,e.g., Sardar Muhammad Yousaf, Sardar FakhreAlam, AirMarshal (R) Sardar Asif Khattana, Lt. Gen. (R) SardarKhalid Khattana and Sardar Said Ghulam Gujjar are the fewnames in this.
Head of State
Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of Indiawas referred to as Sardar Patel; he is also now known as the"Iron Man of India".SadariRiyasat was the title of one Constitutional Head of State of the princely state of Kashmir,Yuvaraj Shri Karan Singhji Bahadur, who was appointed as Heir Apparent in 1931. After his fatherhad acceded to India, ending the sovereign Monarchy, Regent in 1949 to 1956. SardariRiyasat 1956to 1965 (succeeded on the death of his father as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1961, no longercarrying any hereditary power), next Governor of the Indian constitutive State of Jammu andKashmir 1965 to 1967.In Persian, Sardar iAzam was occasionally used as an alternative title for the Shahanshah's Head ofgovernment, normally styled Vazir iAzam, notably in 190406 for a Qajar prince, HRH, the Prince
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A Sikh sardar
Major General Abdol Majid Mirza.
Military title
The later Maratha Empire under Peshwa administration(17491818) used the title Sardar to denote a Field Marshal orGeneral of the Army.Sirdar was the official title of the British CommanderinChief of the AngloEgyptian army.The title Serdar is also common amongst Ottomans inreferring to a CommanderinChief. The Serbs adopted thisusage from the Ottomans (e.g. Serdar Janko Vukotić).In Turkish, Serdar or SerdariEkrem was the title of theCommanderinChief in several military operationsthroughout the Ottoman Empire history.In Afghanistan, SardariSalar meant Field Marshal orGeneral of the Army.In Iran, Sardar is used to address Army of the Guardians ofthe Islamic Revolution highranking officers. (see List ofsenior officers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards)
Modern usage
In Himalayan mountaineering, a Sirdar is the local leader of the Sherpas and porters.[7] Among otherduties, he records the heights reached by individual Sherpas, which dictates the amounts the Sherpaswill be paid.HMS Sirdar was a World War II Royal Navy submarine."Siridar" is a title of planetary rulers in Frank Herbert's Dune. The Padishah Emperor's elite troopsare also called the Sardaukar.Sardar is also colloquially used to refer to adult male followers of the religion of Sikhism, as adisproportionate number of Sikhs have honorably served in many highranking positions within theIndian Army. Notable examples include Generals Joginder Jaswant Singh and Harbaksh Singh.
See alsoList of Ottoman Grand ViziersMankariZamindarJagirdarFeudalism in PakistanBalochistanBaloch tribes
Notes1. http://www.ciaonet.org/book/mcmahon/McMahon09.html2. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=r2O3W7mkAwAC&pg=PA252&dq=title+of+sardar+maratha&hl=en&sa=X&ei=T12gUf_RJ4P4rQew
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IC4CQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=title%20of%20sardar%20maratha&f=false3. http://www.royalark.net/India/gwalior.htm4. http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SHA_SIV/SIRDAR_or_SARDAR_Persian_sardar.html5. Sayre, Woodrow Wilson (1964). Four Against Everest. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: PrenticeHall. p. 223.Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 6415208.
6. Piara Singh Gill, Up Against Odds: Autobiography of an Indian Scientist, p. 797. Sayre, Woodrow Wilson (1964). Four Against Everest. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: PrenticeHall. p. 223.Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 6415208.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed.(1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
The Royal Ark Genealogies here Persia, see every present country(http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar18.htm)Kasur Profile (https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.uderc.com/files/KasurProfile1994) at theWayback MachineArticle in Dawn (http://www.dawn.com/2004/02/17/nat10.htm)
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Categories: Articles containing Persianlanguage text Heads of state Military ranksTitles of national or ethnic leadership Titles in Iran Ottoman titles Titles in SerbiaTitles in Montenegro Titles in Afghanistan Titles in Pakistan Titles in India Feudalism in PakistanIndian feudalism Sikhs Punjabi words and phrases Turkish words and phrasesPersian words and phrases
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